IDI Engine With Alternate Fuels

2021 ◽  
pp. 25-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Venkata Appa Rao Basava ◽  
Aditya Kolakoti ◽  
Prasada Rao Kancherla
Keyword(s):  
Rice Bran ◽  
Beef Tallow ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Single Cylinder Engine ◽  
Waste Cooking Oils ◽  
Engine Cylinder ◽  
Cooking Oils ◽  
Pressure Changes ◽  
Alternate Fuels ◽  
Speed Engine

A plethora of experiments were conducted on IDI engine with various biodiesels (e.g., methyl esters of mahua, jatropha, rice bran, pongamia, palm, beef tallow, and waste cooking oils). Review of the results of these endeavors with various additives and blends with or without super charging of the engine are presented in this chapter. All these attempts have been concentrated to arrive at the best yield from a single cylinder engine. The recorded pressure changes during combustion, the derived heat release rates, and exhaust emissions are presented in the form of plots at various loads and at a constant speed. Engine cylinder vibrations (reflect combustion excitation) in the form of FFT and time waves were recorded at radial points and vertical on the cylinder body to assess the combustion propensity in all cases of studies. The results with relative benefits are enumerated.

scholarly journals Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (8) ◽  
pp. 448-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinoth E
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Plant Resources ◽  
Waste Cooking Oils ◽  
New Energy ◽  
General Aspects ◽  
Cooking Oils ◽  
The Cost ◽  
No Emissions

Biodiesel is receiving increased attention as an alternative, non-toxic, biodegradable and renewable diesel fuel and contributes a minimum amount of net greenhouse gases, such as CO2, SO2 and NO emissions to the atmosphere. Exploring new energy resources, such as biofuel is of growing importance in recent years. The possibility of obtaining oil from plant resources has created a great importance in several countries. Vegetable oil after esterification being used as bio diesel, Considering the cost and demand of the edible oil is bearable, so it may be preferred for the preparation of bio diesel in India.  The transesterification of waste cooking oils with methanol as well as the main uses of the fatty acid methyl esters are reviewed. The general aspects of this process and the applicability of different types of catalysts (acids, alkaline metal hydroxides, alkoxides and carbonates, enzymes and non-ionic bases, such as amines, amides, and guanidine and triamino (imino) phosphoranes) are described. Transesterification is carried in a reaction cavity, once the reaction is complete, glycerine and biodiesel are gravity separated.   

scholarly journals Spectrometric Determination of Content of Methyl Palmitate in Methyl Esters of Waste Cooking Oils

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-68
Author(s):  
Damian Marcinkowski ◽  
Mirosław Czechlowski ◽  
Tomasz Grzelak
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Palmitate ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Infrared Spectrometry ◽  
Waste Cooking Oils ◽  
Calibration Models ◽  
Cooking Oils

AbstractThe second-generation liquid biofuels are fuels derived from non-food raw materials, i.e. waste cooking oils and animal fats. They are waste raw materials from the agri-food industry, hence their quantity is limited, and their quality depends, inter alia, on the place of their acquisition. Considering the fact that rheological properties of liquid biofuels are closely correlated with the quality of raw materials from which they are obtained, the industrial production of biofuels from waste fats requires development of new analytical methods, allowing for a quick assessment of the quality of the obtained products. The aim of the study was to confirm the possibility of using near infrared spectrometry to assess the content of methyl palmitate in biofuels produced from waste cooking oil. The calibration models were based on 41 absorbance spectra recorded in the range of 400-2170 nm for samples containing from 0 to 5 % of methyl palmitate. The obtained results confirmed that there is a possibility of effective detection of the concentration of this ester in biofuel using the spectrum in the range of 1644-1778 nm. The developed PLS calibration models are characterized by a determination co-efficient (R2) exceeding the value of 0.99.

scholarly journals Valorization of a high-acidity residual oil generated in the waste cooking oils recycling industries

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 335 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Álvarez-Mateos ◽  
J. F. García-Martín ◽  
F. J. Guerrero-Vacas ◽  
C. Naranjo-Calderón ◽  
C. C. Barrios-Sánchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Candida Rugosa ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Residual Oil ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
High Acidity ◽  
Triglyceride Hydrolysis ◽  
Waste Cooking Oils ◽  
Cooking Oils ◽  
Favorable Conditions

A sludge fraction is obtained from the industries which recycle cooking oil and this sludge contains a large amount of oil with an extremely high acidity ( > 60%). In this work, we propose a scheme for methyl ester production from this residual oil consisting of the esterification of the free fatty acids followed by the transesterification of the remaining triglycerides. Esterifications were carried out with different methanol:oil molar ratios, and various catalysts in different weight ratios. The results revealed that homogeneous catalysts produced higher yields than heterogeneous ones in the esterification reaction. With the aim of improving the process, a previous triglyceride hydrolysis was assayed using lipases from Candida rugosa. Finally, the 3-stage process was performed under the most favorable conditions for each stage obtaining 84% wt. fatty acid methyl esters, which shows the potential of this residual oil as a source of biodiesel.

scholarly journals Production of biodiesel by esterification and transesterification from waste cooking oils

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-127
Author(s):  
Elsy Arenas ◽  
Aidin Urribarrí ◽  
John Sánchez ◽  
Marisela Rincón ◽  
Karina Martínez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Waste Cooking Oils ◽  
Hcl Concentration ◽  
Cooking Oils

Large quantities of used vegetable oils (AVUs) are generated annually, as a result of food preparation, which can cause contamination of waters and soils, if they are not disposed of properly, but in turn have great potential in the production of biodiesel. In this work, the AVU collected from fast food establishments were subjected to an esterification pretreatment, varying the reaction conditions, molar ratio, catalyst concentration and time, to decrease the content of free fatty acids generated in the frying processes; after an alkaline transesterification. The initial acidity of the AVUs (10,08 ± 0,22 %) was found to drop below 1 % during esterification at 60 °C and 100 rpm, with RMAVU:MeOH of 1: 7 and HCl concentration of 0.3 % v/v, with a conversion of free fatty acids (FFA) to methyl esters of 94.48 and 98.61 % for reaction times of 4 and 6 hours, respectively. The previously esterified AVUs were subjected to a transesterification process with KOH as a catalyst in the presence of methanol, at 60 °C and 100 rpm, finding that the biodiesel produced was a mixture composed of the methyl esters of linoleic acids (57 %), palmitic (14 %), oleic (22 %), stearic (4 %) and elaidic (3 %). The highest concentration of methyl esters (93,797 ± 0.685 g.L-1) was obtained when using the esterified AVU during 6 hours of reaction. FTIR spectra confirmed the conversion of fatty acids to methyl esters, so this product could be used as a biofuel.

Comparison of Performance of Diesel and LPG Blends in Dual Fuel Engine with Tallow Methyl Ester (TME) as a Fuel

2014 ◽  
Vol 592-594 ◽  
pp. 1869-1874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarigonda Hari Prasad ◽  
P. Mallikarjuna Rao ◽  
R. Meenakshi Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Brake Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Hc Emissions ◽  
Smoke Opacity ◽  
Cooking Oils ◽  
Alternate Fuels

Bio-diesel manufactured from vegetable oils, animal fats and used cooking oils is an alternative fuel for diesel engines. It offers many advantages such as renewable, energy efficient, nontoxic, sulfur free and bio-degradable, and also offers cleaner combustion and reduces global warming gas emissions. Experiments are conducted by fuelling the diesel engine with bio-diesel with LPG blends. The engine is properly modified to operate under dual fuel operation using LPG as the mixed fuel along with Diesel and TME as ignition source. The brake thermal efficiency of TME with LPG (2LPM) blend is increased at an average of 5%.HC emissions of TME with LPG (2LPM) blend is reduced by about at an average 21%. CO emissions of TME with LPG (2LPM) blends are reduced at an average of 33.6%. NOx emissions of TME with LPG (2LPM) blend are reduced at an average of 4.4%. Smoke Opacity of TME with LPG (2LPM) blend is reduced at an average of 10%. Keywords Biodiesel, diesel engine, alternate fuels, tallow oil and methyl esters of tallow oil, LPG

scholarly journals Variation of the Chemical Composition of Waste Cooking Oils upon Bentonite Filtration

Resources ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Mannu ◽  
Gina Vlahopoulou ◽  
Paolo Urgeghe ◽  
Monica Ferro ◽  
Alessandra Del Caro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Volatile Fraction ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Specific Chemical ◽  
Waste Cooking Oils ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Cooking Oils ◽  
Chemical Groups

The chemical composition and the color of samples of waste cooking oils (WCOs) were determined prior to and after filtration on two different pads of bentonite differing in particle size. The volatile fraction was monitored by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas-chromatography, while the variation of the composition of the main components was analyzed by 1H NMR. Both techniques allowed the detection of some decomposition products, such as polymers, terpenes, and derivatives of the Maillard process. The analysis of the chemical composition prior to and after bentonite treatment revealed a tendency for the clays to retain specific chemical groups (such as carboxylic acids or double bonds), independent of their particle size. A pair comparison test was conducted in order to detect the sensory differences of the intensity of aroma between the WCO treated with the two different bentonites. In addition, characterization of the bentonite by means of powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric measurements (TG) was performed.

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