Energy and Energy Efficiency

Nuclear Power Engineering ◽

Energy Sources ◽

Originally, coal was the main source of energy. It remains so throughout the 18th century during the period of the rapid industry development. Later on, oil and naphtha began to be used as energy sources and their usage expanded especially in 19th century. A special feature of the above mentioned fossil fuels is their long creation period – requiring millennia. They are a result of rotting of different plant and animal kinds. In comparison to the period of their formation, the period of their utilization is far shorter. In accordance with a number of existing statistics about 2050 year it may be talked about a depletion of the liquid fossil fuels, also, the world coal supplies are considered to last within the next 200 years. Therefore, the development of nuclear power engineering is considered to be one of the alternatives to generate energy. Recently, the nuclear power energy generation has been denied in many countries because of the risks associated with its generation and because these risks have been confirmed by serious accidents throughout the World. The storage of worked nuclear waste is also a problem and risky. The renewable energy sources are another possibility to generate energy.

Improvement of turbogenerators as a technical basis for ensuring the energy independence of Ukraine

Electrical Engineering & Electromechanics ◽

10.20998/2074-272x.2021.4.03 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 19-30

Author(s):

V. V. Shevchenko ◽

A. N. Minko ◽

M. Dimov

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Electric Power ◽

Energy Security ◽

Nuclear Power ◽

Power Plants ◽

Electric Power Industry ◽

Energy Sources ◽

The World ◽

Energy Independence

The paper defines the directions of improving turbogenerators as the basis for ensuring the energy independence of Ukraine. The analysis of the state, problems and prospects for the development of modern electric power industry. Goal of the work is to identify promising directions for sustainable development of the national electric power industry in order to ensure energy security of Ukraine, to conduct a comparative analysis of electricity sources, to confirm the need to improve the main sources – turbogenerators. Methodology. During the research, an analytical analysis of the electricity sources, which are installed at power plants in Ukraine and the world, was carried out, taking into account the growth of the planet's population and its energy activity. Cyclic theory was chosen as the theoretical basis for forecasting. On the basis of this theory, global development trends, advantages and disadvantages of currently used sources of electricity - thermal (including nuclear) power plants and stations that operate from renewable energy sources - have been established. A review of literary sources on the methods of the energy sector forecasting the development, including the development of the energy sector in Ukraine, has been carried out. Originality. It has been established that due to the active growth of the planet's population, with the increase in its energy activity, obtaining electricity from renewable energy sources is not enough, that for the next 20-30 years nuclear power plants will be the main sources of electricity. The internal and external threats to the energy security of Ukraine, directions of development of turbogenerator construction, ways to improve turbogenerators, to increase their energy efficiency, power per unit of performance, to increase the readiness and maneuverability factors, and overload capacity have been identified. Practical significance. The need to continue the modernization and improvement of the turbogenerators of nuclear power plant units, as the main sources of electricity, has been proved. The directions of their improvement are established: increasing the power in the established sizes, making changes to the design of the turbogenerators inactive elements, replacing the cooling agent to keep Ukrainian turbogenerators at the world level, improving auxiliary systems, improving and increasing the reliability of the excitation system, introduction of automatic systems for monitoring the state turbogenerators. Possible limits of use, advantages, disadvantages and problems of using renewable energy sources for Ukraine have been established.

TENDENCY OF GLOBAL CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN THE WORLD IN THE LAST TEN YEARS

Contemporary Materials ◽

10.7251/comen2102166k ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Isak Karabegović

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Renewable Energy ◽

Energy Production ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

New Technologies ◽

Energy Sources ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Small Hydropower ◽

It is well-known that, in the past decades, the burning of fossil fuels was identified as the major cause of climate change. Climate change mitigation is becoming a central concern of global society. Limiting global warming to below 2 °C above the temperature of the pre-industrial period is the key to preserving global ecosystems and providing a secure basis for human activities, as well as reducing excessive environmental change. The ambitions increased at an accelerated pace with a dramatic expansion of net zero-emission targets. Increasing pressure from citizens and society has forced countries to intensify their climate plans, while the private sector has bought a record amount of renewable energy. An energy system based on fossil fuels must be replaced by renewable energy with low carbon emissions with improved energy efficiency. That applies to all consumers of fossil energy: cities, villages, building sectors, industry, transport, agriculture, and forestry. The paper explores and presents the strategy of energy development of renewable energy sources in the world. The application of new technologies that have led to developing renewable energy sources is presented in detail: wind energy, solar energy, small hydropower plants, biomass, and their increase in the total share of energy production, i.e., reduced fossil fuel use in energy production. Investments in new technologies used in renewable energy sources have led to increases in employment worldwide. Analysis of the trend of increased energy production from RES (Renewable Energy Sources) with investment plans, the employment rate for each energy source, and the development of renewable energy sources in the coming period are provided.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES: MODERNIZATION TOOLS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY AND INNOVATIVE-INVESTMENT ACTIVITY

Market Infrastructure ◽

10.32843/infrastruct57-13 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kateryna Kraus ◽

Nataliia Kraus ◽

Anna Pavluk

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Renewable Energy ◽

Alternative Energy ◽

Economic Security ◽

Energy Sources ◽

Energy Investment ◽

Investment Activity ◽

Difficult Situation ◽

The article examines the preconditions for the aggravation of environmental danger for Ukraine and the world as a whole, in particular in the context of the intensifying economic crisis. The long-term plans of the International Energy Agency to achieve “zero” carbon emissions by 2050 have been assessed. It was found that in order to ensure the growth of the world economy by the middle of the XXI century, it is necessary to increase energy efficiency, in particular in terms of active use of renewable energy sources. Energy efficient measures to ensure energy security of the urban agglomeration are summarized. In order to develop alternative energy sources, investments are needed in the energy sector (the annual share of investments in renewable sources in 2020 was 38%, which is $258.9 billion). Enhancement of energy efficiency and introduction of renewable energy sources should take place in the context of modernization of energy infrastructure of urban agglomerations: financing of technical re-equipment of energy assets, development of energy networks, reduction of energy intensity of industrial products, introduction of energy audit, etc. Ukraine has been ranked 8th in the world as one of the most attractive markets for renewable energy investment, but long-standing debt and incomplete energy market reform do not fully realize the potential (this is adversely affected by political mistakes, populist decisions, corruption and poor quality of energy management in Ukraine). It is proved that in the way of ecological safety creates barriers and a difficult situation with environmental protection, which significantly reduces the quality and comfort of life. It is proposed to create a strong environmental infrastructure in order to increase environmental security in the context of ensuring economic security; to introduce innovative ecological technologies; rationalize the processing of solid waste; to build modern waste processing plants, etc. Environmental legislation and governance in the field of energy policy is, unfortunately, a problematic area of current global change initiated by the EU to promote the use of environmentally friendly energy among EU member states.

Summary of Environment Impact of Renewable Energy Resources

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.1133 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 616-618 ◽

pp. 1133-1136 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ji Zhong Zhu ◽

Kwok Cheung

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Nuclear Power ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Environmental Issues ◽

Energy Utilization ◽

Energy Sources ◽

Renewable Energy Resources ◽

Environment Impact ◽

Environmental Consequences

Every type of energy utilization for electricity generation has environmental consequences. The main consequences of burning fossil fuels and of nuclear power are well-known. Renewable energy sources (wind, solar, biomass, hydroelectric, geothermal, etc.) are generally thought of as harmless, but this doesn’t mean they have no environmental consequences at all. Most of them have a significant aesthetic impact and require large areas of land. Some also have a significant impact on the eco-system (birds, fishes, etc.). This paper summarizes the environmental issues caused by all kinds of renewable energy sources.

Perspectives and Problems of Using Renewable Energy Sources and Implementation of Local “Green” Initiatives: A Regional Assessment

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14185888 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (18) ◽

pp. 5888

Author(s):

Saulius Baskutis ◽

Jolanta Baskutiene ◽

Valentinas Navickas ◽

Yuriy Bilan ◽

Wojciech Cieśliński

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Renewable Energy ◽

Energy Supply ◽

Alternative Energy ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Price Volatility ◽

Tidal Energy ◽

Energy Sources ◽

The Sustainable Development

Environmental pollution, energy supply and security of supply have become major issues across the world due to climate change, limited energy sources, energy price volatility and energy supply constraints. Energy availability, energy efficiency and the replacement of fossil fuels by renewable energy sources are key factors in the global development of sustainable energy. In many countries with limited fossil fuel resources, the sustainable development of renewable energy sources is an important tool in reducing dependence on imported fuels. Some alternative energy sources, such as wind, solar, tidal and hydropower, seem almost inexhaustible. With the exception of tidal energy, all of these sources have been used extensively and for a long time. This article examines the improvement of energy security and the government’s actions to promote the use of renewable energy sources, focusing on increasing energy efficiency and reducing energy intensity and dependence on energy imports in Lithuania. In addition, the article provides the state of renewable energy sources in Lithuania, aspects of sustainability and future development directions and perspectives.

Mapping the future of offshore wind farming

Impact ◽

10.21820/23987073.2019.9.12 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 (9) ◽

pp. 12-14

Author(s):

Gwo-Shyh Song

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Wind Power ◽

Nuclear Power ◽

Offshore Wind ◽

Energy Sources ◽

Reservoir Siltation ◽

Geophysical Surveys ◽

Major Interest ◽

Offshore wind farming is a growing presence in the renewable energy landscape but these ambitious projects rely on precise assessments of the hard to observe underwater landscape they will occupy before construction can even begin.<br/>Many governments around the world are moving toward renewable energy sources to meet their countries energy demands. The reasons behind this are many, ranging from reducing emissions to the safety of nuclear reactors and waste. For countries lying on or near fault lines, such as Taiwan, the latter becomes an even greater concern. When the earth shakes nuclear power plants, in particular, are highly sensitive and susceptible pieces of infrastructure. To avoid potential catastrophe and achieve greener energy sources the current government in Taiwan is aiming to phase out nuclear power in the coming years and they have chosen wind power as the technology to replace a large portion of the energy supply.<br/> In Taiwan the plan to phase of nuclear power and replace it with wind power has one extra challenge. The plan is not to build on land, like the majority of wind turbine projects, but rather to head out to sea. Offshore wind farms (OWF) are becoming a larger part of the wind power market and European countries have mostly been the early adopters. The waters off Taiwan, in the Taiwan Strait, are attractive for offshore wind farming development due to the favourable wind patterns that occur there. This has drawn major interest from European companies and others around the world to place bids on the growing number of wind farming projects. However, before any of these projects can take place an extensive effort to understand more about the environments below the surface must first be completed.<br/>Fortunately for those individuals who are curious as to the make-up and appearance of the ocean floor, such as engineers who plan to construct permanent structures in the depths, many techniques to map the seabed have been developed. Dr Gwo-Shyh Song, from The Institute of Oceanography at The National Taiwan University, in Taipei, is one local researcher who is very familiar with these methods. "I have been working on seafloor mapping around the Taiwan Island for last 20 years," points out Song. "This includes geophysical surveys, reservoir siltation surveys, cable and pipeline route surveys using a variety of techniques like multi-beam sounders and side-scan sonar as well as chirp sub-bottom profilers." When the offshore wind farming initiative needed experienced local researchers, he was one of a few people with the prerequisite expertise and technical skill required. "In 2012, when the OWF project was set into action and promoted by the Taiwanese Government, myself and my graduated students now employed within Global Aqua Survey Ltd started to become involved with many related investigatory projects," he explains.

RENEWABLE ENERGY: WORLD DEVELOPMENT TRENDS AND UKRAINE

Herald UNU. International Economic Relations And World Economy ◽

10.32782/2413-9971/2021-36-12 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Vita Zaharii ◽

Tamila Kovalchuk

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Power Plants ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Energy Sector ◽

Energy Sources ◽

The Sun ◽

Stage Of Development ◽

Positive Tendency ◽

The article considers the trends in the development of renewable energy in the world and in Ukraine. It is proved that renewable energy is an important and promising energy sector in the world. It is shown that at the present stage of development, all civilized countries are developing their economies through the use of renewable energy sources, which are gradually displacing the old power plants using exhaustive fossil fuels, which pollute the atmosphere. The history of renewable energy development is revealed. The investment attractiveness of this energy sector in the countries of the world is characterized. On the basis of statistical data and preliminary studies of scientists, modern structural changes in the investment market of renewable energy in the world were evaluated. It is shown that Ukraine is part of European dozens of investments in green energy. The volume of supply of primary energy in the world and Europe, the power of renewable energy in leaders, regions of the world and Ukraine is presented. A review of the current state of renewable energy in developed countries and Ukraine has been carried out. Quantitative characteristics for different renewable energy sectors are analyzed: hydro, solar and wind power and other. Examples of the largest solar, hydroelectric power plants on the planet and Ukraine are given. It is shown that in the countries of the world and Ukraine there is a powerful potential and there is a positive tendency to more intensive use of renewable energy sources. It has been found that in 2020, for the first time in history, the share of RES in the structure of electricity in Europe has exceeded the proportion of fossil fuels due to the expansion of energy from the sun and the sun. The development of renewable energy in the planet also promotes the introduction in many countries and in Ukraine "Green Tariffs" and "Green" for electricity. It is positive that Ukraine has joined the European Energy Community and undertaken a joint regulatory policy with EU countries, develop and implement measures for renewable energy in the country. The prospects for the development of renewable energy sources in the countries of the world and Ukraine are determined.

Renewable Energy Startups and SME

10.20944/preprints202008.0488.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Roshani Goel

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Paradigm Shift ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Energy System ◽

Energy Sources ◽

Energy Capacity ◽

Energy Needs ◽

The World ◽

Growing Economy

India’s energy needs are in demand with the increase in energy and other electric uses which is highest among the world. There are sectors which heavily rely on energy generated by fossil fuels but there is also seen a paradigm shift towards renewable energy sources. If India continues to rely on the former then they end up blocking development in energy system meeting uncertainties and face difficulties in supply of fossil fuels. To meet the fast-growing economy, India needs to supply the energy 3-4 times more of what they are supplying now. Government of India has become aware of the situation and has started facilitating polices in action towards a sustainable energy. As of 2019, India’s on grid renewable energy capacity is 85.9 GW. Government is working to establish 500 GW of renewable energy source by 2030.

State of the Art on Modeling and Optimization of Smart Electricity Networks

International Journal of Energy ◽

10.46300/91010.2020.14.14 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 ◽

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Renewable Energy ◽

Power Systems ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Energy Demand ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Energy Sources ◽

Improve Energy Efficiency ◽

The increase in population and industrialization has increased the consumption of electricity. Currently, it is impossible to live without electricity. Indeed, it is necessary for the economic, social and industrial progress in all the countries of the world. This is why we are always asked to develop all types of energy to produce clean and safe to improve energy efficiency. Indeed, the use of new renewable energy sources helps to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on centralized energy sickles. The difficulties of renewable energy-based power systems lie in their production, which is not controllable and may not meet the increase in energy demand.

CUSTOMER EMPOWERMENT STRATEGY AND SHAPING MARKETS IN THE PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY

Journal of Energy - Energija ◽

10.37798/20196815 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 68 (1) ◽

pp. 22-31

Author(s):

Ivan Krnić

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽

Power Plants ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Credit Rating ◽

Energy Sources ◽

Energy Prices ◽

The World ◽

Energy Companies

A large number of energy companies in the world today a faced with global transformative trends which devastatingly affect their business results. Therefore, energy companies in the world were very slow in investing and adopting renewable energy sources and become significantly overcapacitated by coal and gas fired power plants which are now unprofitabile due to low marginal costs of renewables and their priority dispatching into a power system. Also increasing the share of renewable energy sources in the structure of electricity generation, the decline in primary energy prices (fossil fuels) the stagnation of consuption and the surplus of supply in relation to electricity demand caused a drop in wholesale electricity prices by half compared to 2008. Furthemore, the operation of coal fired power plants is burdened with carbon dioxide emissions. As a result, there has been a significant reduction in revenues, falling stock values andthe collapse of credit rating of many energy companies in the world. This article analyzes the implementation of the strategy of empowering customers and shaping markets that the E.ON Group has carried out as a „response“ to global transformative trends in the energy market environment by which the former company was divided into two less dynamic and more focused companies into a new or conventional energy world. This strengthens the competitiveness of all previous business activities due to stronger focus on the development of necessary skills and process. Furthemore, from on investor perspective it has been shown that the risk profiles associated with conventional energy production differ from those related to the „new“ energy world, ie the activities covered by the business portfolio of the E.ON Group, and the activities covered by the business portfolio of the Uniper Group attract different types of investors.