The Use of Microorganism-Derived Enzymes for Bioremediation of Soil Pollutants

2021 ◽  
pp. 54-71
Author(s):  
Joan Mwihaki Nyika
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Shelf Life ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Viable Alternative ◽  
Soil Bioremediation ◽  
Soil Decontamination ◽  
Microbial Enzymes ◽  
Contamination Of Soils

Contamination of soils by xenobiotic compounds is a growing concern for environmentalists amidst the rise of anthropogenic activities that encourage such contamination practices. The use of microbial enzymes is a viable alternative to degrade and mineralize these contaminants, which is a growing research interest owing to its eco-friendly nature. This chapter explores the categories of enzymes used in soil bioremediation such as oxidoreductases and hydrolases, their mechanism of action, and their merits and demerits. Furthermore, molecular biology techniques useful in enhancing the production capacity, stability, activity, and shelf life of bioremediation enzymes is discussed. Ultimately, the need to develop bioremediation enzymes in bulk, using cheap technologies while optimising their activity, stability, and shelf life for effective soil decontamination is emphasized.

scholarly journals Bio Remedial Potential for the Treatment of Contaminated Soils

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 53-58
Author(s):  
Hasnain Raza ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Polluted Soil ◽  
Soil Bioremediation ◽  
Environmental Threat ◽  
The World

As anthropogenic activities rise over the world, representing an environmental threat, soil contamination and treatment of polluted areas have become a worldwide concern. Bioremediation is a sustainable technique that could be a cost-effective mitigating solution for heavy metal-polluted soil regeneration. Due to the difficulties in determining the optimum bioremediation methodology for each type of pollutant and the lack of literature on soil bioremediation, we reviewed the main in-situ type, their current properties, applications, and techniques, plants, and microbe’s efficiency for treatment of contaminated soil. In this review, we describe the deeper knowledge of the in-situ types of bioremediation and their different pollutant accumulation mechanisms.

Hydrocarbon- and metal-polluted soil bioremediation: progress and challenges

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Kuyukina ◽  
Anastasiya Krivoruchko ◽  
Irina Ivshina
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Polluted Soil ◽  
Soil Bioremediation ◽  
Microbial Enzymes ◽  
Metal Pollutants ◽  
General Metabolism ◽  
The Russian Federation

The problem of soil contamination with petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals is becoming particularly acute for large oil-producing countries, like the Russian Federation. Both hydrocarbon and metal contaminants impact negatively the soil biota and human health, thus requiring efficient methods for their detoxification and elimination. Bioremediation of soil co-contaminated with hydrocarbon and metal pollutants is complicated by the fact that, although the two components must be treated differently, they mutually affect the overall removal efficiency. Heavy metals are reported to inhibit biodegradation of hydrocarbons by interfering with microbial enzymes directly involved in biodegradation or through the interaction with enzymes involved in general metabolism. Here we discuss recent progress and challenges in bioremediation of soils co-contaminated with hydrocarbons and heavy metals, focusing on selecting metal-resistant biodegrading strains and biosurfactant amendments.

Uroporphyrinogen III synthase: Studies on its mechanism of action, molecular biology and biochemistry

Tetrahedron ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 47 (31) ◽  
pp. 6003-6014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nigel Crockett ◽  
Peter R Alefounder ◽  
Alan R Battersby ◽  
Chris Abell
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Mechanism Of Action

The Genetic Control of Chromosome Pairing in Wheat

1990 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 239 ◽  
Author(s):  
LH Ji ◽  
P Langridge
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Genetic Control ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Chromosome Pairing ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Chromosome Pair ◽  
Homologous Chromosomes ◽  
Chromosome 5B ◽  
Cytogenetic Studies ◽  
Homoeologous Chromosomes

Bread wheat is an allohexaploid with three pairs of homoeologous chromosomes. This means that each chromosome pair is present in three related but not truly homologous chromosomes. In order to maintain the integrity of the three chromosome sets, pairing must be very tightly controlled at meiosis to allow homologous but not homoeologous chromosomes to pair and recombine. Several genes (termed Ph genes) are known to be involved in controlling chromosome pairing in wheat, but the strongest effect has been associated with a gene on the long arm of chromosome 5B, Phl. The manipulation of this gene can be used to induce recombination between chromosomes that will not normally pair at meiosis. This has application in the introduction of new genetic information into wheat. Elucidation of the mechanism of action of the Ph genes has centred around genetic and cytogenetic studies with little attempt to investigate the molecular biology or biochemistry of these genes. Isolation of genes in meiosis in yeast and genes associated with the aerly stages of meiosis in lily have provided a potential entry point into the identification of the analogous genes in wheat.

MeCP2: the chromatin connection and beyond

2005 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordanka Zlatanova
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Rett Syndrome ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Human Disease ◽  
Binding Proteins ◽  
Chromatin Modification ◽  
Cpg Dinucleotides ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disease

Of the recently discovered group of proteins that interpret DNA methylation signals by preferentially associating with methylated CpG dinucleotides, the methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) has attracted considerable attention in view of its ability to repress transcription. The interest in MeCP2 dramatically increased following the discovery of mutated forms of the protein in patients with Rett syndrome, a neurodevelopmental disease. A connection with carcino-genesis has also been established. This review attempts to bring together and critically discuss recently acquired information about the molecular biology of the protein and its mechanism of action. A careful overview of the literature reveals the complexity of its activity, which goes well beyond the recognized chromatin connections. Finally, the newly established facts concerning the connection of MeCP2 to human disease are presented. Key words: methyl-CpG-binding proteins, MeCP2, transcription repression, chromatin modification, Rett syndrome, cancer.

scholarly journals Antifriz Proteinler: Gıdaların Korunmasında İnovatif Bir Ajan

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 1433-1439
Author(s):  
İlhan Gün ◽  
Aslı Albayrak ◽  
Asuman Gürsel
Keyword(s):  
Shelf Life ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Antifreeze Proteins ◽  
Ice Crystals ◽  
Shape And Size

Antifreeze proteins are those proteins that have ability to protect the organism against environmental conditions at temperatures below zero, and to resize the shape and size of ice crystals. Due to these properties, they prevent food from sensory, structural and mechanical damages during the storage in cold and they extend the product shelf life. In this review, the types and structure of antifreeze proteins, their mechanism of action and the possibilities of use in food are presented.

scholarly journals The Neuroprotective Effects of Melatonin: Possible Role in the Pathophysiology of Neuropsychiatric Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jung Goo Lee ◽  
Young Sup Woo ◽  
Sung Woo Park ◽  
Dae-Hyun Seog ◽  
Mi Kyoung Seo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Pineal Gland ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Therapeutic Target ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Sleep Cycle ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Disease

Melatonin is a hormone that is secreted by the pineal gland. To date, melatonin is known to regulate the sleep cycle by controlling the circadian rhythm. However, recent advances in neuroscience and molecular biology have led to the discovery of new actions and effects of melatonin. In recent studies, melatonin was shown to have antioxidant activity and, possibly, to affect the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In addition, melatonin has neuroprotective effects and affects neuroplasticity, thus indicating potential antidepressant properties. In the present review, the new functions of melatonin are summarized and a therapeutic target for the development of new drugs based on the mechanism of action of melatonin is proposed.

Application of Bacteriocins in Meat and Meat Products: An Update

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahra Pilevar ◽  
Hedayat Hosseini ◽  
Samira Beikzadeh ◽  
Elham Khanniri ◽  
Adel Mirza Alizadeh
Keyword(s):  
Shelf Life ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Meat Industry ◽  
Enteric Diseases ◽  
Microbial Stability ◽  
Spoilage Microorganisms

: Being an important source of human enteric diseases, microbiological safety is one of the major risk concerns in the meat industry. In order to inhibit and inactivate microbial contamination and extend the shelf life of meat products, different procedures have been practiced, including the addition of bacteriocins as proteinaceous antagonistic preservatives. This article discusses the application of bacteriocins which are capable of controlling the growth of pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms in meat and meat products. We identify possible ways to improve the performance of bacteriocins ensuring food safety and toxicity. We first provide a brief introduction to the classification of bacteriocins and then discuss their antimicrobial properties and mechanism of action alone and in combination with other hurdles in meat and meat products. Moreover, application methods of bacteriocins in meat products are described and cross-compared, introducing emerging meat products containing bacteriocins. : Despite the existence of many reports related to the application of bacteriocin-producing strains of lactic acid bacteria in meat products, very few review articles have attempted at evaluating the application of bacteriocins in the red meat while observing their antimicrobial mechanism of action as well as evaluating their applications in meat products. The application of these proteins in meat products has received considerable attention; however, there are still some drawbacks and limitations for their application. Characterization, identification, toxicity evaluation and investigating application level of bacteriocins produced by meat borne/non-meat borne bacteria appears to be necessary in order to increase the efficiency of extending shelf life and improving the microbial stability of meat products.

Electron Microscopy in Molecular Biology

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 2-3
Author(s):  
Cecil E. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Noise Level ◽  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Material Structure ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Shadow Casting ◽  
Electron Image ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Very High

The visualization of organic macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, viruses and virus components has reached its high degree of effectiveness owing to refinements and reliability of instruments and to the invention of methods for enhancing the structure of these materials within the electron image. The latter techniques have been most important because what can be seen depends upon the molecular and atomic character of the object as modified which is rarely evident in the pristine material. Structure may thus be displayed by the arts of positive and negative staining, shadow casting, replication and other techniques. Enhancement of contrast, which delineates bounds of isolated macromolecules has been effected progressively over the years as illustrated in Figs. 1, 2, 3 and 4 by these methods. We now look to the future wondering what other visions are waiting to be seen. The instrument designers will need to exact from the arts of fabrication the performance that theory has prescribed as well as methods for phase and interference contrast with explorations of the potentialities of very high and very low voltages. Chemistry must play an increasingly important part in future progress by providing specific stain molecules of high visibility, substrates of vanishing “noise” level and means for preservation of molecular structures that usually exist in a solvated condition.

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