Estimation of Correct Long-Seam Mismatch Using FEA to Compare the Measured Strain in a Non-Destructive Testing of a Pressurant Tank

This paper discusses the design criterion of a pressurant steel tank made of HSLA 15CDV6 and proof pressure test (PPT) as a non-destructive examination. An inverse Ramberg-Osgood relation is used to represent the stress-strain curve of the material. Elasto-plastic finite element analysis (FEA) has been carried out to examine the adequacy of the design. Experimental stress analysis has been carried out from the measured strains and found maximum effective stress is at LS joint (max. measured strain location). Strain obtained from FEA is compared reasonably well with the proof pressure test (PPT) data at most of the strain gauge locations except at one long-seam (LS) joint. So, to explain the causes of difference in strains near one LS, parametric studies have been performed in a 3D FEA with varying LS mismatch to find the correct mismatch as a reverse engineering problem. It is found that a mismatch value of 0.9 mm will give the required strain at PPT, which is measured only 0.4 mm. The failure pressure estimated through nonlinear FEA/analytical expressions found to meet the design.

A Fuzzy-Based Congestion Control Scheme for Vehicular Adhoc Network Communication

Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a self-organized, multi-purpose, service-oriented communication network that enables communication between vehicles and between vehicles and roadside infrastructures for the purpose of exchanging messages. In a dense traffic scenario, the message traffic may generate a load higher than the available capacity of the transmission medium leading to channel congestion problem. This situation leads to a rise in packet loss rates and transmission delay. Some existing congestion control schemes adapt the transmission power, transmission rate, and contention window parameters by making comparison with neighboring values through classical logic. However, the approach does not consider points between two close parameter values. This work uses fuzzy logic to improve the adaptation process of the network contention window parameter. The proposed scheme achieved a 15% higher in-packet delivery ratio and 10ms faster transmission compared with related work in terms end-to-end delay.

Operation of VANET Communications

This work proposed an integrated novel architecture of UAV System, LTE/4G, and WAVE technologies with its forwarding schemes in highway scenario to enhance the VANET communications and achieve the requirements of its basic applications, particularly safety and traffic. Algorithms for UAV sensing, tagging (based on the proposed safety and traffic info model), and broadcasting operations, and forwarding of safety or traffic info to respective infrastructures, and then smart ground vehicles are designed, particularly to minimize intermittent connectivity and bandwidth usage as well as to satisfy the requirements of VANET applications. The authors have evaluated the performance of the integrated novel architecture with its forwarding schemes/algorithms through integrated and simulated VANETs and wireless access technologies (LTE/4G and UAV system) environment.

Analysis of Effective Routing Protocols for Flying Ad-Hoc Networks

Recently, the flying ad-hoc network (FANETs) is a popular networking technology used to create a wireless network through unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). In this network, the UAV nodes work as intermediate nodes that communicate with each other to transmit data packets over the network, in the absence of fixed an infrastructure. Due to high mobility degree of UAV nodes, network formation and deformation among the UAVs are very frequent. Therefore, effective routing is a more challenging issue in FANETs. This paper presents performance evaluations and comparisons of the popular topology-based routing protocol namely AODV and position-based routing protocol, namely LAR for high speed mobility as well as a verity of the density of UAV nodes in the FANETs environment through NS-2 simulator. The extensive simulation results have shown that LAR gives better performance than AODV significantly in terms of the packet delivery ratio, normalized routing overhead, end-to-end delay, and average throughput, which make it a more effective routing protocol for the highly dynamic nature of FANETs.

Modelling of Logistics Monitoring System for Milk Collection Based on Swarm Intelligence

Over the last 30 years, the milk processing process has shifted from the farm to the centralized cheese factory, which has had an impact on the management of transport logistics. In Morocco, several dairy units are located in rural areas with a poor road network, which means that milk collection has a significant impact on profit, affecting milk transport costs. The objective of this work is to develop a decision support tool based on internet of things technologies to optimize milk collection routes, reduce the cost of milk transport, and improve collection density. The tool developed in this study is based on a SIG system and farm milk volumes to estimate the cost per liter of milk for the regular route and to recalculate the same cost for the optimized collection route, combined with IoT technology to ensure the communication process between dairy farms, trucks, and dairy plants.

Parametric Analysis and Design of 28GHz Microstrip Patch Antenna

As the wireless technology is advancing rapidly, there is also an increasing demand for high data rates and large bandwidth. So, the new generation technology (5G) is proposed. For this purpose, there is a need of advanced antenna design, and here the authors are using a microstrip patch antenna, which is highly preferred due to low profile, simple manufacturing, and ease of feeding. This research presents the design of 28.132 GHz microstrip patch antenna. We have used FR-4 substrate here is which has a dielectric constant Er= 4.3 and a thickness of 0.5 mm. The dimensions of patch are 4.8×6.8×0.5mm including the ground plane. It has a bandwidth of 1.613 GHz, return loss of -19.175 dB, VSWR 1.24 dB, VSWR as 1.24 dB, gain as 3.82 dB and total efficiency of -3.116 dB.. The designing and simulation of this antenna is performed by CST studio suite software and various specifications such as S-parameter, VSWR, and radiation pattern is discussed. Furthermore, comparative analysis is done, which is indicating the variation of antenna parameters on varying the design dimensions.

An Innovative Modelling and Decision-Support Approach for Evaluating Urban Transshipment Problems Using Electrical Trucks

As a consequence of urban intensification, logistics planning becomes more important than ever. Electric vehicles have proved to be both environmentally friendly and a lower-cost alternative to internal combustion engine vehicles. However, existing decision methods employed by businesses and municipalities are not universally conducive to the optimization and evaluation of urban transportation systems. An innovative model and planning approach is proposed to enable urban planners to more readily evaluate the contribution of electric vehicles in city logistics and to support the decision-making process. When faced with decision-making situations that involve multiple and inconsistent performance objectives, it is often preferable to consider several quantifiably good alternatives that provide various, very different perspectives. This paper provides a modeling-to-generate-alternatives (MGA) decision-support procedure that uses the firefly algorithm (FA) metaheuristic for generating sets of maximally different alternatives for electric vehicle planning in urban transshipment problems.

A Spatial Analysis of Commuting Patterns of Electric Vehicle Drivers

This article explores the possible socio-demographic characteristics and factors that contribute to electric vehicle (EV) owner commuting patterns and travel behavior. The objective of the study is to inform decision makers of EV policies by identifying these influencing attributes. In total, 1,257 EV owners in Maryland completed usable surveys. Researchers employed a set of statistical analysis methods to analyze the data. They constructed a multinomial logistic regression to examine the associations between EV owner characteristics and their commuting patterns and compared the results to the spatial travel patterns of drivers of internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV) in Maryland. The results of this study showed that socio-demographic factors including age, education, income, household size, the number of vehicles in the house, and political affiliation played a significant role in the commuting behavior and patterns of EV drivers. Moreover, about 60% of EV commuting trips originated from suburban areas, and 30% of all of EV commutes were suburban to suburban.

Intelligent Authentication and Message Forwarding in VANET

Vehicle ad hoc networks face the challenging issue of vehicle communication and its security. So, these issues become key research topics for global VANET researchers. Researcher's current solutions mostly focus on either of the problems but currently they are now heading towards finding satisfactory solutions for both of the above-mentioned problems. VANET networks should be robust and strongly dependent on their communication rapidness, message authentication, priority messaging, and security. Here, the authors discuss four VANET issues: authentication delays, fake messages, priority-based messaging, and VANET security, with respective solutions. This article presents an enhanced ECC-based algorithm to minimize authentication delays and provide secure VANET. Result analysis shows that the algorithm is effective in reducing the authentication delays and improves communication rapidness, improves the security model operation to detect Sybil and reply attack, and promotes intelligent message forwarding to block fake messages and increases message delivery performance.

Analyzing Decomposition Procedures in LP and Unraveling for the Two Person Zero Sum Game and Transportation Problems

This paper studies some decomposition methods, including Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition (DWD), decomposition-based pricing (DBP), Benders decomposition (BD), and a recently proposed improved decomposition (ID) method for solving linear programs (LPs). The authors then develop a new decomposition algorithm for solving LPs in a general form, allowing authors to combine the concept of Benders decomposition and decomposition-based pricing methods. The authors generate conditions for solving problems that have either infeasible or unbounded solutions. As an illustration, the authors give the corresponding models and numerical results for two standard mathematical programs: the two-person zero-sum game and the transportation problem. The authors compare several procedures and identify which one produces the best solution by giving the authors the smallest iteration number. This study reveals that the algorithm along with Benders decomposition produce the most efficient computational solutions of LPs.