The Policy of Uses of ICTs in Developing Countries

Author(s):  
Saida Habhab-Rave

The purpose of this chapter is to examine the policy of information and communication technologies (ICTs) on the development of countries, especially on Tunisia. The first part of the article summarizes the evolution of the definition of ICTs policy. In the second part, the authors assess the contribution of ICT to the development of Tunisia. Tunisian’s response to these ICT challenges is discussed from three viewpoints. Firstly, the ways ICTs are impacting on the business, management and development. Secondly, what is being done with regard to ICT policies, especially for all sectors of the society. Thirdly, the impact the broader vision of policy has. In the final part, the relationship between policies of ICTs and sustainable development is discussed. On the basis of the technology-knowledge-innovation-economic development cycle, individual participation is thought to begin with general, ICT and business. The fascinating case history of the Finnish Information Society which lends significant tangible support to this and other models is summarized.

Author(s):  
Clara Silveira ◽  
Leonilde Reis

Information and communication technologies (ICT) can provide added value in an organizational context in order to enhance the definition of business support strategies. The purpose of the chapter is to focus on the contribution of ICT to implement a sustainability policy in the organizations, in the context of the sustainable development goals to improve cooperation and promote development. In this context, the principles of the Karlskrona Manifesto are applied to the development of software systems. The methodology focused on the literature review of the domain and on a case study, in order to analyze the impact of ICT as an engine of sustainability in organizations. The main conclusions focus on the analysis of the impact of established practices in organizations to design and develop sustainable software systems. The results point to a greater consciousness of the potential effects of software systems on sustainability, which will improve management practices, reducing the quantity of material to be recycled, and aligning organizational strategies with Green IT.


2007 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 283-294
Author(s):  
H P P Lötter

I provide a philosophical analysis of the claim that ICTs are necessary preconditions for the eradication of poverty. What are the links between information and communication technologies (ICTs) and poverty? I first define technology and then give a brief depiction of ICTs. Thereafter I define poverty and give a brief expla-nation of its context and causes. Next I discuss the relationship between poverty and ICTs in three paradigm cases: [i] the role of ICTs in poor societies, [ii] the effect of poor ICT knowledge and skill of individuals in highly developed technological societies, and [iii] the impact of impoverished ICT knowledge and skills on the rich, powerful, and intelligent ones in society. I propose a procedure for decision making about the appropria-tion of ICTs by individuals and societies. I assess the claim that both access to ICTs and effective use of them are preconditions for the eradication of poverty.


Author(s):  
César González-Rodríguez ◽  
Santos Urbina-Ramírez

La importancia que han cobrado las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación en la sociedad durante los últimos años ha provocado que la competencia digital sea considerada como clave en el diseño de las políticas educativas y, en consecuencia, que desde diversos ámbitos se hayan desarrollado múltiples instrumentos destinados a la evaluación de las habilidades y destrezas digitales de docentes, discentes y población en general. Es por ello que se ha considerado pertinente analizar diversos tipos de herramientas usadas en la última década en España para el diagnóstico de la competencia digital del alumnado de distintas etapas educativas prestando atención, entre otros aspectos, a los ítems utilizados, la estructura de las herramientas o la metodología empleada. Este trabajo profundiza en el análisis de una serie de investigaciones que, pese a compartir, en muchos casos, aspectos metodológicos, difieren en su visión y concepción de la competencia digital, algo que dificulta el establecimiento de pautas comunes de evaluación, ya que resulta complicado acordar cómo medir una variable cuando la definición de la misma se presta a múltiples interpretaciones. Precisamente la definición de un marco común de referencia en el ámbito educativo que sirva para abordar la evaluación de las habilidades digitales es uno de los retos de investigadores e instituciones, si bien no se trata de una tarea sencilla cuando las tecnologías digitales se caracterizan por los continuos y vertiginosos cambios The impact of Information and Communication Technologies on society in recent years has caused digital competence to be considered the key to designing educational policies and, consequently, the development of numerous instruments for the evaluation of the digital skills and abilities of teachers, students and the population, in general, in several fields. Therefore, it has been considered relevant to analyze various types of tools used in the past decade in Spain for the diagnosis of the digital competence of students from different educational stages, paying attention, among others, to the items used, the structure of the tools or the methodology. This work goes in depth in the analysis of a series investigations that, despite sharing some methodological aspects in many ways, differ in their vision and conception of the digital competence. This makes the establishment of some common evaluation guidelines more difficult, since it is complicated to agree on how to measure a variable when its own definition could be interpreted in several ways. The definition of a common frame of reference in the educational field that serves to address the evaluation of digital skills is precisely one of the challenges of researchers and institutions. However, it is not an easy task when digital technologies are characterized by continuous and vertiginous changes.


Author(s):  
Giacomo Buonanno ◽  
Stefano Gramignoli ◽  
Aurelio Ravarini ◽  
Marco Tagliavini ◽  
Donatella Sciuto

Information System literature is rich in studies concerning the impact of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) on organizations. This chapter, however, focuses on a specific context: small and medium size enterprises (SMEs). It presents an up-to-date picture of the ICT employed and of the activities ICT support within Italian SMEs. Moreover, it provides results regarding the relationship between ICT and SME strategy. Data were collected through a survey on IT managers of 143 SMEs placed in Northern Italy. Research results highlighted relevant differences on how small and medium size organizations employ ICT in order to influence or support their strategy.


2022 ◽  
pp. 771-792
Author(s):  
Clara Silveira ◽  
Leonilde Reis

Information and communication technologies (ICT) can provide added value in an organizational context in order to enhance the definition of business support strategies. The purpose of the chapter is to focus on the contribution of ICT to implement a sustainability policy in the organizations, in the context of the sustainable development goals to improve cooperation and promote development. In this context, the principles of the Karlskrona Manifesto are applied to the development of software systems. The methodology focused on the literature review of the domain and on a case study, in order to analyze the impact of ICT as an engine of sustainability in organizations. The main conclusions focus on the analysis of the impact of established practices in organizations to design and develop sustainable software systems. The results point to a greater consciousness of the potential effects of software systems on sustainability, which will improve management practices, reducing the quantity of material to be recycled, and aligning organizational strategies with Green IT.


2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 353-365
Author(s):  
Miguel Ángel Ortiz Sobrino ◽  
Carmen Marta Lazo ◽  
José Antonio Gabelas Barroso

This paper reviews the major theories and research that analyze the relationship between children and screens. In addition, the agents which act as mediators that help children in the interpretation of the messages are considered. As a conclusion, it is observed that the new forms of multiscreen access used by children and adolescents have developed new consumption styles and that information and communication technologies (ICT) have resulted in new styles of interpersonal and group relationships. The impact of the multiscreen society should be analyzed in light of the role played by different mediators and by educommunication.


Author(s):  
Erkan Erdil ◽  
I. Hakan Yetkiner ◽  
Burcu Türkcan

This chapter tests the impact of ICT on economic growth for underdeveloped and developing countries by using a panel dataset for the period of 1995-2006. The authors first develop the theory of the relationship between ICT and economic growth. They show that ICT-capital has a positive effect both on long-run and transitional income per capita, if it is considered as a factor of production. Next, the authors estimate a panel data set with 131 underdeveloped and developing countries under the assumption that ICT is one of the determining factors of economic growth. They find that ICT has positive and significant effect on economic growth even after the use of some control variables.


2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Flavie Plante

Understanding the relationship that older people develop with information and communication technologies is complex. Basing itself on the assumption that age, gender, and social class are not sufficient to understand this relationship, this article suggests combining the mechanisms of aging with those of media experience. This combination allows us to identify dynamics around recovery, deception and active and inactive attitudes around technologies. Applied to 35 retired individuals living in Réunion, these dynamics fuel the definition of the “second order digital divide,” the understanding of which depends on taking into account the stakes involved in the representation of old age.Comprendre la relation que les personnes âgées développent avec les technologies de l’information et de la communication est complexe. Partant du postulat que l’âge, le genre et la classe sociale ne sont pas suffisants pour saisir cette relation, cet article propose de combiner les mécanismes du vieillissement à ceux de l’expérience médiatique. Cette combinaison permet de dégager des dynamiques autour de la reprise, de la déprise et des attitudes actives et inactives autour des technologies. Appliquées à 35 individus à la retraite vivant à La Réunion, ces dynamiques alimentent la définition de la fracture numérique du second degré dont la compréhension dépend ici de la prise en compte des enjeux de la construction de la vieillesse.


2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-138
Author(s):  
V. Ya. Dmitriev ◽  
T. A. Ignat'eva ◽  
V. P. Pilyavskiy

Aim. To analyze the concept of “artificial intelligence”, to justify the effectiveness of using artificial intelligence technologies.Tasks. To study the conceptual apparatus; to propose and justify the author’s definition of the “artificial intelligence” concept; to describe the technology of speech recognition using artificial intelligence.Methodology. The authors used such general scientific methods of cognition as comparison, deduction and induction, analysis, generalization and systematization.Results. Based on a comparative analysis of the existing conceptual apparatus, it is concluded that there is no single concept of “artificial intelligence”. Each author puts his own vision into it. In this regard, the author’s definition of the “artificial intelligence” concept is formulated. It is determined that an important area of applying artificial intelligence technologies in various fields of activity is speech recognition technology. It is shown that the first commercially successful speech recognition prototypes appeared already by the 1990s, and since the beginning of the 21st century. The great interest in “end-to-end” automatic speech recognition has become obvious. While traditional phonetic approaches have requested pronunciation, acoustic, and language model data, end-to-end models simultaneously consider all components of speech recognition, thereby facilitating the stages of self-learning and development. It is established that a significant increase in the” mental “ capabilities of computer technology and the development of new algorithms have led to new achievements in this direction. These advances are driven by the growing demand for speech recognition.Conclusions. According to the authors, artificial intelligence is a complex of computer programs that duplicate the functions of the human brain, opening up the possibility of informal learning based on big data processing, allowing to solve the problems of pattern recognition (text, image, speech) and the formation of management decisions. Currently, the active development of information and communication technologies and artificial intelligence concepts has led to a wide practical application of intelligent technologies, especially in control systems. The impact of these systems can be found in the work of mobile phones and expert systems, in forecasting and other areas. Among the obstacles to the development of this technology is the lack of accuracy in speech and voice recognition systems in the conditions of sound interference, which is always present in the external environment. However, the recent advances overcome this disadvantage.


2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-175
Author(s):  
Hércules Tolêdo Corrêa ◽  
Cleide De Araújo Campos

Pode-se dizer que o livro para crianças é um objeto artístico-cultural constituído por vários modos de linguagens. Dessa forma, partimos dos pressupostos da semiótica cultural, mais especificamente das teorizações sobre a multimodalidade, e procuramos identificar os aspectos tanto discursivos quanto educacionais de obras destinadas ao público infantil publicadas na contemporaneidade. Valemo-nos também de estudos sobre ilustração e projeto gráfico de livros infantis, tais como van der Linden (2011), Ramos (2013) e Paiva (2018). Este artigo, especificamente, centra-se na análise de dois livros da coleção Universidade das Crianças, publicada pelo selo Estraladabão, da Editora UFMG, em 2018: O que existe? O que não existe? e O que é um livro? Os nomes dos profissionais envolvidos na produção das obras estão identificados ao longo deste artigo. Hoje em dia, podemos considerar o livro para crianças como um objeto com múltipla autoria (multi ou poliautoria): além do escritor e do ilustrador, os autores principais ou protagonistas, como denominamos neste texto, também estão envolvidos na produção da obra designers gráficos, editores e coordenadores editoriais especializados, leitores críticos, revisores de conteúdo e de linguagem, e muitas vezes também outros especialistas da área editorial e educacional, como publicitários, engenheiros do papel, tradutores, adaptadores, psicólogos, pedagogos e psicopedagogos, aos quais chamamos neste artigo de autoria secundária ou coadjuvante. Analisamos alguns elementos do projeto gráfico das obras selecionadas e da relação entre texto escrito, ilustração e design, seguindo a ordem: 1- Capa e quarta capa; 2- Formato do livro e outros elementos da materialidade; 3- Layout: forma como o texto escrito e o visual são apresentados na página, o que inclui uma série de elementos e de relações entre eles, como: tipo e tamanho de letra, espaço entre linhas e mancha gráfica (a área do impresso: texto escrito e ilustração). Destaca-se que a definição deste último elemento envolve a relação entre texto escrito e texto visual. Por fim, é importante dizer que este artigo faz parte de uma pesquisa coletiva desenvolvida no âmbito do Grupo MULTDIC – Multiletramentos e usos das tecnologias da informação e comunicação na Educação –, intitulada Literatura e visualidade: a importância do projeto gráfico em livros para crianças na contemporaneidade. Palavras-chave: Livros para crianças. Multimodalidade. Projeto gráfico. GRAPHIC ELEMENTS INFLUENCE IN BOOKS FOR CHILDREN IN THE CONTEMPORANEITY: ANALYSIS OF TWO WORKS FROM THE CHILDREN'S UNIVERSITY COLLECTION Abstract: Books for children are said to be an artistic-cultural object made up of several modes of languages. Thus, this paper departs from the assumptions of cultural semiotics, more specifically the theories about multimodality, and tries to identify both the discursive and educational aspects of works aimed at children published in contemporary times. Studies on illustration and graphic design of books for children, such as Nikolajeva and Scott (2011), van der Linden (2011), Ramos (2013) and Paiva (2018) are also used. This paper focuses specifically on the analysis of two books from Universidade da Criança [Children's University] collection, published by the label Estraladabão, by Federal University of Minas Gerais Press, in 2018: O que existe? O que não existe? (COSCARELLI, 2018) and O que é um livro? (RIBEIRO, 2018). Other professionals involved in the creation of the books are identified along this paper. Nowadays, books for children can be considered as an object of multiple authorship: besides the writer and the illustrator, the main authors or protagonists, as called in this paper, there are also other professionals, who were called secondary or coadjuvants authors, such as graphic designers, editors and specialized editorial coordinators, critical readers, content and language reviewers, and often also other editorial and educational specialists, such as advertisers, paper engineers, translators, adapters, psychologists, pedagogists and psychopedagogists. Some elements of the graphic design of the selected works and the relation between written text, illustration and design were analyzed in the following order: 1- Cover and fourth cover; 2- Format of the book and other elements of materiality; 3- Layout: how the written text and the visual are presented on the page, which includes a series of elements and relationships between them, such as: type and size of letter, space between lines and graphic spot (the area of the print: written text and illustration). It should be noted that the definition of this last element involves the relationship between written text and visual text. Finally, it is important to say that this paper is part of a collective research developed within the framework of the Group MULTDIC – Multiliteracies and digital information and communication technologies, entitled Literatura e visualidade: a importância do projeto gráfico em livros para crianças na contemporaneidade [Literature and visuality: the importance of the graphic design in books for children in contemporaneity]. Keywords: Books for children. Multimodality. Graphic project.


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