A new system to place single copies of genes, sites and lacZ fusions on the Escherichia coli chromosome1Published in conjunction with A Wisconsin Gathering Honoring Waclaw Szybalski on the occasion of his 75th year and 20 years of the Editorship-in-Chief of Gene, 10–11 August 1997, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.12By acceptance of this article, the publisher or recipient acknowledges the right of the US Government and its agents and contractors to retain a non-exclusive, royalty-free license in and to any copyright covering the article.2

Gene ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 223 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 77-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daiguan Yu ◽  
Donald L Court
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
University Of Wisconsin ◽  
The Us ◽  
Lacz Fusions ◽  
Us Government ◽  
The Right ◽  
New System

The 1970s Fiscal Squeeze

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Hood ◽  
Rozana Himaz
Keyword(s):  
Trade Union ◽  
Sharp Increase ◽  
Currency Crisis ◽  
Public Spending ◽  
Oil Prices ◽  
Labour Government ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Double Digit ◽  
New System

This chapter describes fiscal squeeze in an era of high political volatility and major economic challenges, including mass unemployment, a sharp increase in oil prices, double-digit inflation (i.e. a period of ‘stagflation’), and high levels of trade union militancy. The most dramatic period during the episode occurred in 1976, involving a split Labour Government under two different leaders, with a leadership election following a sudden prime ministerial resignation. That government pursued fiscal squeeze against the background of a deep currency crisis and bailout deals with outside lenders (the US Government and the IMF). The squeeze episode also led to some important institutional developments, producing the first major privatization since the 1950s and a new system of controlling public spending through ‘cash limits’.

scholarly journals A financial risk and fraud model comparison of Bear Stearns and Sehman Brothers: was the right or wrong firm bailed out?

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-87
Author(s):  
Hugh Grove ◽  
Maclyn Clouse
Keyword(s):  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Financial Risk ◽  
Model Comparison ◽  
The Us ◽  
Lehman Brothers ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Crisis Conditions ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Right ◽  
Bail Out

In March 2008, the US government bailed out a failing Bear Stearns by arranging a sale to JP Morgan Chase, with US government guarantees for many Bear Stearns’ toxic assets that came with the acquisition. In September 2008, the US government failed to bail out a failing Lehman Brothers, which then went into bankruptcy. Soon thereafter, the US government established a bailout program for many other failing financial institutions. This paper uses financial risk and fraud models to attempt to answer the question as to why Bear Stearns was bailed out, but Lehman Brothers was not. Based on the analysis, was the right or wrong firm bailed out? In summary, these financial risk and fraud models show potential for developing effective risk management monitoring and stronger corporate governance in order to enhance relationships between management, financial reporting, and the stability of the economic system in crisis and post-crisis conditions.

New Global Institutions

2010 ◽  
pp. 178-195
Author(s):  
Robert A. Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Infinite Regress ◽  
Checks And Balances ◽  
Global Institutions ◽  
The Us ◽  
Public Recognition ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Principles Of Justice ◽  
The Right ◽  
Enforcement Activity

How do we decide which new global institutions should be created to implement the Global Economy Principles of Justice? It would be tempting to create authorities whenever wrongs and injustices need to be prevented or corrected. As I noted in Chapter 8, The Ethical Status of Globalized Institutions, the difficult question is, who oversees that an authority is using its power appropriately? We don’t want to create institutions with unchecked power, yet we don’t want to create any more authorities than absolutely necessary for the implementation of the Global Economy Principles of Justice. For if each new institution requires oversight, we apparently create an infinite regress: We need someone to oversee the oversight, and someone else to oversee whoever is overseeing the oversight, and so on. There are two possible ways to avoid this infinite regress. As I suggested in Chapter 10, public recognition of the existence of a social contract itself lessens the need for oversight and enforcement activity. Most people obey the law even when they are sure a policeman is not watching. The other way to avoid the regress, as I suggested in Chapter 8, was to use the checks and balances system of the branches of the US government. Effectively, each branch has oversight on the others. Three seems to be the right number of branches,1 and executive, judicial, and legislative branches are plausible.

Part 1 The Cold War Era (1945–89), 36 The US Intervention in Panama—1989

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsagourias Nicholas
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
International Law ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Panama Canal ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Legal Arguments ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Us Intervention

This chapter examines the legality of the 1989 US intervention in Panama and assesses its impact on the use of force regime. After recalling the facts of the incident, it goes on to analyse the legal arguments provided by the US government to justify its action. More specifically, the US invoked its right to protect American citizens abroad as part of its right to self-defence; the right to intervene to protect the Panama Canal provided by the Panama Canal Treaties; and the invitation of the democratically elected Leader of the Opposition. The chapter then presents the reactions of states and the views of legal commentators. It concludes by saying that the incident affirms existing law but also contributes to the development of the rules regulating the use of force in international law.

scholarly journals Measuring Technological Innovation over the Long Run

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-320
Author(s):  
Bryan Kelly ◽  
Dimitris Papanikolaou ◽  
Amit Seru ◽  
Matt Taddy
Keyword(s):  
Nonprofit Organizations ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Subsequent Work ◽  
Public Firms ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
The Right

We use textual analysis of high-dimensional data from patent documents to create new indicators of technological innovation. We identify important patents based on textual similarity of a given patent to previous and subsequent work: these patents are distinct from previous work but related to subsequent innovations. Our importance indicators correlate with existing measures of patent quality but also provide complementary information. We identify breakthrough innovations as the most important patents—those in the right tail of our measure—and construct time series indices of technological change at the aggregate and sectoral levels. Our technology indices capture the evolution of technological waves over a long time span (1840 to the present) and cover innovation by private and public firms as well as nonprofit organizations and the US government. Advances in electricity and transportation drive the index in the 1880s, chemicals and electricity in the 1920s and 1930s, and computers and communication in the post-1980s. (JEL C43, N71, N72, O31, O33, O34)

The Political and Legal Force of the Prohibition of Force: Assessing State Behaviour

2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 995-1003
Author(s):  
ALFRED VAN STADEN
Keyword(s):  
Effective Control ◽  
Military Force ◽  
The Us ◽  
Un Security Council ◽  
Us Government ◽  
State Behaviour ◽  
The Right ◽  
Military Campaign ◽  
The Military ◽  
Self Defence

Recent political developments on the global scene have shed new light on established rules concerning the employment of military force while giving rise, among other things, to a reappraisal of the scope and limits of the right of self-defence. The terrorist attacks of September 2001 raised the question of whether actions by non-state actors can fall within the concept of ‘armed attack’. Those attacks were defined by UN Security Council Resolution 1368, under Article 39 of Chapter VII of the UN Charter, as ‘a threat to international peace and security’, but the ambiguous formulation left sufficient scope for upholding the prevailing view that Article 51 may only be invoked in the case of conflict between states. According to this view, which meanwhile has been contested, any resort to self-defence for legally justifying unilateral military action against terrorist organizations operating in other countries needs to be supported by evidence or argumentation that attacks perpetrated by those organizations can be attributed to a state. In defending the military campaign conducted to oust the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, the US government could credibly argue that this regime, exercising effective control over the country, was to be held accountable since it was harbouring members of al Qaeda on its territory and was actively supporting them.

scholarly journals Private Matters: Family and Race and the Post-World-War-II Translation of “American”

2001 ◽  
Vol 46 (S9) ◽  
pp. 209-234
Author(s):  
Nancy K. Ota
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War ◽  
Automobile Accidents ◽  
The People ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Limited Application ◽  
Us Constitution ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right

The US Constitution preserves the right of the people to petition the government for redress of grievances. This right allows individuals to request private legislation from Congress and, as such, private bill petitions involve individual claims or pleas for relief for a specified person, or persons. Private petitions to Congress fall into two principal categories: claims against the US government (e.g., claims stemming from automobile accidents with government vehicles) and relief from immigration and naturalization laws. Although private laws concerning immigration and naturalization have influenced later public legislation by highlighting areas in need of reform, the private laws have limited application. Other than serving as precedent for subsequent private legislation for similarly situated individuals making requests for enactment of private laws, the laws do not benefit anyone other than the named beneficiaries of the bills.

scholarly journals Expertise Unheeded

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
George Scialabba
Keyword(s):  
The Political ◽  
Political Appointees ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
The Right ◽  
Do The Right Thing ◽  
Trump Administration

In responding to pandemics, members from the middle levels of the US government have tried, usually futilely, to get the political appointees above them to do the right thing, or merely to pay attention. In The Premonition: A Pandemic Story, Michael Lewis describes official responses to pandemic crises in the US from 1918 to the present, focusing on reactions within the Trump administration.

Der Aufschwung des Katastrophen-Kapitalismus

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (143) ◽  
pp. 177-183
Author(s):  
Naomi Klein
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disaster ◽  
International Monetary Fund ◽  
Bush Administration ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
The International Monetary Fund

Fitting to its doctrine of preventiv war, the Bush Administration founded a bureau of reconstruction, designing reconstruction plans for countries which are still not destroyed. Reconstruction after war or after a “natural disaster” developed to a profitable branch of capitalist investment. Also the possibilities to change basic political and economic structures are high and they are widely used by the US-government and institutions like the International Monetary Fund.

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