Exploring Visitors’ Visual Behavior Using Eye-Tracking: The Case of the “Studiolo Del Duca”

Although the understanding of cognitive disciplines has progressed, we know relatively little about how the human brain perceives art. Thanks to the growing interest in visual perception, eye-tracking technology has been increasingly used for studying the interaction between individuals and artworks. In this study, eye-tracking was used to provide insights into non-expert visitors’ visual behaviour as they move freely in the historical room of the “Studiolo del Duca” of the Ducal Palace in Urbino, Italy. Visitors looked for an average of almost two minutes. This study revealed which parts of the artefact captured visitors’ attention and also gives interesting information about the main patterns of fruition.

Visual Behaviour and Cognitive Preferences of Users for Constituent Elements in Forest Landscape Spaces

Background: Elements of forest landscape spaces are important media through which landscape information is conveyed. Therefore, it is very important for designers and managers of forests to explore the relationship among visual behaviour, landscape preferences, and element characteristics. Purpose: This study took forest landscape spaces as the subject, discussed the characteristics of visual behaviour and cognitive preferences for landscape elements, and analysed the relationship among element characteristics, visual behaviour, and cognitive preferences in forest landscape spaces. The findings will help designers better plan the spatial composition of forest landscapes. Methods: We collected data from 53 graduate and undergraduate students and then used Spearman’s rho correlation analysis and multiple linear regressions to analyse the experimental data. Main results: 1. As the composition of forest landscape spaces varies and landscape elements are combined in different ways, visual behaviour towards landscape elements also differs. 2. People are easily attracted by highly fascinating landscape elements, but they will spend more time on low fascinating landscape elements. 3. Element characteristics significantly affect visual behaviour and cognitive preferences. Elements with high complexity or a large proportion of elements take more time for the participants to recognize, which reduces the evaluation of satisfaction.

Driver Drowsiness Detection using Machine Learning with Visual Behaviour

A person while driving a vehicle - if does not have proper sleep or rest, is more inclined to fall asleep which may cause a traffic accident. This is why a system is required which will detect the drowsiness of the driver. Recently, in research and development, machine learning methods have been used to predict a driver's conditions. Those conditions can be used as information that will improve road safety. A driver's condition can be estimated by basic characteristics age, gender and driving experience. Also, driver's driving behaviours, facial expressions, bio-signals can prove helpful in the estimation. Machine Learning has brought progression in video processing which enables images to be analysed with accuracy. In this paper, we proposed a method for detecting drowsiness by using convolution neural network model over position of eyes and extracting detailed features of the mouth using OpenCV and Dlib to count the yawning.

A qualitative exploration of the early signs of cerebral visual impairment in preschool children

Aim: To explore which signs in visual functioning and visual behaviour in preschool children at risk for cerebral visual impairment (CVI) can potentially be early signs for a diagnosis at a later age.Methods: Thematic analysis of interviews with seven experts in the field of CVI and of a focus group with nine parents of five children with confirmed or suspected CVI.Results: Our experts and parents identified five likely early signs of CVI in preschool children with developmental impairments and brain injury who are at risk for CVI. They suggest that preschool children with CVI display atypical ways of coping with complex situations and of navigating their surroundings. Children also show impaired multisensory integration according to our interviewees. Furthermore, their visual responses often vary even when the stimulus remains the same or they might display impairments in visual recognition and identification.Interpretation: We have proposed five signs in visual functioning and visual behaviour in preschool children at risk for CVI that may be early signs for a diagnosis of CVI at a later age. This exploration can guide future retrospective and longitudinal research on diagnosing CVI at a young age. Early diagnosis and subsequent early intervention have a positive impact on learning and development of infants with disabilities.

Luminance and saliency have impact on pedestrians’ fixation distribution during natural walking: Evidence from mobile eye-tracker

The general environmental factors that influence fixation distribution as part of pedestrian visual behaviour under natural conditions are unclear. Relative luminance and saliency are considered the parameters for predicting image-based fixation; however, they are not confirmed by evidence from the natural walking scenario. Field experiments using mobile eye-tracking glasses device were conducted on 16 participants in four commercial streets during day and night. Fixation data along with processed images extracted from eye-tracking glass video were analysed to investigate if relative luminance or saliency correlates with fixation distribution while walking. The results show that fixations within a 10° viewing angle were distributed in bright and more salient areas in the field of vision. Statistical analyses found a stronger positive correlation in saliency than in relative luminance and at night-time rather than under daylight. The correlation found between relative luminance/saliency and fixation distribution suggests that relative luminance/saliency may attract the visual attention of pedestrians. It will be beneficial for practical applications via a better visual environment, including lighting and guiding facilities for pedestrians, especially at night.