scholarly journals Variation of the Chemical Composition of Waste Cooking Oils upon Bentonite Filtration

Resources ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Mannu ◽  
Gina Vlahopoulou ◽  
Paolo Urgeghe ◽  
Monica Ferro ◽  
Alessandra Del Caro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Volatile Fraction ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Specific Chemical ◽  
Waste Cooking Oils ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Cooking Oils ◽  
Chemical Groups

The chemical composition and the color of samples of waste cooking oils (WCOs) were determined prior to and after filtration on two different pads of bentonite differing in particle size. The volatile fraction was monitored by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas-chromatography, while the variation of the composition of the main components was analyzed by 1H NMR. Both techniques allowed the detection of some decomposition products, such as polymers, terpenes, and derivatives of the Maillard process. The analysis of the chemical composition prior to and after bentonite treatment revealed a tendency for the clays to retain specific chemical groups (such as carboxylic acids or double bonds), independent of their particle size. A pair comparison test was conducted in order to detect the sensory differences of the intensity of aroma between the WCO treated with the two different bentonites. In addition, characterization of the bentonite by means of powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric measurements (TG) was performed.

scholarly journals Recycling of Waste Cooking Oils: Variation of the Chemical Composition during Water Treatment

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Mannu ◽  
Monica Ferro ◽  
Greta Colombo Dugoni ◽  
Walter Panzeri ◽  
Giacomo Luigi Petretto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
1H Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Solid Phase Microextraction ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Full Description ◽  
Chromatographic Technique ◽  
Waste Cooking Oils ◽  
Esi Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Cooking Oils

Samples of sunflower Waste Cooking Oils (WCOs) subjected to several cycles of frying were treated with water under four different combinations of temperature and pH. The variation of the chemical composition of the oil samples was monitored through headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas-chromatographic technique (GC), 1H NMR spectroscopy and ESI+ mass spectrometry measurements. The possibility to modify the chemical composition of the recycled vegetable oil by tuning the water treatment parameters was exploited for the designing of a mini-plant for the production of bio-lubricants. A full description of the proposed prototype is also reported.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Essential Oils of Leaves and Stem Bark from Two Different Populations of Drimys Winteri a Chilean Herbal Medicine

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1100600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orlando Muñoz ◽  
Phlippe Christen ◽  
Silvian Cretton ◽  
Alejandro F. Barrero ◽  
Armando Lara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Herbal Medicine ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbons ◽  
Germacrene D ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Chemical Groups ◽  
Drimys Winteri

The chemical composition of the essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of stem bark and leaves of Drimys winteri J.R. et G. Foster var. chilensis /DC A. Gray ( Winteraceae) from Chiloe Island (ID) and Continental Chile (Santiago) (CD) were studied by GC and GC/MS. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons constituted the main chemical groups in the stem bark oils, with α-santalene, trans-β-bergamotene and curcumenes as the major components. Monoterpenes constituted the main chemical groups in the leaves of Island plants with α-pinene (23.1%) β-pinene (43.6%) and linalool (10.5%) as the main components whereas sesquiterpenes (germacrene D 17.6%) and phenylpropanoids (safrole 20.8%) are the most abundant in the leaves of Continental plants.

Occurrences of kaolin in Koutaba (west Cameroon): Mineralogical and physicochemical characterization for use in ceramic products

Clay Minerals ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 593-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Nkalih Mefire ◽  
A. Njoya ◽  
R. Yongue Fouateu ◽  
J.R. Mache ◽  
N.A. Tapon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Thermogravimetric Analysis ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Physicochemical Characterization ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ball Clays ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Representative Samples

AbstractThirty clay samples collected from three hills in Koutaba (west Cameroon) were characterized in order to evaluate their potential use as raw materials for ceramics. After preliminary mineralogical identification by X-ray diffraction, three representative samples from the three different hills, referred to hereafter as K1M, K2M and K3M, were selected for further investigation by X-ray fluorescence, plasticity, granularity and thermogravimetric analysis. The main clay minerals are kaolinite (32–51%) and illite (up to 12%). Additional major phases are quartz (32–52%), goethite (6–7%) and feldspars (0–4%). The chemical composition showed variable amounts of SiO2(60–72%), Al2O3(15–20%) and Fe2O3(1–9%), in accordance with the quartz abundance in all of the samples studied. The particle-size distribution showed a large proportion of silty fraction (64–88%) with moderate sandy (9–19%) and clayey fractions ( < 5% for K2M, 12% for K1M and 20% for K3M). All of the clays showed moderate plasticity-index values (8–11%). Because of these characteristics, K1M and K3M may be suitable for use in common bricks and hollow ceramic products. Sieving or the addition of ball clays is recommended to increase the plasticity of sample K2M for use in common bricks.

scholarly journals STUDYING THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ESSENTIAL OIL RECEIVED FROM FRUITS OF PRANGOS ODON-TALGICA WILD-GROWING IN ASTRAKHAN REGION

2019 ◽  
pp. 95-101
Author(s):  
Anatoliy Valeriyevich Velikorodov ◽  
Vladimir Nikolayevich Pilipenko ◽  
Tat'yana Alekseyevna Pilipenko ◽  
Sergey Viktorovich Malyi
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Retention Indices ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Linear Retention Indices ◽  
Chromatographic Peaks ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Methods Of Isolation

The chemical composition of Prangos odontalgica (Pall.) Herrnst. et. Heyn essential oil, which grows wild in the Astrakhan region, has not been practically studied, unlike other species of the genus Prangos, growing in Iran, Turkey and Uzbekistan. To obtain the essential oil, all parts of the plant (roots, stems, flowers, leaves, fruits) are used, as well as various methods of isolation (hydrodistillation, supercritical fluid extraction, solid-phase microextraction, and others). Essential oil from the fruit of Prangos odontalgica we obtained by the method of hydrodistillation. The duration of the hydrodistillation process, established experimentally on the basis of a study of the dynamics of change in the yield of essential oil over time, was 3 hours. The yield of essential oil in mass% by volume in terms of absolutely dry raw materials according to the results of a threefold determination is 0.07 ± 0.01%. The method of gas-liquid chromatography carried out a quantitative analysis of the main components of the essential oil Prangos odontalgica. The quantitative content of the components of the essential oil was calculated by the areas of gas chromatographic peaks without the use of correction factors. Qualitative analysis was performed by comparing linear retention indices. In the Prangos odontalgica essential oil, 38 substances were identified (88.4%). It contains sesquiterpenes (31.48%), terpenoids (19.2%), hydrocarbons (15.39%), carboxylic acids and their esters (10.86%), alcohols, phenols (8.84%). Among sesquiterpenes, the predominant components are γ-elemen (9.84%), bisabolol (9.41%), and among terpenoids – trans-nerolidol (3.90%) and linalyl isobutyrate (3.41%).

scholarly journals Mössbauer Studies of Narrow Fractions of Fly Ash Formed after Combustion of Ekibastuz Coal

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (23) ◽  
pp. 7473
Author(s):  
Mikhail Vereshchak ◽  
Irina Manakova ◽  
Adilkhan Shokanov ◽  
Sayabek Sakhiyev
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Magnetic Separation ◽  
Stoichiometric Composition ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Magnetic Type ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Dominant Phase

Nuclear gamma-resonance spectroscopy on 57Fe nuclei, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy have been used to study the narrow fractions of fly ash formed after combustion of the Ekibastuz coal. Two groups of samples of magnetic (ferrospheres) and non-magnetic type have been separated by granulometric and magnetic separation. A number of regularities associated with the granules size of fly ash have been established. According to the data of Mössbauer spectroscopy, a decrease in the magnetically ordered contribution has been identified with the growth of the particle size. After magnetic separation, iron in ferrospheres was found mainly in the structure of Fe3O4/γ-Fe2O3 and α-Fe2O3. The dominant phase was Fe3O4 (60–77%), the amount of which decreases with the growth of the grain size. With the growth of the particle size, the ratio of [Fe]tetra/[Fe]octa positions occupancy in Fe3O4 approaches 0.5; the structure of magnetite tends to the stoichiometric composition. α-Fe was found in the composition of ferrospheres, and a mechanism of its formation was proposed. The main components of the non-magnetic fractions of fly ash are mullite, hercynite, and silicate glass.

Characterisation of Mg-Zn-Ca-Y powders manufactured by mechanical milling

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (103) ◽  
pp. 49-59
Author(s):  
S. Lesz ◽  
T. Tański ◽  
B. Hrapkowicz ◽  
M. Karolus ◽  
J. Popis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Magnesium Alloys ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Grain Structure ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Specific Chemical ◽  
Fine Grain ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Very High ◽  
Xrd Method

Purpose: This paper explains mechanical synthesis which uses powders or material chunks in order to obtain phases and alloys. It is based on an example of magnesium powders with various additives, such as zinc, calcium and yttrium. Design/methodology/approach: The following experimental techniques were used: X-ray diffraction (XRD) method, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), determining particle size distributions with laser measuring, Vickers microhardness. Findings: The particle-size of a powder and microhardness value depend on the milling time. Research limitations/implications: Magnesium gained its largest application area by creating alloys in combination with other elements. Magnesium alloys used in various industry contain various elements e.g. rare-earth elements (REE). Magnesium alloys are generally made by casting processes. Consequently, the search for new methods of obtaining materials such as mechanical alloying (MA) offers new opportunities. The MA allows for the production of materials with completely new physico-chemical properties. Originality/value: Thanks to powder engineering it is possible to manufacture materials with specific chemical composition. These materials are characterized by very high purity, specified porosity, fine-grain structure, complicated designs. These are impossible to obtain with traditional methods. Moreover it is possible to refine the process even further minimalizing the need for finishing or machining, making the material losses very small or negligible. Furthermore material manufactured in such a way can be thermally or chemically processed without any problems.

Preparation, Characterization of Co3O4 Nano-Particles and its Catalytic Effect on the Combustion of Fuel Rich Propellants

2012 ◽  
Vol 560-561 ◽  
pp. 284-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Qiang Pang ◽  
Xiao Bing Shi ◽  
Yang Li
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Catalytic Effect ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Nano Particles ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Wide Size Distribution

The mono-dispersed Co3O4 nano-particles were prepared by means of solid phase synthetical method. The particle size, specific surface area, crystal structure and morphology of the samples were characterized by laser particle size analysis, x-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. The catalytic effects of nano-particles on the combustion of fuel rich propellant were investigated. The results show that the Co3O4 nano-particles prepared are uniform and with relatively wide size distribution curve. The catalytic effect of Co3O4 nano-particles on the fuel rich propellant is stronger than those of micro-sized Co3O4 particles and CuO nano-particles.

Reduction of High Nickel-Based Oxide Particles Using Hydrogen Gas

2015 ◽  
Vol 778 ◽  
pp. 148-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung Ho Joo ◽  
Shun Myung Shin ◽  
Dong Ju Shin ◽  
Jei Pil Wang
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Metallic Powder ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mean Particle Size ◽  
High Nickel ◽  
Oxide Particles

Oxide particles of Fe-77Ni alloy scraps were reduced by hydrogen gas on the effect of temperature and time. The chemical composition of metallic powder was examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and FeNi3 alloy was finally obtained with a mean particle size of 10μm.

scholarly journals Microencapsulation, Chemical Characterization, and Antimicrobial Activity of Mexican (Lippia graveolensH.B.K.) and European (Origanum vulgareL.) Oregano Essential Oils

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elvia Hernández-Hernández ◽  
Carlos Regalado-González ◽  
Pedro Vázquez-Landaverde ◽  
Isabel Guerrero-Legarreta ◽  
Blanca E. García-Almendárez
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Micrococcus Luteus ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Solvent Polarity ◽  
Volatile Fraction ◽  
Brochothrix Thermosphacta ◽  
Main Component

The effect of solvent polarity (methanol and pentane) on the chemical composition of hydrodistilled essential oils (EO’s) ofLippia graveolensH.B.K. (MXO) andOriganum vulgareL. (EUO) was studied by GC-MS. Composition of modified starch microencapsulated EO’s was conducted by headspace-solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME). The antimicrobial activity of free and microencapsulated EO’s was evaluated. They were tested againstSalmonellasp.,Brochothrix thermosphacta,Pseudomonas fragi, Lactobacillus plantarum, andMicrococcus luteus. Thymol and carvacrol were among the main components of EO’s and their free and microencapsulated inhibitory activity was tested againstM. luteus, showing an additive combined effect. Chemical composition of EO’s varied according to the solvent used for GC analysis and to volatile fraction as evaluated by HS-SPME. Thymol (both solvents) was the main component in essential oil of MXO, while carvacrol was the main component of the volatile fraction. EUO showedα-pinene (methanol) andγ-terpinene (pentane) as major constituents, the latter being the main component of the volatile fraction. EO’s showed good stability after 3 months storage at 4°C, where antimicrobial activity of microencapsulated EO’s remained the same, while free EO’s decreased 41% (MXO) and 67% (EUO) from initial activity. Microencapsulation retains most antimicrobial activity and improves stability of EO’s from oregano.

scholarly journals Profile of volatile organic compounds in musts and cachaças produced by selected Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strains

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. e23410414009
Author(s):  
Amanda Lemes Silveira ◽  
Ana Maria de Resende Machado ◽  
Fátima de Cássia Oliveira Gomes ◽  
Cleverson Fernando Garcia ◽  
Fernanda Badotti
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Volatile Fraction ◽  
Spontaneous Fermentation ◽  
Yeast Strains ◽  
Chemical Groups

Alembic cachaça is a beverage of great cultural and economic importance in Brazil. However, its quality is variable and difficult to control, mainly because the fermentation process occurs in open vats and is conducted by many different microorganisms which produce a great variability of chemical compounds. The use of selected yeast strains as starters has been considered an excellent alternative to the traditionally used spontaneous fermentation, since it allows the production of cachaças less subject to variation and in general, of higher quality. Still, the use of yeast strains isolated from producing areas (autóctones) would contribute for the production of beverages which carry the identity of the geographic region. In this study, we evaluated the volatile fraction of organic compounds in musts and cachaças produced by three autóctones Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strains. Our aim was to correlate the chemical profile of the samples with the strains to evaluate the viability of using such starters for large-scale cachaça production. More than 200 compounds belonging to seven different chemical groups were identified using solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The number of compounds identified in the cachaças was superior to those found in musts and those that most influenced for the differentiation of the samples were acetic and octanoic acid for musts, and ethyl decanoate and ethyl dodecanoate esters for cachaças. Multivariate analysis showed that the distillation process, as well as the fermentation microenvironment had the greatest influence on the chemical composition.

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