Ignition and Combustion of Magnesium Particles in Carbon Dioxide

2012 ◽  
Vol 152-154 ◽  
pp. 220-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng Min Zhang ◽  
Chun Bo Hu ◽  
Sheng Yong Xia ◽  
Lin Li ◽  
Xiang Geng Wei
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Resource Utilization ◽  
Surface Film ◽  
Ambient Pressure ◽  
Rocket Engines ◽  
Pulsation Frequency ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Co2 Atmosphere

Metal-CO2 propulsion is less known than in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) technologies. This concept, based on using Martian carbon dioxide as an oxidizer in jet or rocket engines, offers the advantage of no chemical processing for CO2 and thus requires less power consumption than ISRU alternatives. In this paper, we study the burning behavior of the Mg in a CO2 atmosphere to assess the feasibility of using Mg/CO2 reactions as an in situ resource utilization technology for rocket propulsion and energy generation on other planets. From the experimental results, we can see that the critical ignition temperature increases with increasing the particle size and decreases with increasing the ambient pressure. In the CO2 atmosphere, we found the complicated sequence of interaction modes including pulsating combustion in a wide range of ambient temperatures. The pulsation frequency is determined by the sample temperature at the phases of slow heterogeneous combustion between the flashes. The combustion mechanisms are discussed with consideration of processes in both a surface film and gas phase.

Fuel Droplet Evaporation in a Supercritical Environment

2002 ◽  
Vol 124 (4) ◽  
pp. 762-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Zhu ◽  
S. K. Aggarwal
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Phase Equilibrium ◽  
Ambient Pressure ◽  
Droplet Surface ◽  
Fuel Vapor ◽  
Phase Solubility ◽  
Liquid Density ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Droplet Vaporization ◽  
Wide Range

This paper reports a numerical investigation of the transcritical droplet vaporization phenomena. The simulation is based on the time-dependent conservation equations for liquid and gas phases, pressure-dependent variable thermophysical properties, and a detailed treatment of liquid-vapor phase equilibrium at the droplet surface. The numerical solution of the two-phase equations employs an arbitrary Eulerian-Lagrangian, explicit-implicit method with a dynamically adaptive mesh. Three different equations of state (EOS), namely the Redlich-Kwong (RK), the Peng-Robinson (PR), and Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) EOS, are employed to represent phase equilibrium at the droplet surface. In addition, two different methods are used to determine the liquid density. Results indicate that the predictions of RK-EOS are significantly different from those obtained by using the RK-EOS and SRK-EOS. For the phase-equilibrium of n-heptane-nitrogen system, the RK-EOS predicts higher liquid-phase solubility of nitrogen, higher fuel vapor concentration, lower critical-mixing-state temperature, and lower enthalpy of vaporization. As a consequence, it significantly overpredicts droplet vaporization rates, and underpredicts droplet lifetimes compared to those predicted by PR and SRK-EOS. In contrast, predictions using the PR-EOS and SRK-EOS show excellent agreement with each other and with experimental data over a wide range of conditions. A detailed investigation of the transcritical droplet vaporization phenomena indicates that at low to moderate ambient temperatures, the droplet lifetime first increases and then decreases as the ambient pressure is increased. At high ambient temperatures, however, the droplet lifetime decreases monotonically with pressure. This behavior is in accord with the reported experimental data.

Fuel Droplet Evaporation in a Supercritical Environment

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Zhu ◽  
S. K. Aggarwal
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Phase Equilibrium ◽  
Ambient Pressure ◽  
Droplet Surface ◽  
Fuel Vapor ◽  
Phase Solubility ◽  
Liquid Density ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Droplet Vaporization ◽  
Wide Range

This paper reports a numerical investigation of the transcritical and supercritical droplet vaporization phenomena. The simulation is based on the time-dependent conservation equations for liquid and gas phases, pressure-dependent variable thermophysical properties, and a detailed treatment of liquid-vapor phase equilibrium at the droplet surface. The numerical solution of the two-phase equations employs an arbitrary Eulerian-Lagrangian, explicit-implicit method with a dynamically adaptive mesh. Three different equations of state (EOS), namely the Redlich-Kwong (RK), the Peng-Robinson (PR) and Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) EOS, are employed to represent phase equilibrium at the droplet surface. In addition, two different methods are used to determine the liquid density. Results indicate that the predictions of RK-EOS are significantly different from those obtained by using the RK-EOS and SRK-EOS. For the phase-equilibrium of n-heptane-nitrogen system, the RK-EOS predicts higher liquid-phase solubility of nitrogen, higher fuel vapor concentration, lower critical-mixing-state temperature, and lower enthalpy of vaporization. As a consequence, it significantly overpredicts droplet vaporization rates, and underpredicts droplet lifetimes compared to those predicted by PR- and SRK-EOS. In contrast, predictions using the PR-EOS and SRK-EOS show excellent agreement with each other and with experimental data over a wide range of conditions. A detailed investigation of the transcritical droplet vaporization phenomena indicates that at low to moderate ambient temperatures, the droplet lifetime first increases and then decreases as the ambient pressure is increased. At high ambient temperatures, however, the droplet lifetime decreases monotonically with pressure. This behavior is in accord with the reported experimental data.

Carbon Dioxide Captured by Metal Organic Frameworks and Its Subsequent Resource Utilization Strategy: A Review and Prospect

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 3059-3078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinbo Lian ◽  
Leilei Xu ◽  
Mindong Chen ◽  
Cai-e Wu ◽  
Wenjing Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Resource Utilization ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Metal Organic Frameworks ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Metal Organic ◽  
And Storage

The carbon dioxide (CO2) is notorious as the greenhouse gas, which could cause the global warming and climate change. Therefore, the reduction of the atmospheric CO2 emissions from power plants and other industrial facilities has become as an increasingly urgent concern. In the recent years, CO2 capture and storage technologies have received a worldwide attention. Adsorption is considered as one of the efficient options for CO2 capture because of its cost advantage, low energy requirement and extensive applicability over a relatively wide range of temperature and pressure. The metal organic frameworks (MOFs) show widely potential application prospects in CO2 capture and storage owing to their outstanding textural properties, such as the extraordinarily high specific surface area, tunable pore size, ultrahigh porosity (up to 90%), high crystallinity, adjustable internal surface properties, and controllable structure. Herein, the most important research progress of MOFs materials on the CO2 capture and storage in recent years has been comprehensively reviewed. The extraordinary characteristics and CO2 capture performance of Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks (ZIFs), Bio-metal organic frameworks (bio-MOFs), IL@MOFs and MOF-composite materials were highlighted. The promising strategies for improving the CO2 adsorption properties of MOFs materials, especially the low-pressure adsorption performance under actual flue gas conditions, are also carefully summarized. Besides, CO2 is considered as an abundant, nontoxic, nonflammable, and renewable C1 resource for the synthesis of useful chemicals and fuels. The potential routes for resource utilization of the captured CO2 are briefly proposed.

scholarly journals Sustainable life support on Mars – the potential roles of cyanobacteria

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyprien Verseux ◽  
Mickael Baqué ◽  
Kirsi Lehto ◽  
Jean-Pierre P. de Vera ◽  
Lynn J. Rothschild ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Resource Utilization ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Nitrogen Fixing ◽  
Local Resources ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Cost

AbstractEven though technological advances could allow humans to reach Mars in the coming decades, launch costs prohibit the establishment of permanent manned outposts for which most consumables would be sent from Earth. This issue can be addressed byin situresource utilization: producing part or all of these consumables on Mars, from local resources. Biological components are needed, among other reasons because various resources could be efficiently produced only by the use of biological systems. But most plants and microorganisms are unable to exploit Martian resources, and sending substrates from Earth to support their metabolism would strongly limit the cost-effectiveness and sustainability of their cultivation. However, resources needed to grow specific cyanobacteria are available on Mars due to their photosynthetic abilities, nitrogen-fixing activities and lithotrophic lifestyles. They could be used directly for various applications, including the production of food, fuel and oxygen, but also indirectly: products from their culture could support the growth of other organisms, opening the way to a wide range of life-support biological processes based on Martian resources. Here we give insights into how and why cyanobacteria could play a role in the development of self-sustainable manned outposts on Mars.

scholarly journals The novel technology for reservoir stimulation: in situ generation of carbon dioxide for the residual oil recovery

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 2009-2026
Author(s):  
Geylani M. Panahov ◽  
Eldar M. Abbasov ◽  
Renqi Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Residual Oil ◽  
Reservoir Stimulation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Offshore Oil

AbstractThe gas and chemical flooding for reservoir stimulation with residual hydrocarbons reserves are highly relevant problem of current oil and gas recovery strategy. The objective of this paper is laboratory study and field implementation of new gas-EOR technology—in situ carbon dioxide generation technique for CO2-liquid slug formation under oil displacement, increasing the reservoir sweep efficiency and residual oil recovery. This paper presents a summary of a wide range of laboratory tests conducted on different core samples and chemical compositions. Several physical and hydrodynamic phenomena of in situ CO2 generation in highly permeable zones of a porous medium have been investigated as a part of complex study, which involved laboratory tests on the field-scale industrial technology applications, determination of optimal concentrations of foaming agents and inhibiting additives in gas-releasing solutions, etc. The results of laboratory experiments showed that the incremental recovery ranged between 30 and 35% oil original in place. The unique results of the field implementation provide developing an optimal technological scheme of reservoir stimulation with residual oil reserves both onshore and offshore oil fields. Technology of in situ CO2 generation was applied on the group of wells on Penglai offshore oil field (Bohai Bay). Incremental oil production for field operation was 37,740 bbl of crude oil. Theoretical and laboratory studies, as well as the outcomes of industrial implementation of a new method of residual oil recovery, using a CO2-slug confirm technology and economic profitability of the proposed solution.

scholarly journals Subcritical and Supercritical Droplet Evaporation within a Zero Gravity Environment; On the Discrepancies between Theoretical and Experimental Results

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongtao Zhang ◽  
Vasudevan Raghavan ◽  
George Gogos
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Ambient Pressure ◽  
Local Maximum ◽  
Droplet Evaporation ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Spherically Symmetric ◽  
Transient Effects ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Thermo Physical Properties

A comprehensive axisymmetric numerical model has been developed to study high pressure droplet evaporation. In this model, high pressure transient effects, variable thermo-physical properties and inert species solubility in the liquid-phase are considered. First, the axisymmetric model has been utilized to explain the discrepancy between theoretical and experimental results on microgravity droplet evaporation that has been reported in the literature [J.R. Yang and S.C. Wong, Ref. 35]. In addition, this effort led to a thorough validation of the model against the most extensive microgravity experimental data available in the literature on droplet evaporation. Second, the validated model has been utilized to investigate spherically symmetric droplet evaporation for a wide range of ambient pressures and temperatures. The predictions show that the average droplet evaporation constant decreases with ambient pressure at sub-critical ambient temperatures, becomes insensitive to pressure at ambient temperatures around the critical temperature of the fuel and presents a local maximum while increasing with the ambient pressure at super-critical ambient temperatures.

Zirconia Electrolysis Cells for Oxygen Generation from Carbon Dioxide for Mars In-Situ Resource Utilization Applications

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Minh ◽  
Brandon Chung ◽  
Rajiv Doshi ◽  
Kurt Montgomery ◽  
Estela Ong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Resource Utilization ◽  
Oxygen Generation ◽  
Electrolysis Cells

scholarly journals Pd-catalyzed decarboxylative Heck vinylation of 2-nitrobenzoates in the presence of CuF2

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukas J Gooßen ◽  
Bettina Zimmermann ◽  
Thomas Knauber
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Catalyst System ◽  
Benzoic Acids ◽  
Wide Range

A new protocol for the decarboxylative Heck vinylation of benzoic acids is disclosed. In the presence of a catalyst system generated in situ from Pd(OAc)2 (2 mol %), CuF2 (2 equiv), and benzoquinone (0.5 equiv) in NMP, a wide range of olefins were coupled with various 2-nitrobenzoates at 130 °C with the release of carbon dioxide to afford the corresponding vinyl arenes in good yields.

In-situ electrical-resistivity measurements in the high-voltage electron microscope

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-69
Author(s):  
W. E. King
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
Resistivity Measurements ◽  
Voltage Electron ◽  
High Voltage Electron Microscope ◽  
High Voltage Electron ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Helium Gas

A side-entry type, helium-temperature specimen stage that has the capability of in-situ electrical-resistivity measurements has been designed and developed for use in the AEI-EM7 1200-kV electron microscope at Argonne National Laboratory. The electrical-resistivity measurements complement the high-voltage electron microscope (HVEM) to yield a unique opportunity to investigate defect production in metals by electron irradiation over a wide range of defect concentrations.A flow cryostat that uses helium gas as a coolant is employed to attain and maintain any specified temperature between 10 and 300 K. The helium gas coolant eliminates the vibrations that arise from boiling liquid helium and the temperature instabilities due to alternating heat-transfer mechanisms in the two-phase temperature regime (4.215 K). Figure 1 shows a schematic view of the liquid/gaseous helium transfer system. A liquid-gas mixture can be used for fast cooldown. The cold tip of the transfer tube is inserted coincident with the tilt axis of the specimen stage, and the end of the coolant flow tube is positioned without contact within the heat exchanger of the copper specimen block (Fig. 2).

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