The Effects of the National System of Social Security Over Senior Entrepreneurs

2020 ◽  
pp. 59-72
Author(s):  
Allan Oswaldo Villegas Mateos ◽  
José Ernesto Amorós
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Social Security Contributions ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Contextual Determinants ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this chapter is to analyze the relationship between the national systems of social security and senior entrepreneurial activity. To understand the growing phenomenon of senior entrepreneurship, the authors developed a multilevel model using a dataset from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor that allows them to relate country-level variables, such as social security contributions, level of economic development, government support and policies, and burden taxes and bureaucracy, with individual-level variables, such as the household income, experience fear of failure, and type of business. This chapter contributes to the literature of the contextual determinants of entrepreneurship by examining multilevel data on 42,100 individuals from 31 countries members of the OECD for the period of 2010–2016. The findings indicate that the country-level predictor of social security contributions has a negative effect but statistically non-significant relationship with the decision to engage in senior entrepreneurial activity.

Do Age-Related Social Expectations Influence Entrepreneurial Activity in Later Life?

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 179-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teemu Kautonen
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Social Expectations ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Economic Contribution

This article examines how the social expectations of the general public concerning the economic contribution of older people (country-level explanatory variable) affect the entrepreneurial activity of ageing individuals (individual-level dependent variable). A multilevel analysis based on data from 24 European countries finds that the perceived economic contribution of older people is negatively associated with entrepreneurial activity at an older age. The article suggests that the negative effect may be due to a higher perceived economic contribution of ageing people leading to less ageism in the workplace and a higher demand for older workers in the labour market, which undermines the relative attractiveness of starting a business.

Incumbent Tenure Crowds Out Economic Voting

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Martin Vinæs Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Economic Voting ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Growing Stock ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Economic Vote ◽  
The Government

AbstractDoes the importance of the economy change during a government's time in office? Governments arguably become more responsible for current economic conditions as their tenure progresses. This might lead voters to hold experienced governments more accountable for economic conditions. However, voters also accumulate information about governments' competence over time. If voters are Bayesian learners, then this growing stock of information should crowd out the importance of current economic conditions. This article explores these divergent predictions about the relationship between tenure and the economic vote using three datasets. First, using country-level data from a diverse set of elections, the study finds that support for more experienced governments is less dependent on economic growth. Secondly, using individual-level data from sixty election surveys covering ten countries, the article shows that voters' perceptions of the economy have a greater impact on government support when the government is inexperienced. Finally, the article examines a municipal reform in Denmark that assigned some voters to new local incumbents and finds that these voters responded more strongly to the local economy. In conclusion, all three studies point in the same direction: economic voting decreases with time in office.

The promise of flexicurity: Can employment and income security mitigate the negative effects of job insecurity?

2020 ◽  
pp. 0143831X2097547
Author(s):  
Mojca Svetek
Keyword(s):  
Job Insecurity ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Job Security ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Income Security ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Perceived Job Insecurity ◽  
The Eu

Flexicurity is an integral part of the EU Employment Strategy. Flexicurity promises that it is possible to simultaneously provide organisations with greater flexibility and offer workers the necessary level of security. This is achieved by replacing job security, which stems from a permanent employment contract, with employment and income security. The aim of this article is to present an individual-level investigation of the relationships between various elements of flexicurity, examining how they affect psychological well-being and job satisfaction. A heterogeneous sample of 432 adults employed under various types of employment arrangements participated in the study. The results showed that the type of employment arrangement was the main predictor of perceived job insecurity. Moreover, perceived job insecurity mediated the relationship between employment arrangement and psychological outcomes. Finally, employment and income security failed to mitigate the negative effect of job insecurity. The promise of flexicurity is therefore called into question.

Democracy and Quality of Life in Asian Societies

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-357
Author(s):  
SHINYA SASAOKA ◽  
KATSUNORI SEKI
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Hierarchical Modeling ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Satisfaction With Democracy ◽  
Country Level ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis article examines whether democracy affects quality of life. Scholars have conducted surveys to investigate whether democracy is likely to lead to good quality of life. There are two contested views to the relationship: some suggest that democracy has a positive causal effect on quality of life, whereas others contend that democracy does not play such a role. Previous findings are supported by cross-national statistical analysis with aggregated survey data. However, aggregated survey data may cause ecological fallacy. Also, in order to ascertain the extant research, it would be beneficial to test the hypothesis by incorporating both individual- and country-level variables. Therefore, this paper applied hierarchical modeling to investigate the regularity. Both individual-level perception of democracy and country-level political regime data were incorporated in our empirical model. Our findings suggest that individual-level satisfaction with democracy has positive causal effect on one's quality of life, whereas the country-level characteristic of the political regime has no effect.

Does Immigration Erode Social Capital? The Conditional Effects of Immigration-Generated Diversity on Trust, Membership, and Participation across 19 Countries, 1981–2000

2010 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christel Kesler ◽  
Irene Bloemraad
Keyword(s):  
Social Trust ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Conditional Effects ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Nous Examinons ◽  
Société Civile

Abstract. This article is an attempt to qualify existing evidence that increasing diversity is detrimental to a vibrant civil society. We focus specifically on immigration-generated diversity, and argue that while it may have negative effects on some specific civic and political outcomes in some contexts, these effects vary widely across advanced democracies. Our argument rests on analysis of a cross-national, cross-sectional time-series dataset that brings together individual-level World Values Survey data with country-level variables. With these data, we track within-country changes over time in trust and engagement. We show that immigration can have a negative effect on social trust, organizational membership and political engagement, but that institutional arrangements shape this relationship in systematic ways. In more economically equal societies and in more multicultural countries (where cultural minorities are recognized and accommodated), the negative effects of immigration on trust and engagement are mitigated or even reversed. We conclude that there is no general link between immigration-generated diversity and collective-mindedness. Rather, the direction and strength of the relationship depend on institutional and policy contexts.Résumé. Cet article vise à nuancer les preuves existantes que la diversité croissante porte préjudice à une société civile dynamique. Nous nous concentrons particulièrement sur la diversité produite par l'immigration. Nous soutenons que même si elle peut exercer une influence négative sur quelques indices dans certains contextes, ces effets varient considérablement selon le pays examiné parmi les démocraties avancées. Notre argument repose sur l'analyse d'un ensemble de données multinational, transversal et longitudinal qui rassemble des données au niveau individuel du World Values Survey avec des variables au niveau des pays. Au moyen de ces données, nous examinons les changements survenus à l'intérieur des pays, au fil du temps, sur le plan de la confiance et de l'engagement. Nous montrons que l'immigration peut avoir un effet négatif sur la confiance sociale, l'adhésion à des organisations et l'engagement politique, mais que les arrangements institutionnels influencent cette relation de manières systématiques. Dans les sociétés plus économiquement égales et dans les pays plus multiculturels (où les minorités culturelles sont reconnues et accommodées), les effets négatifs de l'immigration sur la confiance et l'engagement sont atténués, voire inversés. Nous concluons qu'il n'y a aucun lien général entre la diversité produite par l'immigration et l'esprit collectif. La direction et la force de la relation entre les deux dépendent plutôt des politiques et des contextes institutionnels.

scholarly journals Perceived problems with adolescent online gaming: National differences and correlations with substance use

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 629-641
Author(s):  
Julian Strizek ◽  
Josefine Atzendorf ◽  
Ludwig Kraus ◽  
Karin Monshouwer ◽  
Alexandra Puhm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Individual Substance ◽  
Economic Wealth ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
National Differences ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Low Prevalence ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractBackgroundNot much is known about the correlation between gaming problems and substance use across different countries. This paper presents cross-national analyses of different gaming indicators and their relationship to substance use.MethodsBased on data from the 2015 ESPAD study, differences in the relationship between gaming and substance use across 35 countries were analysed using multi-level logistic regression, using substance use as an individual level predictor, economic wealth as a country-level predictor and a combined problem gaming indicator as the outcome.ResultsMulti-level logistic regressions revealed significant correlations between individual substance use and gaming problems, which varied across countries and were moderated by economic wealth. Students who used alcohol, tobacco or cannabis and who lived in high-income countries had a smaller risk of scoring positively on a combined problem gaming indicator than students who used alcohol, tobacco or cannabis and who lived in less prosperous countries.DiscussionDifferent gaming indicators varied substantially across countries, with self-perceived gaming problems being more common in countries with a low prevalence of gaming. Significant cross-level effects demonstrate the need to take the societal context into account when the relationship between problem gaming and substance use is analysed. Prevention measures need to take the fact into account that patterns of substance use among problem gamers vary across countries.

scholarly journals Electing to Trust: An Exploration of the Relationship between Public Opinion and Localized Processes on Judicial Selection

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 51-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey D. Peterson ◽  
Christopher Hare ◽  
J. Mark Wrighton
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Past Research ◽  
State Courts ◽  
Trial Courts ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Local Courts ◽  
State And Local ◽  
The Relationship

Public trust in government depends largely on the belief that institutions are fair and respond to the will of the governed. We expand on past research on the relationship between public opinion and state courts by studying how selection methods for both state and local courts influence popular attitudes about the judicial branch. Employing individual-level survey data on the responsiveness and fairness of state supreme courts and local trial courts, we find that respondents in states using elections to choose judges for state courts believe the judicial system is fairer. Further, the use of non-partisan elections for local trial courts has a positive effect on public evaluations of judicial fairness. However, views on judicial responsiveness are unaffected by means of selection at either the state or local level. Thus, nonpartisan or even partisan judicial elections do not have a negative effect on our measures of trust; indeed, when elections do have an effect, it is a positive one.

scholarly journals A Bibliometric Mapping of the Research Trends of Public Governance and Entrepreneurship Framework

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1Sup1) ◽  
pp. 35-53
Author(s):  
Oana Ramona Lobonţ ◽  
Raul Purcariţa ◽  
Sorana Vatavu ◽  
Florin Costea
Keyword(s):  
Bibliometric Analysis ◽  
Core Collection ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Research Trends ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Public Governance ◽  
Vos Viewer ◽  
Country Level ◽  
The Relationship

The involvement of governments and public institutions in entrepreneurial activity has grown considerably in the last years. Public governance has begun to pay more attention to the fact that, in order to achieve the goal of economic development in a country, it is necessary to increase entrepreneurship both qualitatively and quantitatively. Most governments have created significant actions that encouraged and supported the entrepreneurial activity and also they have contributed to supporting the private sector in the economy. The present paper analyses the scientific works related to entrepreneurship and public governance, as well as to investigate the connection between these topics. The study presents a bibliometric analysis of the importance of the nexus public governance and entrepreneurship. The proposed research studies 201 references collected from the Clarivate Analytics, Web of Science Core Collection database. The research methodology performed to graphically map the literature is bibliometric analysis. The analysis is carried out on three distinct levels, namely the analysis of the co-occurrence of keywords, co-citation and co-author by means of (VOS) viewer program. This approach allows us to highlight the main results presented in journals, magazines, documents, subjects, authors, institutions but also results recorded at the country level. The study also evidence the main trends and impact of research in the form of a visual and schematic research framework on the relationship between public governance and entrepreneurship and its related elements, namely innovation and development.

Living the past? Do historical legacies moderate the relationship between national chauvinism/cultural patriotism and xenophobic attitudes toward immigrants

2021 ◽  
pp. 002071522110615
Author(s):  
Gal Ariely
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Historical Legacy ◽  
Attitudes Toward Immigrants ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
Country Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Longevity Index ◽  
Historical Legacies

This study seeks to understand how national chauvinism and cultural patriotism are related to xenophobic attitudes toward immigrants. It does this by examining the extent to which historical legacy, in terms of geopolitical threats and national identity, moderates this relationship. A multilevel analysis across 24 European countries combines measures of national chauvinism, cultural patriotism, and xenophobic attitudes at the individual level with historical data, the geopolitical threat scale, and the national identity longevity index at the country level. Findings demonstrate that, according to these measures, historical legacies of threats and conflicts do not have an interaction effect, but the longevity of national identity moderates the relationship between national chauvinism/cultural patriotism and xenophobic attitudes. That is, in countries with greater national identity longevity, the positive relations between national chauvinism and xenophobic attitudes are weaker, but the negative relations between cultural patriotism and xenophobic attitudes are stronger. These findings contribute to the understanding of national identity by suggesting how it is related to a nation’s historical legacy.

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