Application of Process Control in Production of Biocellulose: A Case Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 754-755 ◽  
pp. 960-963
Author(s):  
Norliza Abd Rahman ◽  
Muhammad Atif Azhari Mohd Azmi ◽  
Mohd Izzuddin Ahmad Zainuri ◽  
Stephina Lupang Laing ◽  
Norasila Kasim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Process Control ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Freezing Process ◽  
Yield Production ◽  
Plant Capacity ◽  
Simple Carbohydrate

This paper describes a design of industrial modelling process of bacterial cellulose production. The main factors for the economic unfeasibility of this production are raw material price, plant capacity and capital cost. The purpose of this modelling is developing, studying, and evaluating process control technology in order to achieve low-cost preparation and high biocellulose (BC) production in industrial scale. In this model, glucose, a simple carbohydrate has been chosen as the carbon source. The aerobic fermentation ofAcetobacterxylinumis regulated at particular temperature and pH to ensure maximum yield production. This fermentation process involves six stages that are sterilization, inoculation, fermentation, treatment, waste removal and drying/freezing. Nineteen streams will control and monitor the whole processes. The waste will undergo treatment in NaOH tank followed by sedimentation tank and filtration process for removal. Meanwhile, the BC is purified through drying and freezing process to preserve the product from contamination. This design shows that modelling is a powerful methodology for predicting and prioritizing methods of re‐engineering an industrial process in order to achieve greater performance.

Analysis of the contribution of waste sorting plants to the reverse processes of supply chains

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel A Sellitto ◽  
Francieli A de Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chains ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Vulnerable Communities ◽  
Historical Series ◽  
Social Importance ◽  
Qualitative Part ◽  
Recycled Material

The purpose of this article is to analyse the contribution of waste sorting plants to the reverse processes of supply chains. The research method is the double case study of two Brazilian waste sorting plants. The research techniques were the analysis of reports, interviews, participant observation, and statistical analysis of historical series of production. The qualitative part of the study concluded that the main roles of waste sorting plants are the supply of local industry with recycled low-cost raw material or to recover energy as fuel, environment development by reducing the use of controlled landfills, and social support to the municipality by reducing public health liabilities and generating jobs and income for vulnerable communities. The quantitative part of the study observed two systemic behaviours. In the first sorting plant, external elements reacted to an expressive increase of the production and limit the current outcome. The second sorting plant is a bottleneck. Despite the availability of waste and demand for recycled material, the sorting plant does not achieve increased production. Owing to the economic, environmental, and social importance of sorting plants to the region, further research should focus on these two systemic behaviours. The main contribution of the study is the integration of elements observed in supply chains and in waste management studies to form a plausible basis of hypotheses for a further survey. Another contribution is to offer information to practitioners on the importance of recycling in the reverse process of the supply chains.

scholarly journals Simple and Rapid Synthesis of Calcium Acetate from Scallop Shells to Reduce Environmental Issues

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Montree Thongkam ◽  
Jinnaput Saelim ◽  
Banjong Boonchom ◽  
Somkiat Seesanong ◽  
Kittichai Chaiseeda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Thermal Transformation ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Calcium Acetate ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Advanced Materials ◽  
Sustainable Resources ◽  
Scallop Shells

The search for sustainable resources remains a subject of global interest. Calcium acetate used in many fields was prepared using waste scallop shell as a raw material, and its physicochemical properties were investigated. The waste scallop shells were transformed to calcium acetate compounds by reactions with four acetic acid concentrations at ambient temperature until the completely dried powder is obtained. The maximum yield of 87% with short reaction time at a low temperature was observed in the reaction of 60%w/w acetic acid with scallop shells. Thermal transformation reactions of all prepared calcium acetate samples revealed temperature conditions for heating to produce other advanced materials. FTIR and XRD results confirmed the purity and solid phase of all prepared calcium acetate samples, and they were compared with those of literatures and found to be well consistent. The obtained timber-like particles have different sizes depending on the acetic acid concentration. This work reports an easy and low-cost method with no environmental effect to produce cheap calcium products to be used in the industry.

scholarly journals Towards an Access Economy Model for Industrial Process Control: A Bulk Tailings Treatment Plant Case Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (21) ◽  
pp. 121-126
Author(s):  
L.L. Rokebrand ◽  
J.J. Burchell ◽  
L.E. Olivier ◽  
I.K. Craig
Keyword(s):  
Process Control ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
Economy Model ◽  
Industrial Process Control

Catalysis-a potential alternative to kraft pulping

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 13-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALAN W. RUDIE ◽  
PETER W. HART
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽  
Kraft Pulping ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Protic Ionic Liquids ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Process Cost ◽  
Areas Of Interest

A thorough analysis of the kraft pulping process makes it obvious why it has dominated for over a century as an industrial process with no replacement in sight. It uses low-cost raw materials; collects and regenerates over 90% of the chemicals needed in the process; and is indifferent to wood raw material and good at preserving the cellulose portion of the wood, the part that provides strong fibers. Although the process is odiferous, extremely capital intensive, and very poor at preserving hemicellulose yield, no alternatives have been able to replace it for process cost and product quality. There is a misconception that no new pulping processes have been discovered since the discovery of kraft pulping. Besides the minor adjustments—such as anthraquinone or polysulfide— chlorine, chlorite, and peracetic acid holopulping were discovered and evaluated decades ago. Various solvent pulping methods were discovered and evaluated in the 1980s and 1990s. This work continues with ionic solvents, deep eutectic solvents, and most recently protic ionic liquids. Where all these alternative processes fail is process cost. The chemicals are too expensive and too difficult to recover for use in a commercial process to produce wood pulp. The premise of this review is that the only way to achieve better performance and lower cost than the existing kraft pulping process will be a process using a catalyst to control and direct the reactions. With a high enough reaction rate and a sufficiently high number of turnovers, even an expensive catalyst can still be low cost. We reviewed the literature of existing pulping and delignification catalysts and propose research areas of interest for more intensive experimental efforts.

scholarly journals PENGARUH SUHU REAKSI DAN JUMLAH KATALIS PADA PEMBUATAN BIODIESEL DARI LIMBAH LEMAK SAPI DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN KATALIS HETEROGEN CaO DARI KULIT TELUR AYAM

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendi ◽  
Valentinoh Cuaca ◽  
Taslim
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Beef Tallow ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Acid Catalyzed ◽  
Methyl Ester Content

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel for diesel engines consisting of the alkyl monoesters from vegetable oils or animal fats. Beef tallow waste is the non-edible raw material with low cost production and the availability is huge in the cattle production. The objective of the study was to utilize beef tallow waste for biodiesel production using solid oxide catalyst which derived from the industrial eggshells. The materials calcined with temperature 900oC and time 2 hours, transformed calcium species in the shells into active CaO catalysts.The oil contained high free fatty acid (FFA) content of 1.86%. The FFA content of the oil was reduced by acid-catalyzed esterification. The product from this stage was subjected to produce biodiesel. Transesterification process reacts oil and methanol to produce methyl ester and glycerol. The produced methyl ester on the upper layer was separated from the glycerol and then washed. Effect of various process variables such as amount of catalyst and temperature were investigated. The biodiesel properties like methyl ester content, density, viscosity, and flash point was evaluated and was found to compare well with Indonesian Standard (SNI). Under the best condition, the maximum yield of 82.43% beef tallow methyl ester was obtained by using 9:1 molar ratio of methanol to beef tallow oil at 55oC, for a reaction time 1.5 hours in the presence 3 wt% of CaO catalyst. The results of this work showed that the use of beef tallow is very suitable as low cost feedstock for biodiesel production.

scholarly journals Economic and environmental side of the use of biotechnologies Case Study: Synthesis of some bioplastics from algae

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (42) ◽  
pp. 131-136
Author(s):  
Abeer Naesa ◽  
Reabal Mona ◽  
Ahmad Ibrahim Kara-Ali ◽  
Hussam Eddin Laika
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Biodegradable Plastics ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Alkaline Water ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Plastics Industry

Abstract Disposal of plastic waste is a serious problem, because plastics accumulate in the environment and cause significant pollution due to their degradability. Therefore, the main objective of this research was to reach the biodegradable plastics industry as alternatives to non-biodegradable plastics. And the existence of such biodegradable plastic must contribute in reducing the emission of harmful greenhouse gases and keeps the environment clean, and reduces the cost for pollution from the accumulation of plastic waste. Algae was used as a raw material for the production of bio-plastics because of its unique properties such as it grows rapidly and in large quantities at a low cost and grows in a variety of water environments throughout the year, which means that there is no risk in the difficulty of securing the raw materials needed for the production of bio-plastics The study concluded that the tested samples partially decomposed in fresh and alkaline water during a period of 26 days, which means a high dependence on algae to the production of bio plastics as an environmentally friendly industry.

scholarly journals PRODUKSI BIODIESEL DARI LEMAK SAPI DENGAN PROSES TRANSESTERIFIKASI DENGAN KATALIS BASA NaOH

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Ranggita Dwi Nindya Affandi ◽  
Toni Rizki Aruan ◽  
Taslim ◽  
Iriany
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Beef Tallow ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Reflux Condenser

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel commonly produced from vegetable oil or animal fat with methanol through transesterification. Beef tallow was used as a raw material of transesterification to make biodiesel, because the price of beef tallow was driven down by the market and to reduce the pollution to the surrounding. In this research variable observed were reaction temperature, reaction time and amount of catalyst. Transesterification was carried out in a three necked spherical Pyrex vessel equipped with reflux condenser, stirrer and thermometer. In the present investigation an attempt has been made to use beef tallow as low cost sustainable potential feedstock for biodiesel production by single step transesterification process. Under optimal condition, the maximum yield of 95,67 % beef tallow methyl ester was obtained by using 6 : 1 molar ratio of beef tallow to methanol at 50 oC for a reaction time 30 minutes in the presence of 0,8 wt% of NaOH catalyst. The biodiesel properties were comparable to Indonesian National Standard (SNI). The results of this work showed that the use of beef tallow is suitable for feedstock of biodiesel production with low cost.

Automation of Process Control in Chemical Plant

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-12
Author(s):  
Agus Sugiarta ◽  
Houtman P. Siregar ◽  
Dedy Loebis
Keyword(s):  
Process Control ◽  
Pid Control ◽  
Control Algorithm ◽  
Chemical Engineering ◽  
Chemical Plant ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Material Supply ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Inherent Problem

Automation of process control in chemical plant is an inspiring application field of mechatronicengineering. In order to understand the complexity of the automation and its application requireknowledges of chemical engineering, mechatronic and other numerous interconnected studies.The background of this paper is an inherent problem of overheating due to lack of level controlsystem. The objective of this research is to control the dynamic process of desired level more tightlywhich is able to stabilize raw material supply into the chemical plant system.The chemical plant is operated within a wide range of feed compositions and flow rates whichmake the process control become difficult. This research uses modelling for efficiency reason andanalyzes the model by PID control algorithm along with its simulations by using Matlab.

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