Research on MANET-Based Reliable Zone Routing Protocol

2014 ◽  
Vol 519-520 ◽  
pp. 222-226
Author(s):  
Guo Zhao Hou ◽  
Peng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Directed Acyclic Graph ◽  
Transmission Delay ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Data Packets ◽  
Acyclic Graph ◽  
Zone Routing Protocol ◽  
Simulation Results

In MANET, the scheme for maintaining an inter-zone route in ZRP makes ZRP take more lost packets and more route re-discovering times; the former makes ZRP take lower delivery ratio of data packets, which makes ZRP take less reliability; the latter makes ZRP take more transmission delay and more routing overheads. Aiming at the problem above, a MANET-based reliable zone routing protocol (MRZRP) was proposed. In MRZRP, each node saved multiple backup routes from the node to each intra-zone node by maintaining an directed acyclic graph based on an intra-zone topology, and an inter-zone route was repaired by using backup segment routes as much as possible. The simulation results show that MRZRP improves delivery ratio of data packets, which shows that MRZRP improves the protocol reliability, and MRZRP also reduces the transmission delay and routing overheads.

Research on a Reliable Zone Routing Protocol and its Key Technologies in Ad Hoc Networks

2014 ◽  
Vol 926-930 ◽  
pp. 2010-2013
Author(s):  
Jing Wu ◽  
Shan Shan Sun ◽  
Li Qin Tian
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Transmission Delay ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Data Packets ◽  
Hybrid Routing ◽  
Zone Routing Protocol ◽  
Key Technologies ◽  
Hoc Networks

In ad hoc networks, ZRP is the most typical protocol in hybrid routing protocols. Aiming at the problem that the scheme for maintaining an inter-zone route in ZRP makes ZRP take more lost packets and more route re-discovering times; the former makes ZRP take lower delivery ratio of data packets, which makes ZRP take less reliability; the latter makes ZRP take more transmission delay and more routing overheads, a reliable zone routing protocol (RZRP) was proposed. RZRP was designed from basic idea and key technologies, and the protocol performance was analyzed in a simulation. The simulation results show that RZRP improves delivery ratio of data packets, which shows that RZRP improves the protocol reliability, and RZRP also reduces the transmission delay and routing overheads.

scholarly journals IOUT Enabled Underwater WSN Using Dynamic Adaptive Routing Protocol with Improved Reliability

2020 ◽  
pp. 607-612
Author(s):  
Jasem M Alostad ◽  
◽  
Nizar Alkateeb ◽  
Ebraheem Sultan ◽  
Hameed K. Ebraheem
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Directed Acyclic Graph ◽  
Adaptive Routing ◽  
Dynamic Routing ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Acyclic Graph ◽  
Bit Error Ratio ◽  
Optimal Dynamic

In this paper, a trade-off between the energy consumption and network lifetime is considered. This paper proposes an optimal routing protocol called Energy Dynamic Adaptive Routing (EDAR) protocol. The DAR protocol maintains a tradeoff between the reliability or packet delivery ratio (PDR) of sensor nodes and Bit Error Ratio (BER) using optimal dynamic adaptive routing approach. The proposed approach operates on three different phases, namely, initialization, dynamic routing and transmission. During initial phase, all the nodes in the UWSN share location and residual energy information among all the nodes in the network. During dynamic routing phase, an optimal Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) based route selection is exploited to select the neighbor and successor nodes. This facilitates the successive routing to transmit the packets from one node to another. Here, the cost function with directed acyclic graph is utilized for better transmission of packets. The experimental results show that proposed method encounters the issues raised in conventional protocol and improves the reliability of packets with higher BER.

Catechize Global Optimization through Leading Edge Firefly Based Zone Routing Protocol

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neha Sharma ◽  
Sherin Zafar ◽  
Usha Batra
Keyword(s):  
Global Optimization ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Firefly Algorithm ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Packet Delivery Ratio ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
Zone Routing Protocol ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
End To End

Background: Zone Routing Protocol is evolving as an efficient hybrid routing protocol with an extremely high potentiality owing to the integration of two radically different schemes, proactive and reactive in such a way that a balance between control overhead and latency is achieved. Its performance is impacted by various network conditions such as zone radius, network size, mobility, etc. Objective: The research work described in this paper focuses on improving the performance of zone routing protocol by reducing the amount of reactive traffic which is primarily responsible for degraded network performance in case of large networks. The usage of route aggregation approach helps in reducing the routing overhead and also help achieve performance optimization. Methods: The performance of proposed protocol is assessed under varying node size and mobility. Further applied is the firefly algorithm which aims to achieve global optimization that is quite difficult to achieve due to non-linearity of functions and multimodality of algorithms. For performance evaluation a set of benchmark functions are being adopted like, packet delivery ratio and end-to-end delay to validate the proposed approach. Results: Simulation results depict better performance of leading edge firefly algorithm when compared to zone routing protocol and route aggregation based zone routing protocol. The proposed leading edge FRA-ZRP approach shows major improvement between ZRP and FRA-ZRP in Packet Delivery Ratio. FRA-ZRP outperforms traditional ZRP and RA-ZRP even in terms of End to End Delay by reducing the delay and gaining a substantial QOS improvement. Conclusion: The achievement of proposed approach can be credited to the formation on zone head and attainment of route from the head hence reduced queuing of data packets due to control packets, by adopting FRA-ZRP approach. The routing optimized zone routing protocol using Route aggregation approach and FRA augments the QoS, which is the most crucial parameter for routing performance enhancement of MANET.

Analysis of Effective Routing Protocols for Flying Ad-Hoc Networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudesh Kumar ◽  
Abhishek Bansal ◽  
Ram Shringar Raw
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Ad Hoc Network ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Network Formation ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Data Packets ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
Networking Technology

Recently, the flying ad-hoc network (FANETs) is a popular networking technology used to create a wireless network through unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). In this network, the UAV nodes work as intermediate nodes that communicate with each other to transmit data packets over the network, in the absence of fixed an infrastructure. Due to high mobility degree of UAV nodes, network formation and deformation among the UAVs are very frequent. Therefore, effective routing is a more challenging issue in FANETs. This paper presents performance evaluations and comparisons of the popular topology-based routing protocol namely AODV and position-based routing protocol, namely LAR for high speed mobility as well as a verity of the density of UAV nodes in the FANETs environment through NS-2 simulator. The extensive simulation results have shown that LAR gives better performance than AODV significantly in terms of the packet delivery ratio, normalized routing overhead, end-to-end delay, and average throughput, which make it a more effective routing protocol for the highly dynamic nature of FANETs.

An Improved Method for Maintenance Scheme of an Inter-Zone Route

2014 ◽  
Vol 571-572 ◽  
pp. 433-437
Author(s):  
Jing Wu ◽  
Guang Xue Meng ◽  
Zhen Guo Chen ◽  
De Sheng Cao
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Transmission Delay ◽  
Improved Method ◽  
Zone Routing Protocol ◽  
Hoc Networks

In ad hoc networks, the maintenance scheme of an inter-zone route in ZRP (Zone Routing Protocol) makes ZRP take less reliability, more transmission delay and more routing overheads. Aiming at the problem above, BSRZRP (Backup Segment Routes based Zone Routing Protocol) was proposed. In BSRZRP, an inter-zone route was repaired by using backup segment routes as much as possible when an inter-zone route-link opened. This improved method is favor to improve protocol reliability and reduce transmission delay and routing overheads of protocol.

scholarly journals A new metric for routing in military wireless network

2014 ◽  
Vol 05 (02) ◽  
pp. 1450001
Author(s):  
Haibo Jiang ◽  
Yaofei Ma ◽  
Dongsheng Hong ◽  
Zhen Li
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Network ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Transmission Delay ◽  
Wireless Ad Hoc Network ◽  
A Algorithm ◽  
Shortest Path Routing ◽  
Frequency Selection ◽  
Simulation Results

Wireless ad hoc network is generally employed in military and emergencies due to its flexibility and easy-to-use. It is suitable for military wireless network that has the characteristics of mobility and works effectively under severe environment and electromagnetic interfering conditions. However, military network cannot benefit from existing routing protocol directly; there exists quite many features which are only typical for military network. For example, there are several radios in the same vehicle. This paper presents a new metric for routing, which is employed in A* algorithm. The goal of the metric is to choose a route of less distance and less transmission delay between a source and a destination. Our metric is a function of the distance between the ends and the bandwidth over the link. Moreover, we take frequency selection into account since a node can work on multi-frequencies. This paper proposed the new metric, and experimented it based on A* algorithm. The simulation results show that this metric can find the optimal route which has less transmission delay compared to the shortest path routing.

scholarly journals THE PERFORMANCE OF DIRECTIONAL FLOODING ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR UNDERWATER SENSOR NETWORKS

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Asfarina Idrus ◽  
Jiwa Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Underwater Sensor Networks ◽  
Underwater Communication ◽  
Routing Mechanism ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Networking Protocols

The specific characteristic of underwater environment introduces new challenges for the networking protocols. Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSN) and terrestrial Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) share some common properties but their differences necessitate specialized new protocols for successful underwater communication. In this paper, a specialized protocol, known as Directional Flooding Routing Protocol is being chosen as the protocol to implement the routing mechanism for underwater sensor networks (UWSNs). The protocol is analyzed and evaluated. Simulation experiments have been carried out to find the suitability of various protocols for the sub aquatic transmission medium, whether in freshwater or seawater. The goal of this paper is to produce simulation results that would illustrate the performances of the protocol for a given metric such as end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio and energy consumption. By analyzing the simulation results, DFR is considerably reliable for UWSN because this protocol is suitable for the sub aquatic transmission medium such as seawater.   

scholarly journals Performance Assessment of QoS Using AODV, TORA and ZRP Routing Protocol in MANET

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 744-750
Author(s):  
Irfan Ahmad ◽  
Fahad Masood ◽  
Arbab Wajid Ullah Khan
Keyword(s):  
Performance Assessment ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Packet Delivery Ratio ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
Zone Routing Protocol ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
End To End

In Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) nodes often change their location independently where neither fixed nor centralized infrastructure is present. Nodes communicate with each other directly or via intermediate nodes. The advantages of the MANET layout lead to self-structure and compatibility to most important functions such as traffic distribution and load balancing. Whenever the host moves rapidly in the network the topology becomes updated due to which the structure of MANET varies accordingly. In the literature, different routing protocols have been studied and compared by researchers. Still, there are queries regarding the performance of these protocols under different scenarios. MANETs are not based on a predesigned structure. In this paper, the performance assessment of the Quality of Services (QoS) for different protocols such as Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA) and Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) in the existence of the various number of communicating nodes is studied. The performance matrices throughput, end – to – end delay and packet delivery ratio are considered for simulations. Ns 2.35 simulator is used for carrying out these simulations. Results are compared for AODV, TORA, and ZRP routing protocols. The results show that AODV and TORA perform well in end – to – end delay as compared to zone routing protocol. Zone routing protocol performs well in packet delivery ratio and throughput as compared to both the other protocols.

IMPROVED PERFORMANCE OF HYBRID ALGORITHM FOR 3G – WIFIOFFLOAD NETWORKS

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (5-9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Setiyo Budiyanto ◽  
Muhamad Asvial ◽  
Dadang Gunawan
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Average Delay ◽  
Zone Routing Protocol ◽  
Roulette Wheel ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Stable Throughput

A new algorithm for optimizing  3G–WiFioffload and load balancing between nodes, called as New – Genetic Zone Routing Protocol (N – GZRP), is proposed in this paper. N – GZRP is a combination of outputs of Roulette Wheel selections method (RWs) and Rank Selections Method (Rs). Output from RWs is optimized by Rs where Rs is used as a threshold value of the uncertainty that occurs due to the use of RWs.  The algorithm is implemented for detecting the performance of mobile devices on several different types of networks.  The simulation results are compared with the (RWs)–GZRPand ZRP algorithm. The simulation results show that 35% of power consumption can be saved by using the proposed algorithm compared with GZRPalgorithm. Moreover,when compared with ZRP algorithm the proposed algorithm can save 60% power consumption. In addition, N – GZRP has a more stable throughput which is 3 Kbps higher than ZRP. The simulation results also show that N–GZRPhas smaller average delay than GZRP and ZRPwhich are about 20 msand 1400 ms, respectively.N – GZRP also reduces the synchronization delay about 25 ms and 45 ms compared withGZRPalgorithmand ZRP algorithm, respectively.

scholarly journals Detection and Mitigation of RPL Rank and Version Number Attacks in Smart Internet of Things

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahrah A. Almusaylim ◽  
Abdulaziz Alhumam ◽  
Wathiq Mansoor ◽  
Pushpita Chatterjee ◽  
Noor Zaman Jhanjhi
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Data Packets ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Average Energy Consumption

The rapid growth of the smart Internet of Things (IoT) and massive propagation of wireless technologies revealed the recent opportunities for development in various domains of real life such as smart cities and E-Health applications. A slight defense against different forms of attacks is offered for the current secure and lightweight Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) of IoT resource-constrained devices. Data packets are highly likely to be exposed while transmitting them during data packets routing. The RPL rank and version number attacks, which are two forms of RPL attacks, can have critical consequences for RPL networks. The studies conducted on these attacks have several security defects and performance shortcomings. The research proposes a Secure RPL Routing Protocol (SRPL-RP) for rank and version number attacks. It mainly detects, mitigates and isolates attacks in the RPL networks. The detection is based on a comparison of ranks strategy. The mitigation uses threshold and attacks status tables, and the isolation adds them to a blacklist table and alerts relevant nodes to skip them. SRPL-RP supports diverse types of network topologies and is comprehensively analyzed with multiple studies such as Standard RPL with Attacks, SBIDS and RPL+ Shield. The analysis results showed that the SRPL-RP achieves great improvements with Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) of 98.48%, control message value of 991 packets/second, and average energy consumption of 1231.75 joules. It provides a better accuracy rate with 98.17% under the attacks.

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