Study on the Effects of Microwave Pretreatment on the Fire Retardant Permeability of Fast-Growing Wood

The paper preheated poplar and Chinese fir with microwave before dipping into fire retardant solution with the purpose of improving their permeability. The test results showed that microwave increased the routs for liquid which proved to be a feasible way to facilitate fire retardant solution to enter into wood. Fire retardant loading dosage (FRLD) and implantation depth (ID) increased for both poplar and Chinese fir. Fire retardant properties such as oxygen index (OI), mass loss rate (MLR) and flame combustion time (FCT) increased and can meet the fire retardant wood requirements defined by standard of GA/T 42.1-92.

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Preparation and Properties of Recycled-Polyester Nanocomposite Fibers Synergistic Modified with Phosphorus Containing Flame-Retardant and α-Zirconium Phosphate

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.789.174 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 789 ◽

pp. 174-177 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zhi Hao Wu ◽

Li Li Li ◽

Shuai Shuai Jiang ◽

Ze Xu Hu ◽

Yu Chen Mao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardant ◽

Melt Spinning ◽

Zirconium Phosphate ◽

Oxygen Index ◽

Fire Retardant ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Phosphorus Containing ◽

Fire Retardant Properties ◽

Nanocomposite Fibers ◽

Positive Effect

Recycled-polyester (RPET) was melt blended with the phosphorus-containing flame retardant (FRP) and α-zirconium phosphate (α-ZrP). The thermal properties of RPET/FRP/α-ZrP composites were analyzed. Modified RPET fibers were prepared through melt spinning of dried RPET nanocomposite chips. The mechanical properties and fire-retardant properties of RPET/FRP/α-ZrP fibers containing different α-ZrP contents were tested. The results show that the synergism of α-ZrP and FRP exerts a positive effect on the mechanical and the flame-retardant property of RPET, leading to nanocomposite fibers of 1.9cN/dtex and 31.6% limiting oxygen index (LOI) value.

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Research on the Capability and Application of Flame Retardant Cable

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.217-218.631 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 217-218 ◽

pp. 631-635

Author(s):

Yong Wang

Keyword(s):

Heat Release ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Heat Release Rate ◽

Release Rate ◽

Loss Rate ◽

Mass Loss Rate ◽

Fire Retardant ◽

Flame Retardant Property ◽

Time To Ignition ◽

Carbon Monoxide Yield

This paper, analyzes some parameters with the help of Cone Calorimeter (CONE) for the time to ignition, smoke extinction area, heat release rate, carbon monoxide yield and mass loss rate. The results show that the fire retardant agents affect KVV’s flame retardant property. Such as TTI ( time to ignition ) is prolonged to nearly two times, and the average HRR ( heat release rate ) reduces about 18% compared with the ordinary one and the maximum HRR down about 33%of its counterpart.

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A study on mechanical, thermal and flame retardant properties of epoxy/expandable graphite composites

Pigment & Resin Technology ◽

10.1108/prt-11-2015-0112 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 46 (2) ◽

pp. 131-138 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Arezoo Mamani ◽

Morteza Ebrahimi ◽

Maryam Ataeefard

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Oxygen Index ◽

Morphological Structure ◽

Fire Retardant ◽

Expandable Graphite ◽

Index Test ◽

Initial Decomposition Temperature ◽

Content Type ◽

Fire Retardant Properties

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of expandable graphite (EG) plates’ incorporation on the mechanical, thermal and fire-retardant properties of an epoxy–aliphatic amine system. In addition, the optimum amount of EG in epoxy/EG composites is determined to achieve the best thermal and mechanical properties at the same time. Design/methodology/approach The epoxy/EG composites were prepared by using (1-4) phr of EG. The morphological structure of epoxy/EG composites was studied by using scanning electron microscopy. The thermal, flame-retardant and mechanical properties of epoxy/EG composites were evaluated by using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), oxygen index test and dynamic mechanical analysis and tensile and impact test, respectively. Findings TGA results showed that the incorporation of EG to the epoxy resin increased the initial decomposition temperature and residue weight of the composites. It was found that, with increasing EG concentration up to 4 phr, the oxygen index, glass transition temperature and Young’s modulus of epoxy/EG composites increased up to 60 per cent, 4.1°C and 50 per cent, respectively. On the other hand, the sample with 2 phr EG provided the maximum values of tensile strength, storage modulus, cross-linking density, ultimate tensile strain and impact strength. Practical implications Prepared epoxy/EG composites can be used as halogen-free flame-retardant composites. The proposed process for the preparation of the composites is simple and can easily be implicated in the industry. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, there is no other publication that considers mechanical, thermal and fire-retardant properties of epoxy/EG composites in one paper. In this work, the optimum concentration of EG in epoxy/EG composites was determined, considering all these properties.

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Corrosion Performance of Nano-TiO2-Modified Concrete under a Dry–Wet Sulfate Environment

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14195900 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (19) ◽

pp. 5900

Author(s):

Chao Xu ◽

Hao-Hao Liao ◽

You-Liang Chen ◽

Xi Du ◽

Bin Peng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Mass Loss ◽

Loss Rate ◽

Mass Loss Rate ◽

Peak Stress ◽

Xrd Analysis ◽

Concrete Surface ◽

Test Results ◽

Nano Tio2 ◽

Ordinary Concrete

This study compared the effects of the sulfate dry–wet cycle on the properties of ordinary concrete and nano-TiO2-modified concrete, including the mass loss rate, ultrasonic wave velocity, compressive strength, and XRD characteristics. In addition, a series of compression simulations carried out using the PFC2D software are also presented for comparison. The results show the following: (1) with an increase in dry–wet cycles, the damage to the concrete gradually increased, and adding nano-TiO2 into ordinary concrete can improve the material’s sulfate resistance; (2) after 50 sulfate dry–wet cycles, the mass loss rate of ordinary concrete was –3.744%, while that of nano-TiO2-modified concrete was −1.363%; (3) the compressive strength of ordinary concrete was reduced from 41.53 to 25.12 MPa (a reduction of 39.51%), but the compressive strength of nano-TiO2-modified concrete was reduced from 49.91 to 32.12 MPa (a reduction of 35.64%); (4) after a sulfate dry–wet cycle, the nano-TiO2-modified concrete surface produced white crystalline products, considered to be ettringite based on the XRD analysis; (5) when considering the peak stress and strain of the concrete samples, the numerical results agreed well with the test results, indicating the reliability of the method.

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Evaluation of Asphalt with Different Combinations of Fire Retardants

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma12081283 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 1283 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Xu ◽

Chen ◽

Zhu ◽

Kong ◽

Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Activation Energy ◽

Mass Loss ◽

Experimental Analysis ◽

Loss Rate ◽

Asphalt Pavement ◽

Mass Loss Rate ◽

Fire Retardant ◽

Height Distribution ◽

Fire Retardants ◽

Fire Retardance

When a fire takes place in a tunnel, the surface of the asphalt pavement will burn and release a large amount of smoke, which is toxic to human health. Thus, in order to prevent the combustion of the asphalt pavement under fire, it is necessary to propose some methods to retard its physical and chemical reaction under the high temperature. In this study, ten different combinations of fire retardants and a control case where no fire retardant was applied were prepared for evaluation. The thermogravimetric (TG)–mass spectrometry (MS) tests were used to evaluate their effect on the fire retardance from mass and energy perspectives and the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) software was used to evaluate the fire retardance from temperature and smoke distribution perspectives. In experimental analysis, the TG (thermogravimetric) and DTG (differential thermogravimetric) curves were used to analyze the mass loss rate and residual mass of the asphalt and the activation energy was calculated and analyzed as well. In addition, decay rate of mass loss rate and increasing rate of activation energy were proposed to evaluate the ease of combustion of the asphalt with and without fire retardants. The results show that in laboratory experiments, the fire retardant combination which includes 48% aluminum hydroxide, 32% magnesium hydroxide, 5% expanded graphite, and 15% encapsulated red phosphorous would lead to an improved effect of fire retardance. In numerical modeling, the temperature and smoke height distribution over time were adopted to evaluate the fire retardance effect. The temperature distribution was found to be symmetrical on both sides of the combustion point and the same combination as proposed in experimental analysis was found to have the best effect on fire retardance due to the largest decrease in temperature. Additionally, because of the highest smoke height distribution, an improved effect on smoke suppression was also found when this combination was applied.

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Coating of lightweight wool fabric with nano clay for fire retardancy

Journal of the Textile Institute ◽

10.1080/00405000.2018.1516529 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 110 (5) ◽

pp. 764-770 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Seiko Jose ◽

Nachimuthu Shanmugam ◽

Sekhar Das ◽

Ajay Kumar ◽

Pintu Pandit

Keyword(s):

Oxygen Index ◽

Fire Retardant ◽

Wool Fabric ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Analytical Instruments ◽

Flammability Test ◽

Nano Clay ◽

Fire Retardant Properties ◽

In Fire

Nano-kaolinite was applied to lightweight wool fabric for imparting fire retardant finish using pad batch as well as exhaust method. The effect of fire retardant treatments on the physico-mechanical properties of wool fabric was studied in detail. Nano-kaolinite incorporated fire retardant formulations showed high fire retardant performance in terms of inclined flammability test, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and thermogravimetric analysis. The characterization of nanoparticles was performed using various analytical instruments. The results inferred that nano-kaolinite treatment by both application methods is effective for improving the fire resistance of wool fabric. The treatment resulted up to 32% enhancement in fire retardant properties.

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