Diagnostic Agents in the Pediatric Eye Examination

2022 ◽  
pp. 222-235
Author(s):  
Lily Zhu-Tam
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Health Examination ◽  
Diagnostic Agents ◽  
Refractive Status ◽  
Eye Examination ◽  
Reliable Procedure ◽  
Accommodative Esotropia ◽  
Functional Vision ◽  
Office Procedures ◽  
Ocular Health

In this chapter, the author reviews the most common topical ophthalmic drops for diagnostic use in a pediatric eye exam. Topical diagnostic agents have become an integral part of an ocular health examination even in infants and young children. Topical local anesthetics are commonly used for eye procedures such as tonometry, gonioscopy, and minor office procedures. The proper use of mydriatic drugs allows clinicians to identify and diagnose various ocular abnormalities that might otherwise go undetected. Cycloplegic refraction is a reliable procedure to determine the true refractive status of patients with accommodative esotropia, pseudomyopia, and latent hyperopia. Cycloplegic refraction is also useful in non-communicative or uncooperative patients and when a functional vision problem is suspected such as when visual acuities do not correlate with symptoms or clinical expecteds. Many times, diagnostic drops can help a clinician be more confident of the patient's clinical findings.

The prevalence and causes of visual impairment in Dariyah, a rural community in Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Waleed Alghamdi ◽  
Godwin O. Ovenseri-Ogbomo
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Visual Impairment ◽  
Rural Community ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Vision Impairment ◽  
Health Examination ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Eye Examination

Background: Visual impairment is disproportionately distributed between rural and urban dwellers. Rural dwellers have limited access to the eye care services that are available in urban cities.Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and causes of visual impairment in Dariyah, a rural community in the Qassim region, Saudi Arabia.Setting: This research comprised a population-based assessment of the vision and visual status of the inhabitants of Dariyah community.Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted amongst the inhabitants of the community of Dariyah. A comprehensive eye examination consisting of visual acuity, ocular health examination, objective and subjective refraction was performed. The examinations were conducted by registered ophthalmologists and optometrists from the Qassim University. Vision impairments were categorised according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), Section 9D90, ‘Vision impairment including blindness’ (2018).Results: In all, 68 (24.5%) participants had vision impairment (using the better-seeing eye), with refractive errors being the main cause of vision impairment. Other causes of vision impairment included cataract (20, 7.2%), trichiasis (5, 1.8%) and glaucoma (2, 0.7%). Refractive errors were present in 193 (69.7%), with astigmatism being the commonest refractive error. About 60% of those with refractive errors presented without spectacles for correction, and 20% reported that they had never had an eye examination. Refractive errors could not be determined in 19 (6.9%) of the subjects because of conditions such as matured cataract and other ocular abnormalities.Conclusion: Uncorrected refractive error was found to be the leading cause of vision impairment in this rural community in Saudi Arabia.

scholarly journals Visual Function of Drivers and its Relation to the Occurrence of Road Traffic Accidents in Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (B) ◽  
pp. 1016-1020
Author(s):  
Sulaiman Aldakhil ◽  
Godwin Ovenseri-Ogbomo ◽  
Majid Moafa ◽  
Waleed Alghamdi ◽  
Muhammed Alluwimi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Binocular Vision ◽  
Visual Function ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Health Examination ◽  
Road Traffic Accidents ◽  
Good Visual Acuity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Eye Examination

BACKGROUND: The mortality rate due to road traffic accidents (RTA) is significantly high in Saudi Arabia (SA) compared to other countries. The visual function which includes good visual acuity (VA) and binocular vision are very important factors that can contribute to the incidence of RTA. AIM: The aim of this study is to investigate the association between refractive errors (REs) and the RTA in SA. METHODS: A total of 354 participants (mean age 22.67 ± 3.22 years) were recruited randomly to participate in this study from the population of Qassim district. Data collected using the questionnaire included participants’ age, sex, and education level, ocular and medical history, driving history as well as history of RTA. Ocular health examination including VA, RE measurements, and binocular vision function vision was measured and analyzed. RESULTS: The results of this study show that 48.3% of drivers had some form of REs with 3.4% being visually impaired. 217 (61.3%) of participants have had an RTA, and 119 (54.9%) of them have had more than two accidents in the past two years. The findings show no significant association between the occurrence of RTA and uncorrected REs or binocular vision dysfunction. CONCLUSION: Our data showed significantly higher rate of RTA among Saudi drivers which is much higher than any country in the world. The current Saudi regulations for obtaining driving license need to be modified, with implementing a comprehensive eye examination prior to acquiring or renewing drivers’ licenses.

scholarly journals Anterior Segment Examination with Slit-Lamp Biomicroscope: What Should be Highlighted?

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 14-19
Author(s):  
Fazella Kirara Sakti
Keyword(s):  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Anterior Segment ◽  
Health Assessment ◽  
Slit Lamp ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Ocular Disorders ◽  
Eye Examination ◽  
Illumination Source ◽  
Ocular Health

Ocular health assessment consists of various types of examinations that aim to find pathological conditions in the eye so that it helps ophthalmologists to diagnose and provide therapy for ocular disorders suffered by the patients. Slit-lamp biomicroscope is one of the most important eye assessments and has become the standard in assessing the pathological condition of the anterior part of the eye. This examination is performed using a stereoscopic biomicroscope instrument in combination with a bright illumination source. The results of the anterior segment examination using slit-lamp biomicroscope may provide more detailed ocular findings, such as the abnormalities of the eyelid, conjunctival lesions, abnormalities of the cornea, lens, or other parts of the anterior ocular segments. Therefore, the ability to examine slit-lamp biomicroscope is essential for the ophthalmologist. This review will discuss the eye examination using slit-lamp biomicroscope and the findings that will make it easier for clinicians to determine the direction of diagnostic approach in ocular patients. 

scholarly journals Delayed Visual Maturation – A Clinical Case

2009 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Marie-Eve Corbeil
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Case ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Health Assessment ◽  
Visual Response ◽  
Electrodiagnostic Testing ◽  
Visual Behaviour ◽  
Eye Examination ◽  
Ocular Health

A first eye examination is performed on a two and a half month old patient who presents with no visual response to fixation or to pursuing a target or a light despite an unremarkable ocular health assessment. This temporary eye condition is known as Delayed Visual Maturation (DVM). Conclusion: A subsequent eye examination was performed at age five and a half months only to reveal that the child’s visual behaviour was now considered to be appropriate for his age. The diagnosis of DVM remains a diagnosis of exclusion and requires a comprehensive eye examination, electrodiagnostic testing and imaging techniques which may eventually include MRI.

scholarly journals Epidemiological Surveillance of Eye Disease and People Awareness in the Abruzzo Region, Italy

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (9) ◽  
pp. 978
Author(s):  
Leonardo Mastropasqua ◽  
Rossella D’Aloisio ◽  
Alessandra Mastrocola ◽  
Fabiana Perna ◽  
Luca Cerino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Telephone Interview ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Eye Disease ◽  
Substantial Agreement ◽  
Optimal Care ◽  
Social Actions ◽  
Abruzzo Region ◽  
Eye Examination ◽  
Ocular Health

Background and Objectives: Vision impairments and related blindness are major public health problems. The prevalence of eye disease and barriers to optimal care markedly vary among different geographic areas. In the Abruzzo region (central Italy), an epidemiological surveillance on the state of ocular health in the population aged over 50 years was performed in 2019. Materials and Methods: Participants were sampled to be representative of the region’s inhabitants. Data were collected through a telephone interview and an eye examination. Prevalence of cataract, glaucoma, retinopathy, and maculopathy was assessed. The Cohen’s kappa (k) was used to measure the agreement between the presence of eye disease and awareness of the disease by the participants. Results: Overall, 983 people with a mean age of 66.0 ± 9.5 years were included in the study. The prevalence of cataracts, glaucoma, maculopathy, and retinopathy was 52.6%, 5.3%, 5.6%, and 29.1%, respectively. Among the total of the affected people, those aware of their condition were 21.8% (k = 0.12, slight agreement) for cataract, 65.4% (k = 0.78, substantial agreement) for glaucoma, 7.1% (k = 0.10, slight agreement) for maculopathy, and 0% for retinopathy (k = −0.004, agreement lower than that expected by chance). Refractive defects were corrected in the vast majority of participants. Conclusion: In the Abruzzo region, about two thirds of citizens aged 50 years or over suffer from cataract, glaucoma, retinopathy, or maculopathy, which are recognized as leading causes of blindness. Many people with eye disease do not know they have it. These data can be used by clinicians and policymakers to undertake clinical, political, and social actions.

scholarly journals Ocular Morbidity among Children Attending Government and Private Schools of Kathmandu Valley

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (184) ◽  
Author(s):  
R K Shrestha ◽  
MR Joshi ◽  
R Ghising ◽  
A Rizyal
Keyword(s):  
Private Schools ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
School Students ◽  
Government Schools ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Refractive Status ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Eye Examination ◽  
Ocular Morbidity

Introduction: Children from the developing world are more prone to going blind from avoidable and preventable causes. In Nepal, children in private schools are reported to have a higher ocular morbidity than those in government schools, with myopia being the major cause of the morbidity. This study was designed to evaluate ocular morbidity in students from both types of school. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, comparative study among students from government and private schools of Kathmandu. Eye examination was carried out evaluating visual acuity, color vision, refractive status, binocular vision status, and anterior and posterior segment findings. Results: A total of 4,228 students from government and private schools were evaluated. The prevalence of ocular morbidity was 19.56 % with refractive error (11.9 %) being the major cause of the morbidity, followed by strabismus and infective disorders. No signifi cant difference in the prevalence of ocular morbidity and refractive status was found in the students from government and private schools. Conclusions: A signifi cant number of children of school-going age have ocular morbidity with no signifi cant difference in the prevalence in the students from government and private schools. Research exploring the effect of various risk factors in the progression of myopia would be helpful to investigate the refractive status in children from these different types of schools. Keywords: Myopia, ocular morbidity, school Students

scholarly journals Epidemiological Surveillance of Eye Disease and People Awareness in the Abruzzo Region, Italy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Mastropasqua ◽  
Rossella D'Aloisio ◽  
Alessandra Mastrocola ◽  
Fabiana Perna ◽  
Luca Cerino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Telephone Interview ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Eye Disease ◽  
Substantial Agreement ◽  
Optimal Care ◽  
Social Actions ◽  
Abruzzo Region ◽  
Eye Examination ◽  
Ocular Health

Background and Objectives: Vision impairments and related blindness are major public health problems. Prevalence of eye disease and barriers to optimal care markedly vary among different geographic areas. In the Abruzzo region (Central Italy), an epidemiological surveillance on the state of ocular health in the population aged over 50 years was performed in 2019. Materials and Methods: Participants were sampled to be representative of the region inhabitants. Data were collected through a telephone interview and an eye examination. Prevalence of cataract, glaucoma, retinopathy, maculopathy was assessed. The Cohen’s kappa (k) was used to measure the agreement between presence of eye disease and awareness of the disease by the participants. Results: Overall, 983 people with mean age of 66.0±9.5 years were included in the study. The prevalence of cataract, glaucoma, maculopathy, and retinopathy was 52.6%, 5.3%, 5.6%, and 29.1%, respectively. Among the total of affected people, those aware of their condition were 21.8% (k=0.12, slight agreement) for cataract, 65.4% (k=0.78, substantial agreement) for glaucoma, 7.1% (k=0.10, slight agreement) for maculopathy, and 0% for retinopathy (k=-0.004, agreement lower than that expected by chance). Refractive defects were corrected in the vast majority of participants. Conclusion: In the Abruzzo region, about two third of citizens aged 50 years or over suffer from cataract, glaucoma, retinopathy or maculopathy, which are recognized as leading causes of blindness. Many people with eye disease do not know they have it. These data can be used by clinicians and policymakers to undertake clinical, political, and social actions.

scholarly journals Feasibility, safety and clinical efficiency of optometric service pathways at primary and tertiary care level in Ampang, Malaysia

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-210
Author(s):  
Duratul Ain Hussin ◽  
Peter Hendicott ◽  
Andrew Carkeet ◽  
Philip Baker ◽  
Ai-Hong Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Health Screening ◽  
Health Clinic ◽  
Health Examination ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Diabetic Retinopathy Screening ◽  
Clinical Efficiency ◽  
Ocular Health ◽  
Retinopathy Screening

Aim: To evaluate feasibility, safety, and clinical efficiency of optometrists in conducting diabetic retinopathy screening and ocular health screening. Methods: This was a prospective observational trial study of newly developed optometric service pathways established at a community health clinic for diabetic retinopathy screening and a hospital ophthalmology clinic for ocular health screening. The study was carried out to assess the feasibility and safety of eye examinations conducted by optometrists. Patients were examined by optometrists using a standard eye examination at both clinics and re-examined by ophthalmologists as the reference standard. Optometrists recorded diagnoses of ocular conditions and classified referral urgency for each patient and these were compared with the diagnoses made by ophthalmologists, who were masked to the optometrists’ findings. Results: There was a high concordance of 87.0% (95% CI 80.4%-93.6%) for the diagnoses between the optometrists and ophthalmologists. Of 26 patients considered by the optometrists to need ophthalmology referral, 23 were agreed as such by the ophthalmologists, giving good agreement, κ = 0.76 (95% CI 0.53 -0.94) between the optometrists and ophthalmologists on referral classification. Agreement by the ophthalmologists for referral urgency classifications (very urgent/urgent or non-urgent) was very good (κ = 0.85, 95%CI 0.62-1.00). Conclusions: Ocular health examination by optometrists using optometric-eyecare pathways is feasible and safe. Optometrists showed strong agreement with  ophthalmologists when diagnosing patients who had a range of ocular conditions. Optometrists were also able to triage referrals and their urgency accurately, suggesting that they could play an extensive role as primary eye care providers, thus reducing unnecessary referrals to ophthalmology clinics.

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