An Overview of Project-Based Learning Practices Within the Context of 21st Century Skills

Author(s):  
Cennet Göloğlu Demir

This chapter develops an accurate understanding for project-based learning approach by examining the definitions, theoretical foundations, and historical process of the approach. It also aimed to, within the framework of this understanding, present the implementation stages and effectiveness of the approach as well as its interaction with the other methods in recent years. In this context, first, different definitions of project-based learning were examined, and then how it evolved into an approach from a concept in its historical development process was addressed. Implementation stages of project-based learning were reported as presented by different researchers. The standards set out due to the diversity experienced in implementation were associated with these steps.

2000 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Jörg Rheinberger

The ArgumentIn this essay I will sketch a few instances of how, and a few forms in which, the “invisible” became an epistemic category in the development of the life sciences from the seventeenth century through the end of the nineteenth century. In contrast to most of the other papers in this issue, I do not so much focus on the visualization of various little entities, and the tools and contexts in which a visual representation of these things was realized. I will be more concerned with the basic problem of introducing entities or structures that cannot be seen, as elements of an explanatory strategy. I will try to review the ways in which the invisibility of such entities moved from the unproblematic status of just being too small to be accessible to the naked or even the armed eye, to the problematic status of being invisible in principle and yet being indispensable within a given explanatory framework. The epistemological concern of the paper is thus to sketch the historical process of how the “unseen” became a problem in the modern life sciences. The coming into being of the invisible as a space full of paradoxes is itself the product of a historical development that still awaits proper reconstruction.


2021 ◽  
pp. 136-146
Author(s):  
Elena V. Barysheva ◽  
◽  
Dmitriy V. Morozov ◽  

The authors make an attempt to analyse on the basis of Hayden White’s theory of historical narrative historiosophical prerequisites for the formation of the cult of personality in the soviet biographies of V.I. Lenin published in 1924–1956. The basis of texts is a plot structure, implying, on the one hand, the existence of immutable laws of historical development, which humanity is forced to obey, and, on the other, a person who is able to learn them through the bitterness of defeats and put them at his service. The explanation of the facts of the historical narrative takes place by using two types of formal argument: Mechanism, which emphasizes the laws of historical development and the role of the masses in the historical process, and organicism, which gives high priority to V.I. Lenin himself and the party he created. The authors conclude that the articulation of the plot structure and types of formal argument embodied in the biographies becomes a prerequisite for the formation of the cult of personality. The latter implies the construction of an image of a person capable of transforming the reality, according to the concept of historical development that dominates in the party political historiography


2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 667-673
Author(s):  
Gokhan Cagirgan ◽  
Gun Elvan

Societies have different ways of transferring the products they created within their own cultural structures by using the basic elements of music. We see that some societies use verbal transfer, some societies use written transfer, while the other societies use both means of transfer. The signs, which are the basis of music theory and the tools of written language, are called "notes", and the text created with these signs is called "musical notation". This study was conducted to examine how music education terms emerged in the historical process, the beginning of using musical notation due to the need for notes among Turkish people, and the creation and development process of terms used in music education in Turkey. For this purpose, the development and dissemination of music theory from past to present were examined by a literature review, and the different opinions and historical information found in the literature were presented together. Also, the introduction of Classical Western Music to Turkish people, their interaction processes, and the changes that occurred regarding the musical sense as a result of the Westernization movements were examined in the study. In this process, particularly the developments in European music had a worldwide influence   Keywords: Music Education, Musical Terms, Process.


2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 66-71
Author(s):  
Andrii Magomedov

The purpose of the article is to show the development process of Ukraine's relations with NATO in the economic sphere, to analyze the main directions and tasks of economic cooperation, to trace the dynamics of their development and dependence on the domestic political situation in Ukraine during recent decades. Methodology. The research is based on the analysis of official electronic sources and reports on the activities and cooperation of NATO countries with the Ukrainian side. The data from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine, the Ministry of Energy of Ukraine and the Ministry of Defence of Ukraine were used. As a result of the research there can be traced a clear pattern of dependence of the implementation of the number of new programs on economic cooperation with the actual vector of foreign policy relations of the highest authorities of Ukraine. Although this vector has changed dramatically over the last twenty years since the election of the new president, the indicators of funding and implementation of the new cooperation programs demonstrate a positive dynamics in Ukraine-NATO relations, especially with the active support of our country’s political leadership. Practical implications. As Ukraine has chosen the European path of development, it is important to understand the patterns of economic cooperation both between the countries of the NATO bloc itself and between the Allies. The materials for the analysis of the results of cooperation can serve as a basis for further projects and the development of allied relations. Value/originality. The article opens opportunities for further research and comparison of economic cooperation programs of the other blocs with which Ukraine has cooperated for the last quarter of a century.


2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gideon Van der Watt

The fourth centenary celebration of the Synod of Dordrecht 1618/19, as well as the twenty fifth commemoration of the birth of the Uniting Reformed Church in Southern Africa—both having been celebrated in 2019—naturally leads to the question of the relation between the two historical events. In the historical development leading to the formation of separate churches in the “Dutch Reformed Family of Churches,” a distinct interpretation of election based on grace alone, as decided upon by the Synod of Dordrecht, played a major role. In this historical process of the formation of separate churches the 1857 synod decision by the Dutch Reformed Church has been a watershed moment; it not only brought a separation between people around the Lord’s table, but also a division between confession on the one hand and the practical ministry embodying the confession on the other hand. The 1857 decision eventually led to the necessity of the Belhar Confession in 1986. The Belhar Confession deliberately seeks a linkage to the central Reformed doctrine of “election by grace alone.” The Dutch Reformed Church’s inability and unwillingness to accept the Belhar Confession remain a tragic reality.


2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 527
Author(s):  
Mustafa Kocalan ◽  
Tansel Türkdoğan

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>In the 20th century and especially in the 21st century, the theory and the concepts such as simulation', ‘manipulation', ‘illusion', 'secret' and 'reality' have been interpreted differently from old times in several disciplines especially in visual arts. Some misleading techniques within various methods and aesthetic rules have been applied in the way that they deal with these concepts which are contained in art dynamics serving as a language of visual expression. Though the performed images within ‘Anamorphosis', its alias ‘anamorphic illusion' technique which is one of the most interesting techniques, at first glance look like difficult and chaotic constructions to solve, they represent a fictitious image, space or surface with the purpose of deceiving and they also include visual effects, deformation, and utopia.In the anamorphic works that change as long as it moves and can only be resolved from a specific point and angle, they become a part of the spectator composition in order to discover the truth and meaning and thus interactive situations also occur.</p><p>In this research, with an overview of the anamorphous technique’s form and development in historical process, was carried out in order to examine and evaluate the approach styles of the concept of Illusion which has modern artist Felice Varini who interprets this technique by associating with light, color, texture, mass, place, space, spacing and surface concepts. In accordance with the aim of the study, firstly the definition, types, methods and development process of the Anamorphosis technique have been examined, then some examples of Varini's work, which the first sight are perceived as having complex fragments and manipulating the perception of space at the same time have been presented and the effect of this situation on the viewer and the way of interpretation depending on the misleading features have been discussed.</p><p><strong>Öz</strong></p><p>20. yüzyıl ve özellikle de 21. yüzyılda ‘simülasyon’, ‘manipülasyon’, ‘yanılsama’, ‘giz’ ve ‘gerçeklik’ gibi kuram ve kavramlar, başta görsel sanatlar olmak üzere çeşitli disiplinlerde önceki dönemlerden farklı biçimlerde yorumlanmıştır. Görsel anlatım diline hizmet eden sanat dinamiklerinin içinde barındırdığı bu kavramları ele alış biçimlerinde çeşitli yöntemler ve estetik kuralları dâhilinde de bazı yanıltıcı teknikler uygulanmıştır. En ilgi çekici tekniklerden biri olan ‘anamorfoz’ diğer adıyla ‘anamorfik illüzyon’ tekniği ile gerçekleştirilen görüntüler, ilk bakışta her ne kadar çözümlenmesi zor ve kaotik yapılar gibi gözükseler de yanıltma amacıyla birlikte gerçeği, imgeyi, mekânı veya yüzeyi temsil etmektedirler. Aynı zamanda bu görüntüler deformasyonu, görsel efekti ve ütopyayı da içinde barındırmaktadırlar. Hareket edildiği sürece değişen, ancak belirli bir noktadan ve açıdan çözümlenebilen anamorfik çalışmalarda gerçeği ve anlamı keşfetme yolunda, seyirci kompozisyonun parçası haline gelmekte ve bu sayede bazı interaktif durumlar da gerçekleşmektedir.</p><p>Bu araştırma, anamorfoz tekniğinin biçemine ve tarihsel süreçte gelişimine genel bir bakış ile birlikte; bu tekniği ışık, renk, doku, kütle, mekân, uzam, espas ve yüzey kavramlarıyla ilişkilendirerek yorumlayan Çağdaş sanatçı Felice Varini’nin ‘yanılsama’ kavramına yaklaşım biçimlerini incelemek ve değerlendirmek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma amacı doğrultusunda, ilk önce Anamorfoz tekniğinin tanımı, çeşitleri, yöntemleri ve gelişim süreci incelenmiş, sonrasında ise Varini’nin ilk bakışta karmaşık parçalara sahipmiş gibi algılanan ve aynı zamanda mekân algısını manipüle eden çalışmalarından bazı örnekler sunularak izleyici üzerinde yarattığı etki ve yanıltıcı özelliklerine bağlı olarak yorumlama biçimleri ele alınmıştır.</p>


Author(s):  
José Endoença Martins

This article compares two different Brazilian translated versions of Toni Morrison's novel Beloved: the first published in 1994, the other in 2007, both as Amada. The analysis concentrates on the speech delivered by Baby Suggs, in which she exhorts her listeners to care for their bodies. The main idea behind this article is that Beloved and the Amadas converse or talk, thus performing signifyin(g), a concept which, in Henry Louis Gates's words, explains how intertextual conversation happens through “repetition and revision, or repetition with a signal of difference” (xxiv). Its general theoretical foundations include interconnections involving several instantiations of signifyin(g): between Black nationalism and negritude, postcolonialism and African Americanism. In its specific concern with translation, the conversation that the source keeps with the target texts involves two translation theories: fluency and resistance; two kinds of translating interventions: omission and addition; and three types of strategies: syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic. These distinct categories help readers grasp translation as a continuum by means of which a specific source text encounters its target equivalents and, then, returns to its origin. The original article is in English.


2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 168
Author(s):  
Rian Damariswara

ABSTRAKTokoh utama dalam dongeng Jawa Timur memiliki sisi lain yang perlu diungkap. Sisi lain tersebut, yakni kecakapan hidup yang dimiliki tokoh utama dalam menyelesaikan masalah yang dihadapinya. Kecakapan hidup tersebut, memiliki relevansi dengan kecakapan hidup di abad ke-21. Jadi, dengan menganalisis kecakapan hidup tokoh utama secara otomatis peneliti dan pembaca dapat mengetahui bahwa tokoh-tokoh dongeng yang terdapat di Jawa Timur memiliki budaya hidup yang baik untuk dijadikan contoh dan motivasi.Untuk mengungkap kecakapan hidup abad ke-21 pada tokoh utama dongeng Jawa Timur menggunakan kajian antropologi sastra.Penelitian ini termasuk deskriptif kualitatif. Sumber data adalah teks dongeng Jawa Timur. Teknik yang digunakan adalah studi dokumenter. Kecakapan hidup abad ke-21 yang ditemukan pada dongeng Jawa Timur sebagai berikut. Pertama, berpikir kritis dan pemecahan masalah. Semua tokoh utama dalam dongeng memiliki pemikiran kritis sehingga dapat memecahkan masalah. Kedua, kreativitas dan inovasi yang ditemukan yakni jenis pengembangan dan sintesis. Inovasi pengembangan yang ditemukan adalah adanya alat bajak sawah dari batu menjadi kayu dan ditarik sapi serta dapat dipergunakan sebagai sarana hiburan. Alat tersebut diberi nama karapan sapi.  Inovasi sintesis adalah menggabungkan segala sesuatu yang dimiliki untuk dijadikan sesuatu yang baru. Seperti pada dongeng Asal Mula Reog Ponorogo,yakni menggabungkan kepala tokoh Singabarong dengan burung merak sehingga dinamakan reog ponorogo. Ketiga, kolaborasi antaranggota dan pemimpin dengan bawahan. Keempat, komunikasi yakni berupa diskusi, pengarahan, berkeluh kesah, dan perintah.Kata kunci: Kecakapan hidup abad ke-21, Tokoh utama, DongengABSTRACTThe main character in the East Java fable has another side that needs to be revealed. The other side, namely the life skills possessed by the main character in solving the problems they face. Life skills, have relevance to 21st century life skills. Therefore, by analyzing the life skills of the main characters automatically the researcher and reader can find out that the fairy tale figures in East Java which have a good life culture to be used as an example and motivation. To uncover 21st century life skills in the main characters of the East Javanese fable, the study of literary anthropology is used. This research is descriptive qualitative. The data source is the text of a fairy tale in East Java. The technique used is documentary study. The 21st century life skills found in the East Java fable are as follows. First, critical thinking and problem solving. All the main characters in fairy tales have critical thinking so they can solve problems. Second, the creativity and innovation found are types of development and synthesis. Development innovation that was found was the existence of a rice plow from stone to wood and pulled by cows and could be used as a means of entertainment. The tool is named Karapan Sapi. Synthesis of innovation is to combine everything that is owned to be something new. As in the fable of Reog Ponorogo, which combines the head of the Singabarong character with a peacock so it is called Reog Ponorogo. Third, collaboration between members and leaders with subordinates. Fourth, communication in the form of discussion, direction, complaints, and orders.Keyword: 21st century life skills, The main character, Fairy tale


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