Second Generation Reforms

2021 ◽  
pp. 103-122
Author(s):  
Mikail Kar
Keyword(s):  
Economic System ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Public Debt ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Macroeconomic Imbalances ◽  
Institutional Infrastructure

Economic reforms include comprehensive and radical changes in the functioning of the economic system and its main rules. There is no clear and generally accepted classification of economic reforms in the literature. In this study, economic reforms are analyzed by classifying them as first-generation reforms and second-generation reforms. First-generation reforms are made in macroeconomics for the purposes of eliminating macroeconomic imbalances, ensuring stability, controlling inflation, ensuring fiscal and monetary discipline, reducing public debt. Second-generation reforms are microeconomic reforms, which include strengthening the infrastructure of the market economy, increasing efficiency, enhancing the competitive power, and strengthening the institutional infrastructure that creates competitive markets. The aim of this study is to examine the theoretical framework of first-generation and second-generation reforms in line with macroeconomic and microeconomic expectations and to explain and discuss the main areas of second-generation reforms.

The Chinese Economic System Under Mao

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Wang
Keyword(s):  
Economic System ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Chinese Economy ◽  
Rapid Rise ◽  
Character Study ◽  
Institutional Forces ◽  
Market Transformation ◽  
Mao Era

AbstractThis paper attempts a character study of China’s economic system under Mao to uncover changes and continuities between Mao’s economy and post-Mao Chinese economic reforms. While some historical roots of China’s market transformation can be readily traced back to Mao’s era, it remains open to debate how Mao’s legacies were actually translated into institutional forces facilitating China’s transition to a market economy. In addition, the presence of such linkage leads us to ponder why Mao’s economy failed so miserably, particularly in comparison with the rapid rise of the Chinese economy in the post-Mao era.

scholarly journals Digital Rights – New Generation of Human Rights?

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 9-46
Author(s):  
NATALIA V. VARLAMOVA
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Internet Access ◽  
The State ◽  
Public Access ◽  
Digital Rights ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
New Generation

The digitalization substantially affects virtually all social relationships, the fact that requires reassessment of many basic legal concepts. Among them are human rights. It is now increasingly asserted that technological innovations result in the emergence of new digital rights being that fundamentally differ from conventional rights and form a new generation of human rights. The most frequent among such rights are a right to internet access, right to personal data protection and right to be forgotten (right to erasure). To assess the validity of such assertions it is necessary to clarify the grounds for classification of human rights by generations and to determine the correlation between new human rights and the conventional ones.The classification of human rights by their generations offered in 1970 by K. Vasak can be based upon substantive (essential) and chronological criteria. In the latter case the number of new generations of human rights can be whatsoever high while the difference between them is insignificant. If to proceed from the substantive criterion, the rights of the first generation express claims of a human being towards individual freedom and assume the obligation of the State to respect and protect it; rights of the second generation are claims towards social assistance on the part of the State and society to maintain an adequate standard of living; rights of the third generation are a sort of projection of rights of the first and second generations to relations between social communities (international, in proper sense, non сross-border, relations). In such context to substantiate the emergence of a new generation of human rights it is necessary to prove that the related rights forming it have an absolutely different legal nature as compared to the rights of the first and second generations.The right for internet access in international acts, national constitutions and laws as well as in judicial practice is primarily treated as a condition and guarantee of exercise of conventional human rights. Along with this, with due regard to a special significance of Internet for exercise of many human rights, development of democracy and civil society, transparency of state administration the access to it may be recognized as an independent human right. However, the legal nature of such right is quite conventional, it includes claims related both to the first and second generation of human rights. As a right of the first generation it assumes negative obligations of the State not to prohibit and not to restrict an access to Internet (certain Internet resources) and its positive obligations to establish a statutory regulation of access to Internet and provision of protection against illegal restrictions, interalia, on the part of private entities. As a right of the second generation the accessibility of Internet in its material and technical aspects may be regarded, the fact that assumes positive obligations of the State to establish a corresponding infrastructure, to subsidize the provider-supplied services, to organize public access points and to develop educational programs etc. Moreover, the currently applicable international and national regulation of this sphere of relations does not allow asserting that the legal recognition of the right to Internet access has taken place.

Do remittances differ depending on migration pathway and length of stay?

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-118
Author(s):  
Anita Pugliese ◽  
Julie Ray ◽  
Neli Esipova
Keyword(s):  
Length Of Stay ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Migration Pathway ◽  
First Generation Migrants ◽  
Second Generation Migrants

This paper reports the results from Gallup’s global analysis of the likelihood of first-generation migrants, second-generation migrants and the native-born to send financial help in the form of money or goods to others inside or outside their respective country of residence. The findings in this paper are based on more than 450,000 interviews conducted through Gallup’s World Poll in 157 countries in 2012, 2013 and 2014. The sample includes more than 26,000 first-generation migrants and more than 20,000 second-generation migrants. The large sample enables Gallup to analyze first-generation migrants by the duration of their stay in their adopted country and compare their remittance behaviors with second-generation migrants and the native-born.

Marcuse and Habermas's Political Ideas in English

2019 ◽  
pp. 215
Author(s):  
Asaad Abdullwahab AbdulKarim ◽  
Waleed Massaher Hamad ◽  
Salah Ibrahim Hamadi
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Frankfurt School ◽  
Western Thought ◽  
Political Ideas ◽  
Important Impact

Abstract     The Frankfurt School is characterized by its critical nature and it is the result of the Marxist socialist thought as it contributed to the development of the German thought in particular and the Western thought in general through important ideas put forward by a number of pioneers in the various generations of the school and most notably through the leading pioneer in the first generation, Marcuse, and the leading pioneer of the second  generation, Habermas, whose political ideas had an important impact on global thinking and later became the basis of the attic of many critical ideas. In spite of the belief of the school members in the idea of the criticism of power and community, each had his own ideas that distinguish him from the others.

Pharmakotherapie update

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-32
Author(s):  
Gerd Laux
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Therapeutische Maßnahmen ◽  
Second Generation Antipsychotics

Für die Therapie schizophrener Erkrankungen sind seit fast 60 Jahren Antipsychotika/Neuroleptika aufgrund ihrer antipsychotischen Wirkung von zentraler Bedeutung. Die Einteilung kann unter verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten erfolgen (chemische Struktur, neuroleptische Potenz, Rezeptorprofil), heute werden üblicherweise unterschieden typische (traditionelle, klassische, konventionelle) Antipsychotika der ersten Generation ‒ »First Generation Antipsychotics« (FGA) ‒ und sog. atypische (»neuere«) Neuroleptika bzw. Antipsychotika der zweiten Generation ‒»Second Generation Antipsychotics« (SGA). Hierzu zählen Aripiprazol, Asenapin, Cariprazin, Clozapin, Olanzapin, Quetiapin, Risperidon, Sertindol und Ziprasidon. Hierbei handelt es sich um keine homogene Gruppe – sowohl neuropharmakologisch (Wirkmechanismus), als auch hinsichtlich klinischem Wirkprofil und dem Nebenwirkungsspektrum bestehen z. T. erhebliche Unterschiede. Neben der Akut-Medikation ist eine Langzeitmedikation bzw. Rezidivprophylaxe mit Antipsychotika für die Rehabilitation vieler schizophrener Patienten im Sinne eines »Stresspuffers« von grundlegender Bedeutung. In Placebo-kontrollierten Studien trat bei Patienten, die über ein Jahr behandelt wurden, bei etwa 30% unter Neuroleptika ein Rezidiv auf, unter Placebo bei mehr als 70%. Für die Langzeitbehandlung bietet sich der Einsatz von Depot-Neuroleptika an, neu entwickelt wurden Langzeit-Depot-Injektionen mit Intervallen von bis zu 3 Monaten. Grundsätzlich ist die niedrigstmögliche (wirksame) Dosis zu verwenden. Im Zentrum der Nebenwirkungen (UAW) standen lange Zeit extrapyramidal-motorische Bewegungsstörungen (EPMS), mit der Einführung von Clozapin und anderen atypischen Antipsychotika der zweiten Generation gewannen andere Nebenwirkungen an Bedeutung. Hierzu zählen Gewichtszunahme, Störungen metabolischer Parameter und ein erhöhtes Risiko für Mortalität und zerebrovaskuläre Ereignisse bei älteren Patienten mit Demenz. Entsprechende Kontrolluntersuchungen sind erforderlich, für Clozapin gibt es aufgrund seines Agranulozytose-Risikos Sonderbestimmungen. Immer sollte ein Gesamtbehandlungsplan orientiert an der neuen S3-Praxisleitlinie Schizophrenie der DGPPN aufgestellt werden, der psychologische und milieu-/sozial-therapeutische Maßnahmen einschließt. Standard ist heute auch eine sog. Psychoedukation, für Psychopharmaka liegen bewährte Patienten-Ratgeber vor.

Sustainable regional development as a problem of managing the socio-economic system

Ergodesign ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-62
Author(s):  
Alexander Anishenko ◽  
Tatyana Krotenko ◽  
Dmitriy Erokhin
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Regional Development ◽  
Economic System ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Resource Model ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Development Control ◽  
Sustainable Regional Development ◽  
Three Factor

A systematic analysis of the concept of "sustainable development of the region" is carried out . The classification of factors that affect the process of sustainable development is given. A three -factor resource model for the formation of sustainable development of the region , including human, financial and raw materials, is described. The necessity of systematic monitoring as an element of regional development control is substantiated.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Schimpfössl
Keyword(s):  
Market Economy ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Russian Population ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Soviet History ◽  
Social Legitimacy ◽  
Social Distinction ◽  
The Rich

The conclusion summarizes key themes in the rich Russians’ stories: their origins both in the transition to a market economy and in earlier Soviet history, and their subsequent search for social distinction. This book has been grounded in the assumption that the upper-class individuals analyzed wish to be convinced that they deserve their position because of who they are and their superior qualities. It has stressed the importance of the view of fellow bourgeois peers in the outlook of the bourgeoisie, rather than the issue of social legitimacy in the eyes of the Russian population, which is a task that lays ahead of the second generation of bourgeoisie. Current moves away from crude ostentation toward more etiquette, more family, and some degree of modesty, philanthropy, and patriotism are essential if the bourgeoisie is to reproduce itself and if it is to keep its place in a post-Putin Russia.

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