Early to middle Eocene calcareous nannofossils of the SW Pacific: Paleobiogeography and paleoclimate

<p>Earth’s climate underwent a long-term warming trend from the late Paleocene to early Eocene (~58–51 Ma), with global temperature reaching a sustained maximum during the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO; 53–50 Ma). Geochemical proxies indicate tropical or warm subtropical sea-surface temperature (SST) conditions in middle and high latitudes in the early Eocene, implying a very low latitudinal temperature gradient. This study investigates whether calcareous nannofossil assemblages in the southwest (SW) Pacific provide evidence of these conditions at middle latitudes in the early to middle Eocene, particularly during the EECO. Specifically, this study documents the biogeographic changes of warm- and cold-water nannofossil species along a paleolatitudinal transect through the EECO to track changes in water masses/ocean circulation at that time. Early to middle Eocene calcareous nannofossil assemblages were examined from four sites along a latitudinal transect in the SW Pacific, extending from Lord Howe Rise in the north to Campbell Plateau in the south and spanning a paleolatitude of ~46–54°S. All of the sections studied in this project span nannofossil zones NP10–16 (Martini, 1971). The data indicate up to three regional unconformities through the sections: at mid-Waipara, Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Site 207 and 277, part or all of Zone NP10 (lower Waipawan) is missing; at Sites 207 and 277 a possible hiatus occurs within NP12 (upper Waipawan–lower Mangaorapan); and at all sites part or all of Zone NP15 (lower Bortonian) is missing. Results of this study indicate that nannofossil assemblages in the SW Pacific are more similar to floras at temperate to polar sites rather than those at tropical/subtropical sites. However, variations in the relative abundance of key species in the SW Pacific are broadly consistent with the trends seen in the geochemical proxy records: an increase in warm-water taxa coincided with the EECO, corroborating geochemical evidence for a temperature maximum in the SW Pacific during this interval. The increase in the abundance and diversity of warm-water taxa and decrease in the abundance of cool-water taxa through the EECO supports previous suggestions that a warm-water mass (northward of the proto-Tasman Front) extended to ~55°S paleolatitude during this interval in response to enhanced poleward heat transport and intensification of the proto-East Australian Current. At the southernmost site, DSDP Site 277, a relatively short-lived influx of warm-water taxa at ~51 Ma suggests that warm waters expanded south at this time. However, greater diversity and abundance of warm-water taxa throughout the EECO at DSDP Site 207, suggests that the proto-East Australian Current exerted greater influence at this latitude for a longer duration than at Site 277. An increase in the abundance of cool-water taxa and decrease in diversity and abundance of warm-water taxa at all sites is recorded following the termination of the EECO. This corresponds with the contraction of the proto-Tasman Front due to weakened proto-East Australian Current flow and associated amplification of the proto-Ross Gyre. Previous estimates of SSTs from geochemical proxies in the SW Pacific during the EECO indicate that there was virtually no latitudinal temperature gradient and temperatures were tropical to subtropical (>20°C). However, nannofossil data from this study indicate warm temperate conditions (~15–20°C) during the EECO, suggesting that a reduced latitudinal gradient was maintained through this interval, which is in agreement with climate models.</p>

Early to middle Eocene calcareous nannofossils of the SW Pacific: Paleobiogeography and paleoclimate

<p>Earth’s climate underwent a long-term warming trend from the late Paleocene to early Eocene (~58–51 Ma), with global temperature reaching a sustained maximum during the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO; 53–50 Ma). Geochemical proxies indicate tropical or warm subtropical sea-surface temperature (SST) conditions in middle and high latitudes in the early Eocene, implying a very low latitudinal temperature gradient. This study investigates whether calcareous nannofossil assemblages in the southwest (SW) Pacific provide evidence of these conditions at middle latitudes in the early to middle Eocene, particularly during the EECO. Specifically, this study documents the biogeographic changes of warm- and cold-water nannofossil species along a paleolatitudinal transect through the EECO to track changes in water masses/ocean circulation at that time. Early to middle Eocene calcareous nannofossil assemblages were examined from four sites along a latitudinal transect in the SW Pacific, extending from Lord Howe Rise in the north to Campbell Plateau in the south and spanning a paleolatitude of ~46–54°S. All of the sections studied in this project span nannofossil zones NP10–16 (Martini, 1971). The data indicate up to three regional unconformities through the sections: at mid-Waipara, Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Site 207 and 277, part or all of Zone NP10 (lower Waipawan) is missing; at Sites 207 and 277 a possible hiatus occurs within NP12 (upper Waipawan–lower Mangaorapan); and at all sites part or all of Zone NP15 (lower Bortonian) is missing. Results of this study indicate that nannofossil assemblages in the SW Pacific are more similar to floras at temperate to polar sites rather than those at tropical/subtropical sites. However, variations in the relative abundance of key species in the SW Pacific are broadly consistent with the trends seen in the geochemical proxy records: an increase in warm-water taxa coincided with the EECO, corroborating geochemical evidence for a temperature maximum in the SW Pacific during this interval. The increase in the abundance and diversity of warm-water taxa and decrease in the abundance of cool-water taxa through the EECO supports previous suggestions that a warm-water mass (northward of the proto-Tasman Front) extended to ~55°S paleolatitude during this interval in response to enhanced poleward heat transport and intensification of the proto-East Australian Current. At the southernmost site, DSDP Site 277, a relatively short-lived influx of warm-water taxa at ~51 Ma suggests that warm waters expanded south at this time. However, greater diversity and abundance of warm-water taxa throughout the EECO at DSDP Site 207, suggests that the proto-East Australian Current exerted greater influence at this latitude for a longer duration than at Site 277. An increase in the abundance of cool-water taxa and decrease in diversity and abundance of warm-water taxa at all sites is recorded following the termination of the EECO. This corresponds with the contraction of the proto-Tasman Front due to weakened proto-East Australian Current flow and associated amplification of the proto-Ross Gyre. Previous estimates of SSTs from geochemical proxies in the SW Pacific during the EECO indicate that there was virtually no latitudinal temperature gradient and temperatures were tropical to subtropical (>20°C). However, nannofossil data from this study indicate warm temperate conditions (~15–20°C) during the EECO, suggesting that a reduced latitudinal gradient was maintained through this interval, which is in agreement with climate models.</p>

Stratigraphy and petrophysical characteristics of Lower Paleocene cool-water carbonates, Faxe quarry, Denmark

The Faxe limestone quarry in eastern Denmark exposes Danian (Lower Paleocene) cool-water carbonate deposits. They constitute remnants of an apparent build-up that covers about 12 km2 today. The Danian deposits at Faxe are conspicuous due to their pronounced thickness of coral limestone relative to the regional carbonate system. In the Faxe quarry, scleractinian corals are uniquely exposed in up to 30 m high mounds. The rapid accumulation of scleractinians combined with induration of the mounds may locally have protected the limestone from Quaternary glacial erosion and created a Danian thickness anomaly at Faxe. The position of Faxe above a local fault-bounded basement high and the extent of coral limestone has been better defined by new mapping. A mapped lithostratigraphic surface in the quarry reveals the large-scale organisation of nested bryozoan mounds on three elongated ridges striking NW–SE. The main scleractinian coral mounds are located above this horizon. Data for reservoir characterisation, mainly of the bryozoan mounds, were collected as photographs of the outcrop, petrophysical and petrographical data from cored boreholes, and as ground-penetrating radar sections. Old boreholes and measured sections were used to reconstruct the build-up, and new nannofossil data allow a discussion of stratigraphy and accumulation rate. The petrophysical data show that common mound-building bryozoan packstone has higher permeability and lower capillary entry pressure than chalk, whereas less commonly occurring grain-dominated packstone and grainstone deposits from local higher-energy sites of the mound complex were found to have reduced amounts of coccolith mud, significantly higher permeability and a higher degree of lithification. Based on biostratigraphic age constraints, correlation of flint – limestone couplets and recog-nised hierarchical patterns, we develop a cyclostratigraphy for the middle Danian and suggest that cyclicity in lithology and petrophysical characteristics of bryozoan limestone are controlled by precession and eccentricity of the orbit of the Earth.

Suggestion and diuresis. N. Marx (Klin. Woch., 1926, no. 3)

N. Marx (Klin. Woch., 1926, No. 3) euthanized patients, every 5-10 minutes. after the onset of hypnosis, determining their blood Hb, and after 1/2 hour, simultaneously with applying an empty glass to their mouths, instilled in the patients that they were drinking a lot of cool water.

A novel acyl hydrazone schiff’s bases of benzimidazole-2-thiol

A series of novel acyl hydrazone derivatives of benzimidazole-2-thiol were synthesized. The acylhydrazide was condensed with a series of aromatic substituted aldehydes to yield the tetra decylhydrazone Schiff”s bases of benzimidazole-2-thiol. The acylhydrazide was taken in methanol in round bottom flask added 2-3 drops acetic acid and refluxed on hotplate the reaction mixture was monitored with TLC. After completion of reaction the product was precipitated in ice cool water, washed and dried. The synthesized compounds were screened for different biological activities such as antimicrobial, antihistamine, neutropic, analgesic, antiprotozoal, antimalarial, antiallergic, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, anti-tubercular and have shown a good results.

State of the California Current 2019–2020: Back to the Future With Marine Heatwaves?

The California Current System (CCS) has experienced large fluctuations in environmental conditions in recent years that have dramatically affected the biological community. Here we synthesize remotely sensed, hydrographic, and biological survey data from throughout the CCS in 2019–2020 to evaluate how recent changes in environmental conditions have affected community dynamics at multiple trophic levels. A marine heatwave formed in the north Pacific in 2019 and reached the second greatest area ever recorded by the end of summer 2020. However, high atmospheric pressure in early 2020 drove relatively strong Ekman-driven coastal upwelling in the northern portion of the CCS and warm temperature anomalies remained far offshore. Upwelling and cooler temperatures in the northern CCS created relatively productive conditions in which the biomass of lipid-rich copepod species increased, adult krill size increased, and several seabird species experienced positive reproductive success. Despite these conditions, the composition of the fish community in the northern CCS remained a mixture of both warm- and cool-water-associated species. In the southern CCS, ocean temperatures remained above average for the seventh consecutive year. Abundances of juvenile fish species associated with productive conditions were relatively low, and the ichthyoplankton community was dominated by a mixture of oceanic warm-water and cosmopolitan species. Seabird species associated with warm water also occurred at greater densities than cool-water species in the southern CCS. The population of northern anchovy, which has been resurgent since 2017, continued to provide an important forage base for piscivorous fishes, offshore colonies of seabirds, and marine mammals throughout the CCS. Coastal upwelling in the north, and a longer-term trend in warming in the south, appeared to be controlling the community to a much greater extent than the marine heatwave itself.

Origins of Values Differences: A Two-Level Analysis of Economic, Climatic and Parasite Stress Explanations in the Value Domain

What variables are associated with cross-cultural differences in values at the individual level? In this study, the statistical effect of variables associated with ecological demands and available economic and cognitive resources on self-reported values are investigated in two independent samples to test the replicability of effects. Values are operationalized using a 10-item version inspired by Schwartz’ value theory. The effects of national wealth, climatic demands, availability of cool water, and parasite stress at the national level are used to predict value scores of individuals within nations using nationally representative data from all inhabited continents ( k = 49 and k = 58; Ns = 64,491 and 81,991). Using mixed-effect models, new insights into individual- and nation-level dynamics in value scores are provided. First, the paper extends previous cultural theories to the individual level by investigating the effects of education and personal income as individual-level resources. Both personal income and education have strong direct effects on value scores. Second, higher education acts as a cognitive resource which turns climatic demands into challenges, effectively unpackaging nation-level theorizing with individual level dynamics. Third, contrary to previous nation-level research, parasite stress was not a significant predictor of individual-level values. Forth, supporting recent theorizing, individuals located in cool water regions reported significantly higher self-transcendence values. Fifth, the effects of wealth on openness values were convergent and reinforcing across levels (higher wealth is associated with more openness values), but operated in opposing directions for self-transcendence values (national wealth is associated with self-transcendent values, individual wealth is associated with self-enhancing values). The current patterns suggest that cultural research needs to pay more attention to individual versus nation-level dynamics and increase replication efforts with independent samples.

PSI-11 Evaluation of Electronically Controlled Cooling Pad Flush Rates on Heat Stressed Gilts

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of electronically controlled cooling pads on measures of physiological responses in HS gilts. The study utilized 12 gilts randomly assigned into one of three treatment groups [Control(CN), flush 2.0 L cool water over 30 s every 4 min(F4), or flush 2.0 L over 30 s every 8 min(F8)] in a Latin Square design and replicated 12 times(2 repetitions/d over 6 d). Gilts were housed in farrowing crates and fed 1.2 kg at 0700 and 1300 h daily. On d 1 to 3(6 repetitions) the room was gradually heated from 18ºC to 32ºC, while on d 4 to 6 the room was gradually heated from 18ºC to 35ºC starting at 0730 or 1330 h. Once the temperature was achieved, cooling pads were turned on and the temperature was maintained for 2.5 h. Two baseline measurements were taken of respiration rates(RR), skin temperature through thermal imaging(IRTemp), and vaginal temperature(VTemp) before room heating began and then recorded every 20 minutes after pads were turned on. Measurements at the end of HS(PostH) and the change in values during the HS period(DIFF) were evaluated using PROC mixed of SAS. Gilts in F4 and F8 had lower RR than CN for PostH for both 32ºC and 35ºC (P&lt; .05). DIFF in RR was less in F4 and F8 than in CN[(32ºC, P=.097) and (35ºC, P=.005)]. There was a tendency for DIFF in Vtemp at 32ºC between treatments (P=.064) but had no effect by treatment for PostH (P=.534). There was no effect in PostH and DIFF for IRTemp between treatments for 32ºC and 35ºC. PostH and DIFF for VTemp were significant at 35ºC (P=.009 and P=.001). PostH for RR was different at 35 ºC and 32 ºC (P=.0074; P=.0472) with F4 and F8 lesser and CN. In conclusion, cooling pads, regardless of flush rate, had positive impacts on physiological indicators of HS.

New Permian radiolarians from east Asia and the quantitative reconstruction of their evolutionary and ecological significances

The biostratigraphically important Permian radiolarian genera Pseudoalbaillella sensu stricto and Follicucullus (Follicucullidae, Polycystinea) are discriminated by morphological gaps in their wings and segmentation. Previous statistical analyses demonstrated that Longtanella fills morphological gaps between these two genera. Longtanella has long been regarded as a junior synonym of Parafollicucullus, and only a few species have been described. Herein several true Longtanella species are recognized from South China, and eight new species and five indeterminate species are described and illustrated to prove the validity of the genus Longtanella. In addition, a new genus, Parafollicucullinoides gen. nov., is described. Their palaeogeographic distributions and living environments are explored by applying correspondence analysis (CA), with occurrence datasets of selected fusulinacean genera from the Japanese Islands, China and Sundaland. CA results indicate that Longtanella was present to a limited extent in warmer conditions in the fusulinacean Province B and C during Kungurian–Roadian time, and possibly lived above the thermocline and below the deepest limit of fusulinaceans. The Pseudoalbaillella and the Follicucullus group preferred open ocean conditions, living below the thermocline and distributed not only in the ‘Equatorial Warm Water Province’, but also the northern peri-Gondwana Cool Water Province and the southern North Cool Water Province.