Exploring the Spheres of Crowdfunding

2020 ◽  
pp. 1547-1566
Author(s):  
Bernard Owens Imarhiagbe
Keyword(s):  
Service Providers ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Policy Statement ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Uk

This chapter reviews research and policy literatures on the spheres of crowdfunding. It identifies reward-based, donation-based, equity-based and credit-based crowdfunding with a view to collate relevant information to support crowdfunding knowledgebase and further research. As crowdfunding is a new concept in research literature, it is increasing in popularity in social media, business and research communities. Academic research in crowdfunding is limited and the subject is still evolving as a way of access to finance for seed capital, entrepreneurial projects and other early stage projects. Advanced countries in Europe and North America have recognised the relevance of crowdfunding in varying proportion from one country to another for project fundraising. However, the World Bank confirmed that developing countries are at different stages of recognition of crowdfunding in their policy framework. Although the UK financial regulator, Financial Conduct Authority, has produced a policy statement for crowdfunding and approved some service providers such as crowdfunding platforms, it is still interacting with stakeholders and providing guidance to potential entrepreneurs on the operational models. Crowdfunding is a way of raising small amounts of money from different contributors over the internet for different types of projects. There are huge management implications in the spheres of crowdfunding.

Exploring the Spheres of Crowdfunding

2016 ◽  
pp. 190-209
Author(s):  
Bernard Owens Imarhiagbe
Keyword(s):  
Service Providers ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Policy Statement ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Uk

This chapter reviews research and policy literatures on the spheres of crowdfunding. It identifies reward-based, donation-based, equity-based and credit-based crowdfunding with a view to collate relevant information to support crowdfunding knowledgebase and further research. As crowdfunding is a new concept in research literature, it is increasing in popularity in social media, business and research communities. Academic research in crowdfunding is limited and the subject is still evolving as a way of access to finance for seed capital, entrepreneurial projects and other early stage projects. Advanced countries in Europe and North America have recognised the relevance of crowdfunding in varying proportion from one country to another for project fundraising. However, the World Bank confirmed that developing countries are at different stages of recognition of crowdfunding in their policy framework. Although the UK financial regulator, Financial Conduct Authority, has produced a policy statement for crowdfunding and approved some service providers such as crowdfunding platforms, it is still interacting with stakeholders and providing guidance to potential entrepreneurs on the operational models. Crowdfunding is a way of raising small amounts of money from different contributors over the internet for different types of projects. There are huge management implications in the spheres of crowdfunding.

scholarly journals Public interest in immunity: justification for intervention in the early stages of COVID-19 (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunna Kwan ◽  
Jinhee Lee ◽  
Jun Young Lee ◽  
Keum Hwa Lee ◽  
Sung Hwi Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Search Term ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Google Search

UNSTRUCTURED Our study aimed to identify the interest and correlation between the proliferation of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19), interest in immunity and products that have been discussed to confer an enhancement of immunity, while suggesting the measures of intervention to be undertaken from a health and medical point of view. To assess the level of public interest in infectious disease during the initial days of the outbreak of COVID-19, we extracted Google search data from the past year based on the date of 15th of March 2020, which is approximately two months after the COVID-19 outbreak. In order to determine whether the public became interested in the immune system, we selected ‘coronavirus’, ‘immune’, ‘vitamin’ as our final search term. The increase in cumulative confirmed cases of coronavirus after January 20 had a strong positive correlation with search volumes for the terms ‘coronavirus’ (R = 0.786, P < .0001), ‘immune’ (R = 0.745, P < .0001) and ‘vitamin’ (R = 0.778, P < .0001), and the variables were all mutually statistically significant. Moreover, these correlations were confirmed on a country-basis when we restricted analyses to the US, the UK, Italy, and Korea. Our findings revealed that increases in search volumes for ‘coronavirus’ and ‘immune’ preceded the actual occurrences of confirmed cases. Our study implicates that during the initial phase of the COVID-19 crisis, the public’s desire and actions to strengthen their own immune systems were enhanced. Further, in the early stage of a pandemic there is a high potential of social media to inform the public about potentially helpful measures to prevent the spread of an infectious disease and provide relevant information about immunity and thereby increase the knowledge.

A model of protecting financial service clients in the UK

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 147
Author(s):  
Patrycja ZAWADZKA
Keyword(s):  
Financial Market ◽  
Design Research ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Financial Service ◽  
Financial Supervision ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Polish Law ◽  
The Uk

Aim: The purpose of the paper is to describe changes occurring in the UK in consequence of the financial crisis with regard to protecting financial service customers, which prompts towards the answer to the question about the optimum protection model when it comes to protecting financial market customers. The author analyses whether regulations in use in the UK are sufficient to ensure cohesion between the public supervision of the financial market and customer protection. In practice, these value may be in opposition. Design / Research methods: The basic research method used in the paper is analysing sources of law and the literature of the subject. Conclusions: The most recent financial market crises undermined the assumption that public and legal supervision is a sufficient tool preventing market turbulences. The financial market supervision should expand beyond professional financial service providers. At the same time, it is also necessary to ensure customer protection. Having conducted the research, the Author recognises that the model used to supervise the financial market and protect financial service customers adopted in the UK deserves to be multiplied on the basis of Polish law, with a particular focus on transferring the supervisory function to the central bank. Originality / value of the article: The topic is pertinent and important as, in the EU member states, adaptation of new legal solutions in the area of financial supervision is considered. However, the problem tackled in the paper has not received any wider coverage in the literature of the subject. The UK regulations may and, according to the author - should serve as a model for the Polish legislator who is planning to challenge the issue of organising supervision over the Polish financial market in the near future.

scholarly journals Understanding the economics of abuse: an assessment of the economic abuse definition within the Domestic Abuse Bill

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Sharp-Jeffs
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Abuse ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Economic Abuse ◽  
Complex Needs ◽  
Power And Control ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Control Wheel ◽  
The Uk

The term ‘economic abuse’ was first introduced into discourse when it was identified as a tactic used by perpetrators within the Duluth Power and Control Wheel. Yet it is only recently that researchers have turned their attention to defining and understanding it. This article draws on a review of the global and UK specific academic research literature to assess the suitability of the definition of economic abuse put forward within the Westminster government’s Domestic Abuse Bill. It recommends that a) the term ‘any behaviour’ within the definition is understood to include controlling tactics which sit under the constructs of economic restriction, exploitation and/or sabotage, b) the definition recognises perpetrators will also prevent a partner from using/maintaining goods or services and, c) attention is given to the suggestion that single incidents of economic abuse would not fall under this definition. While the focus of this article is on Westminster policy in the UK, the case for ‘naming’ and defining economic abuse in statute has wider resonance, not least because it provides a framework within which to report on prevalence, hold perpetrators accountable and for services (statutory and voluntary) to respond.<br /><br />Key messages<br /><ul><li>This article critically assesses the definition of economic abuse within the Westminster government’s Domestic Abuse Bill and argues that there is ‘room for improvement’.</li><br /><li>The term ‘any behaviour’ within the definition of economic abuse should be understood to include controlling tactics which sit under the constructs of economic restriction, exploitation and/or sabotage.</li><br /><li>A clear understanding of the constructs of economic abuse is vital if the Westminster government is to report on prevalence (as required by the Istanbul Convention) and frontline practitioners are to understand and meet the complex needs of victim-survivors.</li></ul>

scholarly journals Detention and alternatives to detention in international protection and return procedures in Ireland

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Academic Research ◽  
International Protection ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
States Immigration ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Migration Network ◽  
European Migration ◽  
The Eu

Related Press Release Detention and alternatives to detention can be used for immigration-related purposes in Ireland. Detention takes place in Garda Síochána stations and prisons. Throughout 2019, 477 people were detained in Irish prisons for immigration-related reasons, reducing to 245 people in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic. Alternatives to detention, such as regularly reporting to a Garda station, however, tend to be used more routinely and in the first instance. This study presents a comprehensive review of legislation and practice on detention and alternatives to detention in international protection and return procedures in Ireland. It is based on the Irish contribution to a European Migration Network (EMN) report comparing the situation in EU Member States. Immigration detention in the EU and the UK has been the subject of considerable academic research; however, there has been comparatively less research on the situation in Ireland, particularly regarding alternatives to detention.

What systems participants know about access and service entry and why managers should listen

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 449
Author(s):  
Rohena Duncombe
Keyword(s):  
Health Services ◽  
Community Health ◽  
Participatory Design ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Health Counselling

Objective The present study looked at the views of people directly involved in the entry process for community health counselling using the frame of the health access literature. The concurrence of system participants’ views with the access literature highlights access issues, particularly for people who are vulnerable or disadvantaged. The paper privileges the voices of the system participants, inviting local health services to consider using participatory design to improve access at the entry point. Methods People involved in the entry process for community health counselling explored the question, ‘What, for you, are the features of a good intake system?’ They also commented on themes identified during pilot interviews. These were thematically analysed for each participant group by the researcher to develop a voice for each stakeholder group. Results People accessing the service could be vulnerable and the entry process failed to take that into account. People directly involved in the counselling service entry system, system participants, consisted of: professionals referring in, people seeking services and reception staff taking first enquiries. They shared substantially the same concerns as each other. The responses from these system participants are consistent with the international literature on access and entry into health services. Conclusion Participatory service design could improve primary healthcare service entry at the local level. Canvassing the experiences of system participants is important for delivering services to those who have the least access and, in that way, could contribute to health equity. What is known about the topic? People with the highest health needs receive the fewest services. Health inequality is increasing. What does this paper add? System participants can provide advice consistent with the academic research literature that is useful for improving service entry at the local level. What are the implications for practitioners? Participatory design can inform policy makers and service providers. Entry systems could acknowledge the potential vulnerability or disadvantage of people approaching the service.

scholarly journals Saudi Arabia and Saudi Women in Research Literature: A Critical Look

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rami F. Mustafa ◽  
Salah Troudi
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia ◽  
Saudi Women ◽  
Professional Experiences ◽  
Critical Scholarship ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk

The literature abounds with many researches and articles that are written in a way that portray the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia as the poster child of hegemony, essentialism and women oppression. In recent years, no aspect of Saudi Arabian society has been subject to more scrutiny and debate than the women’s domain. Women’s rights and responsibilities have been controversial issues among both conservatives and progressives in Saudi Arabia; nevertheless, Saudi women remain among the least studied population. This study draws on the academic and professional experiences of the author dealing with Saudi women in Canada, the UK, the USA and inside Saudi Arabia to further the critical scholarship on Saudi Arabia and Saudi women as site and population of academic research to avoid the essentialist, orientalist and Westernized understanding of Saudi Arabia and Saudi women. This article is a springboard to any researcher interested in studying – critically- Saudi women’s issues.

Researching (with) Major Food Retailers

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 33-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Evans
Keyword(s):  
Food Systems ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Major Food ◽  
Food Retailers ◽  
Food Retailer ◽  
The One ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Opening Up

This paper considers the relationship between social science and the food industry, and it suggests that collaboration can be intellectually productive and morally rewarding. It explores the middle ground that exists between paid consultancy models of collaboration on the one hand and a principled stance of nonengagement on the other. Drawing on recent experiences of researching with a major food retailer in the UK, I discuss the ways in which collaborating with retailers can open up opportunities for accessing data that might not otherwise be available to social scientists. Additionally, I put forward the argument that researchers with an interest in the sustainability—ecological or otherwise—of food systems, especially those of a critical persuasion, ought to be empirically engaging with food businesses. I suggest that this is important in terms of generating better understandings of the objectionable arrangements that they seek to critique, and in terms of opening up conduits through which to affect positive changes. Cutting across these points is the claim that while resistance to commercial engagement might be misguided, it is nevertheless important to acknowledge the power-geometries of collaboration and to find ways of leveling and/or leveraging them. To conclude, I suggest that universities have an important institutional role to play in defining the terms of engagement as well as maintaining the boundaries between scholarship and consultancy—a line that can otherwise become quite fuzzy when the worlds of commerce and academic research collide.

Conscious access to fear-relevant information is mediated by threshold

2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remigiusz Szczepanowski
Keyword(s):  
Present Report ◽  
Intrinsic Property ◽  
Roc Curves ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Perceptual Processing ◽  
High Threshold ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Emotional Perception ◽  
Fearful Faces ◽  
The Subject

Conscious access to fear-relevant information is mediated by thresholdThe present report proposed a model of access consciousness to fear-relevant information according to which there is a threshold for emotional perception beyond that the subject makes hits with no false alarm. The model was examined by having the participants performed a confidence-ratings masking task with fearful faces. Measures of the thresholds for conscious access were taken by looking at the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves generated from a three-state low- and high-threshold (3-LHT) model by Krantz. Indeed, the analysis of the masking data revealed that the ROCs had threshold-like-nature (a two-limb shape) rather continuous (a curvilinear shape) challenging in this fashion the classical signal-detection view on perceptual processing. Moreover, the threshold ROC curve exhibited the specific y-intercepts relevant to conscious access performance. The study suggests that the threshold can be an intrinsic property of conscious access, mediating emotional contents between perceptual states and consciousness.

“It’s not just a diet, it’s a lifestyle”: An Exploratory Study into Community Preferences of Vegan Definitions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madelon North ◽  
Emily Jane Kothe ◽  
Anna Klas ◽  
Mathew Ling
Keyword(s):  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Personal Experience ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Advocacy Groups ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Ranking Order ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Community Preferences ◽  
Positivist Approach

Veganism is an increasingly popular lifestyle within Western societies, including Australia. However, there appears to be a positivist approach to defining veganism in the literature. This has implications for measurement and coherence of the research literature. This exploratory study assessed preference rankings for definitions of veganism used by vegan advocacy groups across an Australian convenience sample of three dietary groups (vegan = 230, omnivore = 117, vegetarian = 43). Participants were also asked to explain their ranking order in an open-ended question. Most vegans selected the UK definition as their first preference, omnivores underwent five rounds of preference reallocation before the Irish definition was selected, and vegetarians underwent four rounds before the UK definition was selected. A reflexive thematic analysis of participant explanations for their rankings identified four themes: (1) Diet vs. lifestyle, (2) Absolutism, (3) Social justice, and (4) Animal justice. These four themes represent how participants had differing perceptions of veganism according to their personal experience and understanding of the term. It appears participants took less of an absolutist approach to the definition and how individuals conceptualise veganism may be more dynamic than first expected. This will be important when researchers are considering how we are defining veganism in future studies to maintain consistency in the field.

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