Who Wants an Automated Vehicle?

2022 ◽  
pp. 890-909
Author(s):  
David A. Thurlow ◽  
Ben D. Sawyer
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Environmental Costs ◽  
Public Interests ◽  
Social Inequity ◽  
Automated Vehicle ◽  
Digital Methods ◽  
Vehicle Automation

New advancements in vehicle automation, electrification, data connectivity, and digital methods of sharing—known collectively as New Mobility—are poised to revolutionize transportation as it is known today. Exactly what results this disruption will lead to, however, remains unknown, as indeed the technologies and their uses are still taking shape amidst myriad interests. The impacts of this shift to New Mobility could be enormous, shaping economies, cities, and the lives of people in them. It is therefore vitally important for public interests to play a strong role in the development and deployment of these technologies. With the current trajectory of these technologies warning of the potential for increased energy use, environmental costs, and social inequity, interests at the community level need to be included and influential as soon as possible.

Who Wants an Automated Vehicle?

2019 ◽  
pp. 171-196
Author(s):  
David A. Thurlow ◽  
Ben D. Sawyer
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Environmental Costs ◽  
Public Interests ◽  
Social Inequity ◽  
Automated Vehicle ◽  
Digital Methods ◽  
Vehicle Automation

New advancements in vehicle automation, electrification, data connectivity, and digital methods of sharing—known collectively as New Mobility—are poised to revolutionize transportation as it is known today. Exactly what results this disruption will lead to, however, remains unknown, as indeed the technologies and their uses are still taking shape amidst myriad interests. The impacts of this shift to New Mobility could be enormous, shaping economies, cities, and the lives of people in them. It is therefore vitally important for public interests to play a strong role in the development and deployment of these technologies. With the current trajectory of these technologies warning of the potential for increased energy use, environmental costs, and social inequity, interests at the community level need to be included and influential as soon as possible.

scholarly journals Impact of External Human–Machine Interface Communication Strategies of Automated Vehicles on Pedestrians’ Crossing Decisions and Behaviors in an Urban Environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8396
Author(s):  
Marc Wilbrink ◽  
Merle Lau ◽  
Johannes Illgner ◽  
Anna Schieben ◽  
Michael Oehl
Keyword(s):  
Urban Traffic ◽  
Automated Vehicles ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Communication Tools ◽  
Automated Vehicle ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Vulnerable Road Users ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
Vehicle Automation

The development of automated vehicles (AVs) and their integration into traffic are seen by many vehicle manufacturers and stakeholders such as cities or transportation companies as a revolution in mobility. In future urban traffic, it is more likely that AVs will operate not in separated traffic spaces but in so-called mixed traffic environments where different types of traffic participants interact. Therefore, AVs must be able to communicate with other traffic participants, e.g., pedestrians as vulnerable road users (VRUs), to solve ambiguous traffic situations. To achieve well-working communication and thereby safe interaction between AVs and other traffic participants, the latest research discusses external human–machine interfaces (eHMIs) as promising communication tools. Therefore, this study examines the potential positive and negative effects of AVs equipped with static (only displaying the current vehicle automation status (VAS)) and dynamic (communicating an AV’s perception and intention) eHMIs on the interaction with pedestrians by taking subjective and objective measurements into account. In a Virtual Reality (VR) simulator study, 62 participants were instructed to cross a street while interacting with non-automated (without eHMI) and automated vehicles (equipped with static eHMI or dynamic eHMI). The results reveal that a static eHMI had no effect on pedestrians’ crossing decisions and behaviors compared to a non-automated vehicle without any eHMI. However, participants benefit from the additional information of a dynamic eHMI by making earlier decisions to cross the street and higher certainties regarding their decisions when interacting with an AV with a dynamic eHMI compared to an AV with a static eHMI or a non-automated vehicle. Implications for a holistic evaluation of eHMIs as AV communication tools and their safe introduction into traffic are discussed based on the results.

scholarly journals Drivers’ Perceptions of Functionality Implied by Terms Used to Describe Automation in Vehicles

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 1893-1897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Nees
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
Automated Vehicle ◽  
Human Driver ◽  
Trust In Automation ◽  
Vehicle Automation ◽  
First Time

The expectations induced by the labels used to describe vehicle automation are important to understand, because research has shown that expectations can affect trust in automation even before a person uses the system for the first time. An online sample of drivers rated the perceived division of driving responsibilities implied by common terms used to describe automation. Ratings of 13 terms were made on a scale from 1 (“human driver is entirely responsible”) to 7 (“vehicle is entirely responsible”) for three driving tasks (steering, accelerating/braking, and monitoring). In several instances, the functionality implied by automation terms did not match the technical definitions of the terms and/or the actual capabilities of the automated vehicle functions currently described by the terms. These exploratory findings may spur and guide future research on this under-examined topic.

Proxemics and Kinesics in Automated Vehicle–Pedestrian Communication: Representing Ethnographic Observations

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (10) ◽  
pp. 70-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Domeyer ◽  
Azadeh Dinparastdjadid ◽  
John D. Lee ◽  
Grace Douglas ◽  
Areen Alsaid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transportation System ◽  
Communication Tool ◽  
Spatial Cues ◽  
Communication Signals ◽  
Automated Vehicle ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
Use Of Time ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Similar Information ◽  
Vehicle Automation

Since the introduction of automobiles in the early 1900s, communication among elements of the transportation system has been critical for efficiency, safety, and fairness. Communication mechanisms such as signs, lights, and roadway markings were developed to send signals about affordances (i.e., where and when can I go?) and constraints (i.e., where and when can I not go?). In addition, signals among road users such as the hand wave have emerged to communicate similar information. With the introduction of highly automated vehicles, it may be necessary to understand communication signals and apply them to vehicle automation design. However, the question remains: how do we identify the most important interactions that need to be considered for vehicle automation? We propose a method by which we examine the timing of existing vehicle–pedestrian interactions to make conclusions about how the use of time and space can be used as a communication tool. Videos were recorded at representative intersections and crossings in a mid-sized, Midwestern U.S. town. The intersections were chosen based on their potential to elicit interactions with pedestrians and their ubiquity (e.g., four-way stop). Videos were then coded to describe the interactions between vehicles and pedestrians. A focus of this coding was the short stop—stopping before a crosswalk to communicate yielding intent to a pedestrian—which was defined as the time from when the vehicle began to accelerate, after slowing down, to when it reached the crosswalk. Results revealed evidence that vehicle kinematic and spatial cues signal the driver’s intent to other road users.

scholarly journals Metabolic scaling across succession: Do individual rates predict community‐level energy use?

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 1447-1456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulia Ghedini ◽  
Craig R. White ◽  
Dustin J. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Level Energy ◽  
Metabolic Scaling

A Human Factors Perspective on Ethical Concerns of Vehicle Automation

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 1844-1848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wesley J. Kumfer ◽  
Samuel J. Levulis ◽  
Megan D. Olson ◽  
Richard A. Burgess
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Knowledge Synthesis ◽  
Respect For Persons ◽  
Automated Vehicle ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Levels Of Automation ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Vehicle Automation ◽  
Different Levels

This paper presents a knowledge synthesis of ethical questions for the application of rational ethics theories to human factors in vehicle automation. First, a brief summary of ethical concerns related to transportation automation and human factors is presented. A series of theoretical questions are then posed for different levels of vehicle automation. Particular concerns relating to the Principle of Utility and the Principle of Respect for Persons are highlighted for low levels of automation, high levels of automation, and full automation through the use of theoretical scenarios. Although some recommendations are drawn from these scenarios, the primary purpose of this paper is to serve as a starting point to encourage discussion and collaboration between human factors professionals, engineers, policymakers, transportation officials, software programmers, manufacturers, and the driving public regarding realistic goals for automated vehicle implementation.

Analyzing the international trade-related food miles in Iran

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-43
Author(s):  
Hassan Mohammadian Mosammam ◽  
Mozaffar Sarrafi ◽  
Jamileh Tavakoli Nia ◽  
Ali Mohammadian Mosammam
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Environmental Costs ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Total Import ◽  
Food Miles ◽  
Related Energy ◽  
Transport Modes ◽  
Food Imports

The aim of this article was to present a “snapshot” of Iran’s total import-related food miles and associated direct environmental costs in 1999 and 2013. Based on a customized model, the import-related “food miles” was calculated for 14 food groups. The methods used provide new insights to be obtained about how far agricultural products travel from their point of production to the main cities in Iran. We also calculated travel-related energy use and CO2 emissions based on different transport modes. Distance and agricultural products data were obtained from national and international sources. Produce arriving at the main cities in Iran were typically transported more than 15,456 km in 1999. In 2013, however, average food miles have fallen 47%, largely driven by indirect food imports. In terms of energy use, imported products accounted for 130,855 TJ of energy use in 1999; this was reduced by 10% in 2013. Moreover, these changes account for more than 10 and 9 Mt of food miles-related CO2 emissions in 1999 and 2013, respectively. There is an opportunity to re-legislate and revise policies regarding both imported and domestically grown food.

scholarly journals Vehicle Automation and the Duty to Act

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noah J. Goodall
Keyword(s):  
Cumulative Risk ◽  
Automated Vehicle ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Small Risk ◽  
Legal Literature ◽  
Legal Responsibilities ◽  
Vehicle Automation ◽  
Level Of Risk

The act of driving always carries some level of risk. With the introduction of vehicle automation, it is probable that computer-driven vehicles will assess this changing level of risk while driving, and make decisions as to the allowable risk for itself and other road users. In certain situations, an automated vehicle may be forced to select whether to expose itself and its passengers to a small risk in order to protect other road users from an equal or greater amount of cumulative risk. In legal literature, this is known as the duty to act. The moral and legal responsibilities of an automated vehicle to act on the behalf of other road users are explored.

Analysis of the Effects of Connected–Automated Vehicle Technologies on Travel Demand

2017 ◽  
Vol 2625 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Auld ◽  
Vadim Sokolov ◽  
Thomas S. Stephens
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Flow ◽  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Travel Demand ◽  
Transportation System ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Potential Range ◽  
Cruise Control ◽  
Automated Vehicle ◽  
Positive Effects

Connected–automated vehicle (CAV) technologies are likely to have significant effects not only on how vehicles operate in the transportation system, but also on how individuals behave and use their vehicles. While many CAV technologies—such as connected adaptive cruise control and ecosignals—have the potential to increase network throughput and efficiency, many of these same technologies have a secondary effect of reducing driver burden, which can drive changes in travel behavior. Such changes in travel behavior—in effect, lowering the cost of driving—have the potential to increase greatly the utilization of the transportation system with concurrent negative externalities, such as congestion, energy use, and emissions, working against the positive effects on the transportation system resulting from increased capacity. To date, few studies have analyzed the potential effects on CAV technologies from a systems perspective; studies often focus on gains and losses to an individual vehicle, at a single intersection, or along a corridor. However, travel demand and traffic flow constitute a complex, adaptive, nonlinear system. Therefore, in this study, an advanced transportation systems simulation model—POLARIS—was used. POLARIS includes cosimulation of travel behavior and traffic flow to study the potential effects of several CAV technologies at the regional level. Various technology penetration levels and changes in travel time sensitivity have been analyzed to determine a potential range of effects on vehicle miles traveled from various CAV technologies.

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