Bio-Treatment of APMP Effluent with Activated Sludge

2014 ◽  
Vol 675-677 ◽  
pp. 505-509
Author(s):  
Ting Zhi Liu ◽  
Hao Yu Wang ◽  
Shuai Li ◽  
Yuan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Wood Extractives ◽  
Mechanical Pulp ◽  
Alkaline Peroxide ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Optimized Conditions

Aerobic activated sludge was more appropriate for APMP(Alkaline Peroxide Mechanical Pulp) effluent treatment than anaerobic processes because the high content of toxic wood extractives in the effluent. In this article, Eucalyptus APMP effluent was treated with activated sludge and the process conditions was optimized. The optimized conditions were: the initial pH value was 6.0, SV30of activated sludge was 35%, and loading volume of flask was 150ml (250ml flask), cultured shakily for 3 days at 35°Cand 150rpm. The removal of COD was 66.75%, from 4181mg/l to 1390mg/l, and the color of the effluent and treated water were 2541C.U. and 1557C.U. under the optimized conditions, respectively. In most cases, the color of treated wastewater was increased compared with the initial effluent, but the removal of COD was significant.

Models for colour formation in evaporation stations Part 2: A static neural and a recurrent neural model

2012 ◽  
pp. 626-644
Author(s):  
Maciej Dobrowolski ◽  
Jan Iciek
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Neural Model ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Neural Models ◽  
Colour Measurements ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Colour Changes

Part 1 of this article (Dobrowolski and Iciek, 2012) demonstrates how the predictions of classic mathematical models of sugar juice colour during their concentration in evaporator stations prove to be effective only for preliminary evaporator stages (1, 2, 3) – that is, while the formation of juice colour is still relatively weak. Additionally, the application of classic models to simulate juice-colour changes during redesign or modification of the evaporator station reflects poor compatibility with measurement data, specifically for the Smejkal model, Vukov model and de Visser model (Dobrowolski and Iciek, 2012). Therefore, two neural models were developed for raising thin juice colour in an evaporator station, and are presented in this part of the article. They are a neural (classic) model without feedback and a recurrent neural model (with feedback). Because the classic neural model did not sufficiently simulate juice-colour formation in the evaporator station, the recurrent neural model was developed to use feedback from measured juice colour. The recurrent neural model for colour measurements requires only the thin juice colour and process conditions in sequential apparatuses of the evaporator station. In addition, this model includes the initial pH value of thin juice and the initial concentration of invert sugar. The prediction results from the recurrent model correlate with the measurement results at the level of R2sim.ANN = 0.98 (for n ~ 780 industrial measurements). For this model, the mean prediction error of juice colour formation is øsim.ANN = 98 IU – a value several times lower than analogous errors resulting from the use of classic mathematical models. The data for design and accordingly revision of classic and neural models were collected during the research performed in four sugar factories operated by Südzucker Polska between 2005 and 2009. The proposed neural model (ANN) of rising sugar juice colour in sugar evaporator stations, presented in this paper, has been compared with three classic models (those of Vukov, de Visser and Smejkal).

Optimization of Degrading Poly-Containing Wastewater Conditions of Mixed Bacteria by Orthogonal Experiments

2012 ◽  
Vol 550-553 ◽  
pp. 2386-2390
Author(s):  
Jiang Hong Liu ◽  
Rui Dan Xu ◽  
Yang Pan ◽  
Yuan Ying Wang
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Inoculum Size ◽  
Optimum Process ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Activation Time ◽  
Orthogonal Experiments ◽  
Phosphorus Sources ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Mixed Bacteria

The factor influencing on the mixed bacteria to degrade wastewater containing poly-containing conditions were optimized. Crude oil as a source of carbon, the effects of nitrogen sources, phosphorus sources, time, inoculation amount, temperature, mineralization content, initial pH value and activation time on degrading poly-containing wastewater were investigated by experiment of single factor and orthogonal experiments. The optimum process conditions were as follows: polyacrylamide (HPAM) which comes from waste water as a source of nitrogen, without other nitrogen source, K2HPO4 was phosphorus sources, the microorganisms activation time was 2, incubation time was 3d, initial pH value was 7, the inoculum size was 5%(v/v), incubation temperature was 35°C, the mineralization degree was 4000 mg•L-1. The main factors affecting degradation rate was nitrogen sources, time, pH, activation time, inoculum size and mineralization content.

scholarly journals Effect of Chloride Ions on Electro-Coagulation to Treat Industrial Wastewater Containing Cu and Ni

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 7693
Author(s):  
Chien-Hung Huang ◽  
Shan-Yi Shen ◽  
Chiu-Wen Chen ◽  
Cheng-Di Dong ◽  
Mohanraj Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Printed Circuit Board ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Circuit Board ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Coagulation System ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
Electro Coagulation

A series of experiments with different NaCl concentrations added to the PCB (printed circuit board) wastewater were prepared to investigate the chloride effect on the formation of aluminum floc and removal efficiency of Cu and Ni. The effects of pH, current density, and different concentration of NaCl were studied and the results are discussed. Results imply that chloride ions are favored to avoid the passivation of the aluminum anode in the EC (electro-coagulation) system. Chloride ions used as the electrolyte can facilitate the release of Al3+, which results in the current efficiency of over 100% in the EC system. For the PCB factory’s wastewater, the EC system could remove Cu2+ and Ni2+ effectively (both Cu and Ni concentration of treated wastewater was less than 1.0 mg/L within three minutes). PCB wastewater’s pH value could maintain stably about 9.0 in the EC system when the initial pH value was around 2.5. The estimated electricity consumption for treating PCB wastewater by the EC process was about 0.894 kWh for each meter of cubic wastewater.

scholarly journals Removal of chromium(III) from aqueous waste solution by liquid–liquid extraction in a circular microchannel

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (9) ◽  
pp. 2313-2320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Hong Luo ◽  
Jun Li ◽  
Lei Guo ◽  
Xin Hua Zhu ◽  
Shuang Dai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Waste Solution ◽  
Aqueous Waste ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Circular Microchannel ◽  
Inner Diameter ◽  
Optimized Conditions ◽  
Microchannel Device

Abstract A new circular microchannel device has been proposed for the removal of chromium(III) from aqueous waste solution by using kerosene as a diluent and (2-ethylhexyl) 2-ethylhexyl phosphonate as an extractant. The proposed device has several advantages such as a flexible and easily adaptable design, easy maintenance, and cheap setup without the requirement of microfabrication. To study the extraction efficiency and advantages of the circular microchannel device in the removal of chromium(III), the effects of various operating conditions such as the inner diameter of the channel, the total flow velocity, the phase ratio, the initial pH of aqueous waste solution, the reaction temperature and the initial concentration of extractant on the extraction efficiency are investigated and the optimal process conditions are obtained. The results show that chromium(III) in aqueous waste solution can be effectively removed with (2-ethylhexyl) 2-ethylhexyl phosphonate in the circular microchannel. Under optimized conditions, an extraction efficiency of chromium(III) of more than 99% can be attained and the aqueous waste solution can be discharged directly, which can meet the Chinese national emission standards.

Study of Advanced Oxidation Technology on Post Treatment Wastewater of Pulp & Paper Mills

2014 ◽  
Vol 955-959 ◽  
pp. 2697-2700
Author(s):  
Ting Zhi Liu ◽  
Shuai Li ◽  
Fang Chang ◽  
Hao Yu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Fenton Oxidation ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Paper Mills ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Advanced Oxidation Technology ◽  
Oxidation Technology ◽  
Optimized Conditions

In this article, Fenton oxidation treatment technology was employed to the improving of quality of post treated wastewater from pulp & paper mills in order to increase the recycling ratio of final treated wastewater. The reaction conditions were optimized through single-factor experiments and the removal of color were tested for the optimizing. It was found in this study that the color of Fenton oxidation treated water was variegated with the extending of settling time. The optimized conditions were: Dosage of H2O2 was 682.1mg/L(30% m/m), 1.5 times theoretical consumption, 205mg/L FeSO47H2O (H2O2:FeSO4=15:1), the initial pH and the reaction time were 4.5 and 40min, respectively. The removal of the color and COD were 51.3% and 80% after Fenton treatment. GC-MS analysis shown that the contents of organic extracts and most of organic compounds reduced significantly after the oxidational treatment.

The Process Conditions of Extracting Polysaccharides from Dendrocalamus latiflorus by Cellulase

2014 ◽  
Vol 1073-1076 ◽  
pp. 1804-1807
Author(s):  
Xie Ma ◽  
Yue Sheng Zhong ◽  
Feng Zheng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Cool Water ◽  
Dendrocalamus Latiflorus ◽  
Hydrolysis Temperature ◽  
Traditional Process ◽  
Optimized Conditions

The study is focused on the extracting polysaccharide from Dendrocalamus latiflorus with assisted enzyme and cool water to maintain its biological activity. The optimized conditions for the cellulase process are listed as follows The enzymatic hydrolysis temperature stays 50°C. The mass fraction of cellulase (MFC) is 0.4% on the basis of the mass of dry leaves. The volume of water added in is 20mL on the basis of the mass of dry leaves and the pH value of buffer solution remains 4.6. Under these conditions, the ratio of polysaccharides (RP) can be 0.92% after two extractions for 180min in total and its RP is 12.05% higher than the traditional process.

The Effect of Metallic and Ionic Species on the Performance of a Biological Effluent Treatment System

1977 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-212
Author(s):  
B. Volesky ◽  
Q. Samak ◽  
P. Waller
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Threshold Concentration ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Organic Load ◽  
Metallic Ions ◽  
Activated Sludge Systems

Abstract Review of the available results appearing in the recent literature is presented focusing particularly upon the effects of metallic ions such as Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg, V, Zn, Ni and Co. Some original data involving the effects of Na are presented and discussed. Development of parameters used in evaluating the influence of toxic or inhibitory species on the mixed microbial population of an activated sludge system is of crucial importance and different techniques employed such as BOD-COD-TOC-removal rates, Oxygen Uptake Rate, and others are discussed, showing relative inadequacy of currently applied assays. From the data available, certain trends can be discerned. There is a definite threshold concentration for each metallic ion, depending on the organic load of the feed. In the order of increasing toxicity to activated sludge systems reflected in lower BOD removals the following metals have been listed as inhibiting factors at concentrations starting from 1 ppm applied on a continuous basis: hexavalent chromium, cobalt, zinc, cadmium, trivalent chromium, copper and nickel. Metals in combination have not been reported to exhibit any significantly different effects as compared to those observed with individually introduced metallic ions. Tolerance of some activated sludge systems to shock loadings by various inorganic ions and metals is reviewed. The conclusions are of particular importance for estimating the performance of biox systems handling industrial effluents which are likely to contain toxic components of inorganic or metallic nature.

The Efficiency of a Biological Activated Sludge Effluent Treatment Plant with Extended Aeration

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rurik Skogman ◽  
Reino Lammi
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Chlorinated Phenols ◽  
Forest Products Industry ◽  
Effluent Treatment Plant ◽  
Closed Systems ◽  
Treating Effluent

The requirements imposed on the Finnish forest products industry by the water authorities have focused on the reduction of BOD and suspended solids in the wastewaters. The industry has tried to comply with these requirements, first through internal measures such as process changes and closed systems. When these have not been sufficient, external treatment has been resorted to. The Wilh. Schauman Company in Jakobstad has chosen activated sludge with extended aeration from among the available methods for treating effluent. The plant has operated since the beginning of 1986 with extremely good results. In addition to the reduction of BOD and suspended solids, there has been a marked decrease of chlorinated phenols. Chlorinated substances with higher molecular weight are also removed during the process.

Comparison of Cell Culture and a Poliovirus Gene Probe Assay for the Detection of Enteroviruses in Environmental Water Samples

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 311-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron B. Margolin ◽  
Charles P. Gerba ◽  
Kenneth J. Richardson ◽  
Jaime E. Naranjo
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Cdna Probe ◽  
Culture Method ◽  
Tidal River ◽  
Nucleic Acid Hybridization ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Gene Probe ◽  
Naturally Occurring

Nucleic acid hybridization provides a rapid non-cell culture method for the detection of enteric viruses in water. The purpose of this work was to compare the detection of naturally occurring enteroviruses by cell culture with their detection by a poliovirus gene probe in various types of water samples. Samples of activated sludge effluent, tertiary treated wastewater (activated sludge, filtration and passage through reverse osmosis), ground water, surface water and tidal river water were processed through 1 MDS Virozorb filters to concentrate any naturally occurring virus. Viruses were eluted from the filters with pH 9.5 beef extract and reduced in volume by flocculation to 20-30 ml. These concentrates were then assayed in the BGM cell line by the cytopathogenic effects (CPE) method and by a poliovirus cDNA probe (base pairs 115-7440) labeled with 32P. A total of 233 samples were assayed in this manner. In slightly more than 93% of the samples gene probe and cell culture yielded the same results. Of these samples 36 were positive by gene probe and 28 by cell culture assay. Positive samples for gene probe were confirmed by treatment with NaOH or RNAse and then reprobed. Samples demonstrating CPE upon primary passage were confirmed positive by subsequent passage of cell lysate on a new monolayer of BGM cells. Ten samples were positive by gene probe and negative by cell culture, and 4 samples were negative by gene probe and positive by cell culture.

Chemical characterization and biotreatability of effluents from an integrated alkaline-peroxide mechanical pulping/machine finish coated (APMP/MFC) paper mill

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 7-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Schnell ◽  
M. J. Sabourin ◽  
S. Skog ◽  
M. Garvie
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Aquatic Toxicity ◽  
Wood Chip ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Alkaline Peroxide ◽  
Conventional Activated Sludge ◽  
Treated Effluent

As part of an extensive audit of the Alkaline-Peroxide Mechanical Pulping (APMPTM) plant at the Malette Quebec Inc. mill in St. Raymond, Que., effluents were sampled from various stages of the process for comprehensive chemical characterizations, aquatic toxicity testing and anaerobic biotreatability assessments. In addition, untreated and secondary treated combined effluent from the integrated paper mill were sampled to determine the effectiveness of a conventional activated sludge process at the mill site. During the one-day sampling period, the APMP plant processed a mixed wood furnish consisting of 50% spruce/balsam fir and 50% aspen, with a chemical charge of 3.5% sodium hydroxide and 3.8% hydrogen peroxide on oven-dry fibre, while the Machine Finish Coated (MFC) paper production rate was 100 odt/d (oven dry metric tonnes per day). Measured production-specific contaminant discharge loadings from the novel APMP process were 56 kg BOD5/odt and 155 kg COD/odt in a combined effluent flow of 28 m3/odt. Sources of process effluent were chip washing, three stages of wood chip pretreatment and chemical impregnation (i.e., Impressafiner stages), interstate washing and pulp cleaning. The three Impressafiner pressates were found to be the most concentrated (i.e., 12-26 g COD/L) and toxic streams. Microtox testing of the pressates revealed EC50 concentrations of 0.07-0.34% v/v. The warm and concentrated effluents generated by the non-sulphur APMP process were found to be highly amenable to anaerobic degradation as determined by batch bioassay testing. Filterable BOD5 and COD(f) of the process effluents were reduced by 87-95% and 70-77%, respectively, with corresponding theoretical methane yields being attained. Acid-soluble dissolved lignin compounds exhibited biorecalcitrance, as revealed by limited removals of 34-55%, and were the main constituents contributing to residual COD(f), while resin and fatty acids (RFA) were reduced by 80-94%. The conservatively operated full scale activated sludge treatment process achieved a similar high 74% COD(f) removal from the whole mill effluent, while BOD5 and RFA reductions were virtually complete and the treated effluent was non-toxic, as measured by Microtox.

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