Influences of Initial Forward Speed, Ground Stiffness on Seat-Belt Restraint Effectiveness in Rollover of Engineering Vehicle

2013 ◽  
Vol 341-342 ◽  
pp. 418-422
Author(s):  
Xiu Ling Wei ◽  
Gui Qin Chen ◽  
Xian Yu Zhang ◽  
Xin Ge Wang ◽  
Lei Li
Keyword(s):  
Initial Velocity ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Seat Belt ◽  
The Other ◽  
Initial Speed ◽  
Restraint System ◽  
Forward Speed ◽  
Seat Belts ◽  
Wheel Loader ◽  
Human Body Models

A simulation model of a certain wheel loader is established to assess the restraint effectiveness of seat belts in 90° rollover accident along slope. The restraint effectiveness of seat belts for 95th percentile human body models are simulated which wearing lap belt, three-point belt and harness at a certain speed, and the influences of initial velocity and ground stiffness are analyzed. The results show that under a certain forward speed and same ground stiffness, wearing the harness can make the operator completely restrained in the operators seat comparing with the other belts, the head excursion is smallest, and it can reduce the risk of the head striking hazardous features of the cab interior. Under the same restraint system, the dummy's injury risk is inconsistent with change of initial speed. The harness can all provide the best restraint for the operator under different forward speeds and ground stiffness.

Study on the Difference of Frontal Impact Response among People of Different Sizes

2010 ◽  
Vol 34-35 ◽  
pp. 111-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Bo Cao ◽  
Chong Zhen Cui ◽  
Ning Yu Zhu ◽  
Huan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Restraint System ◽  
Frontal Impact ◽  
Occupant Restraint System ◽  
Impact Simulation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Human Body Models ◽  
Multi Body

In this article, seven frontal impact simulation models with same restraint system and different human body models were established through the use of multi-body kinematics software MADYMO. The injuries in head, chest and femurs of different human models and the differences of these injuries were analyzed in detail. The weighted injury criterion was adopted to evaluate the overall injuries of different human body models. The results shows that the injury risk of smaller human body is much higher than the taller human body, and existing occupant restraint system that protects the 50th percentile American occupant well protects other size occupant poorly.

scholarly journals Child Posture and Belt Fit in a Range of Booster Configurations

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 810
Author(s):  
Monica L.H. Jones ◽  
Sheila Ebert ◽  
Miriam A. Manary ◽  
Matthew P. Reed ◽  
Kathleen D. Klinich
Keyword(s):  
Injury Risk ◽  
Dynamic Performance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Seat Belts ◽  
Vehicle Interior ◽  
Bony Landmarks ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Additional Safety

Belt positioning boosters reduce injury risk for child occupants compared with seat belts alone. While boosters shorten the effective seat length (and thus reduce slouching), “boosting” the child relative to the vehicle interior components also achieves additional safety benefits. First, the increase of the lap belt angle usually improves belt fit across the pelvis and reduces the risk of the occupant slipping (“submarining”) under the belt. Second, the torso belt is re-centered over the bony landmarks of the shoulder for more effective/secure restraint. Third, the child’s head is relocated in a range better protected by side airbags. The objective of this research was to quantify differences in posture and belt fit across a range of booster designs that provide different levels of boosting. Posture and belt fit were measured in 25 child volunteers aged four to 12. Children were measured in three laboratory seating conditions selected to provide a range of cushion lengths and belt geometries. Six different boosters, as well as a no-booster condition, were evaluated. The low height boosters produced postures that were more slouched, with the hips further forward than in other more typical boosters. Lap belt fit in the low height boosters was not meaningfully different from the other boosters. Shoulder belt fit produced by the lowest height booster was similar to the no-booster condition. Belt positioning boosters that boost the child less than 70 mm produced postures similar to the no-booster condition. While lap belt guides on these products can produce a similar static lap belt fit, they may not provide adequate dynamic performance and do not achieve the other benefits that come with raising the child to a more advantageous location relative to interior components and belts.

How Child-Resistant are Stroller Belt Buckles?

1997 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 611-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcella V. Ridenour
Keyword(s):  
Seat Belt ◽  
The Other ◽  
Restraint System ◽  
Safety Device

70 children, between the ages of 24 and 36 months, participated in the assessment of three different styles of stroller seat buckles representing difficulties for children to disconnect the buckle mechanism in the restraint system. None could prevent all the children from opening the restraint system. One was much easier for children to open than the other two styles. Stroller-restraint buckles provide false security to parents who use strollers, as there are no published standards regarding the use of children's stroller seat-belt buckles as a safety device.

Seat belt use by adult rear seat passengers in private passenger, taxi, and rideshare vehicles

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 1644-1648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Nemire
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Seat Belt ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rear Seat ◽  
The Other ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Seat Belts ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
Seat Belt Use

Using seat belts reduces traffic injuries and fatalities. There are no observational studies comparing use of seat belts by front and rear seat adult passengers in the United States (U.S.), and no comparisons of rear seat belt use by adult passengers in private, taxi, and rideshare vehicles. This observational study of drivers and adult passengers in two cities, one with a primary and the other with a secondary seat belt enforcement law, found the laws affected seat belt use by drivers but not by rear seat passengers, and that rear seat passengers wore seat belts more in private vehicles than in taxis. The latter result was not because of lack of seat belt availability in taxis. Results also showed that modeling of seat belt use by drivers had little effect on seat belt use by rear seat passengers. Results from rideshare vehicles was mixed. Implications for future research and countermeasures are discussed.

Lethal mechanisms in cases of inverted suspension from the lap component of seat belts

2021 ◽  
pp. 002580242199399
Author(s):  
Siobhan O’Donovan ◽  
Neil EI Langlois ◽  
Corinna van den Heuvel ◽  
Roger W Byard
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Seat Belt ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Motor Vehicle Crashes ◽  
Blood Alcohol ◽  
Neck Flexion ◽  
Seat Belts ◽  
Respiratory Compromise ◽  
Positional Asphyxia

A retrospective review of autopsy files at Forensic Science South Australia in Adelaide, Australia, was undertaken over a five-year period from January 2014 to December 2018 for all motor vehicle crashes with rollovers ending with the vehicle inverted and the occupants suspended by the lap component of their seat belts. There were five cases, all male drivers (aged 18–67 years; Mage = 32 years). Acute neck flexion or head wedging was noted in four cases, with facial petechiae in four and facial congestion in one. Deaths were due to positional asphyxia in four cases, with the combined effects of positional asphyxia and head trauma accounting for the remaining case. Although all drivers had evidence of head impact which may have caused incapacitation, in only one case was this considered severe enough to have contributed to death. A blood alcohol level above the legal limit for driving was detected in two cases, but no other drugs were detected. This series demonstrates another subset of cases of seat belt–associated deaths where suspension upside down by the lap component of a seat belt had occurred after vehicle rollovers. Predisposing factors include incapacitation of the victim and delay in rescue. The postulated lethal mechanism involved respiratory compromise from the weight of abdominal viscera on the diaphragm, as well as upper airway compromise due to kinking of the neck and wedging of the head.

scholarly journals Minimum and terminal velocities in projectile motion

2004 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.N. Miranda ◽  
S. Nikolskaya ◽  
R. Riba
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Drag Force ◽  
Initial Velocity ◽  
Terminal Velocity ◽  
Initial Speed ◽  
Projectile Motion ◽  
Minimum Speed ◽  
Minimum Velocity

The motion of a projectile with horizontal initial velocity V0, moving under the action of the gravitational field and a drag force is studied analytically. As it is well known, the projectile reaches a terminal velocity Vterm. There is a curious result concerning the minimum speed Vmin; it turns out that the minimum velocity is lower than the terminal one if V0 > Vterm and is lower than the initial one if V0 < Vterm. These results show that the velocity is not a monotonous function. If the initial speed is not horizontal, there is an angle range where the velocity shows the same behavior mentioned previously. Out of that range, the velocity is a monotonous function. These results comes out from numerical simulations.

scholarly journals Use of seat belts among public transport drivers in Tacna, Peru: Prevalence and risk factors

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armando Miñan-Tapia ◽  
Gloria S. Torres-Riveros ◽  
José Choque-Vargas ◽  
Madeleyni Aycachi-Incacoña ◽  
Neil Flores-Valdez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Seat Belt ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Road Traffic Accidents ◽  
Seat Belts ◽  
Intervention Measures

AbstractIntroductionThere are individuals who still refuse to wear seat belts, despite its effectiveness in reducing morbidity and mortality in road traffic accidents. We aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors according to the use of seat belts among public transport drivers in Tacna, Peru.MethodologyThis analytical transversal study was carried out among public transport drivers (buses and taxis) in a Peruvian city. Questionnaires were used to evaluate the general and occupational characteristics and the use of seat belts (observed). Descriptive statistics and risk factors were obtained, these latter through generalized linear models.ResultsOf the 460 drivers, 77% used their seat belts, with a difference in use depending on the type of public transport (p<0.001). In the multivariate model, the risk of not using the belt was associated with the following: older age (p<0.001), having complete studies (p<0.001), a higher level/category of driving license (3 categories had p<0.001), having a higher number of previous road traffic accidents (p=0.011), and received medical attention in that accident (p<0.001), those who reported using a cell phone while driving (p=0.005), if the co-driver’s belt had 3 anchorage points (p<0.001), and working for > 5 hours that day (p=0.002). However, male drivers and those who had their belt with 3 anchorage points had greater use (both p<0.001).ConclusionsOne in five drivers did not use a seat belt, and important characteristics of those who did not comply with this traffic law were evaluated to generate control and intervention measures.

Estimating the Effect of Standard Enforcement of a Rear Seat Belt Law for Rear Seat Fatality Prevention

2018 ◽  
Vol 2672 (33) ◽  
pp. 67-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Findley ◽  
Morgan Sanchez ◽  
Timothy Nye
Keyword(s):  
Injury Severity ◽  
Reporting System ◽  
Seat Belt ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Rear Seat ◽  
Previous Literature ◽  
Seat Belts ◽  
Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Practice Standard ◽  
Seat Belt Use

Data were collected from the NHTSA’s Fatality Analysis Reporting System to analyze the link between primary enforcement of rear seat belt use and injury severity in fatal vehicle collisions. Specifically, this study predicted the amount of fatalities that may have been prevented had there been standard enforcement of a rear seat belt law in effect. Previous literature concludes that increasing seat belt use will decrease injury severity in collisions and the primary enforcement of seat belts laws will increase seat belt use by approximately 14%. This study recorded and compared the number of rear seat fatalities in states that did and did not have primary enforcement laws for rear seat occupants. The results indicated that, on average, for every properly restrained rear seat fatality there are 0.45 more rear seat fatalities in states without primary enforcement than states with primary enforcement. It also predicts that the states that do not practice standard seat belt enforcement could have seen approximately 772 to 1,032 fatalities prevented from 2011 to 2015, had there been primary rear seat belt enforcement. This corresponds to an estimated national crash cost savings of $8.6 billion, or $1.7 billion annually.

scholarly journals Warning signs to fasten seat belts result in higher rates of rear seat belt use in rideshare vehicles

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 2046-2050
Author(s):  
Kenneth Nemire
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Seat Belt ◽  
Rear Seat ◽  
Warning Signs ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Warning Sign ◽  
Seat Belts ◽  
Front Seat ◽  
Passenger Vehicles ◽  
Seat Belt Use

Using seat belts reduces traffic injuries and fatalities. Passengers in the rear seat typically use their seat belts less often than drivers or front-seat passengers. Seat belt use in the back is even less frequent in vehicles for hire such as taxi cabs and rideshare vehicles than in private passenger vehicles. This observational study of adult passengers video-recorded in rideshare vehicles in San Francisco found that a sign mounted at rear passenger seated eye level, and that warned of the risks of failing to wear a seat belt, resulted in significantly higher rates of seat belt use than for rear seat passengers not exposed to the warning sign. Results also showed that age, gender, and trip duration did not have a significant effect on rear seat belt use. Implications for future research and other countermeasures are discussed.

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