scholarly journals PENGARUH SUHU REAKSI DAN JUMLAH KATALIS PADA PEMBUATAN BIODIESEL DARI LIMBAH LEMAK SAPI DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN KATALIS HETEROGEN CaO DARI KULIT TELUR AYAM

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendi ◽  
Valentinoh Cuaca ◽  
Taslim
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Beef Tallow ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Acid Catalyzed ◽  
Methyl Ester Content

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel for diesel engines consisting of the alkyl monoesters from vegetable oils or animal fats. Beef tallow waste is the non-edible raw material with low cost production and the availability is huge in the cattle production. The objective of the study was to utilize beef tallow waste for biodiesel production using solid oxide catalyst which derived from the industrial eggshells. The materials calcined with temperature 900oC and time 2 hours, transformed calcium species in the shells into active CaO catalysts.The oil contained high free fatty acid (FFA) content of 1.86%. The FFA content of the oil was reduced by acid-catalyzed esterification. The product from this stage was subjected to produce biodiesel. Transesterification process reacts oil and methanol to produce methyl ester and glycerol. The produced methyl ester on the upper layer was separated from the glycerol and then washed. Effect of various process variables such as amount of catalyst and temperature were investigated. The biodiesel properties like methyl ester content, density, viscosity, and flash point was evaluated and was found to compare well with Indonesian Standard (SNI). Under the best condition, the maximum yield of 82.43% beef tallow methyl ester was obtained by using 9:1 molar ratio of methanol to beef tallow oil at 55oC, for a reaction time 1.5 hours in the presence 3 wt% of CaO catalyst. The results of this work showed that the use of beef tallow is very suitable as low cost feedstock for biodiesel production.

scholarly journals PRODUKSI BIODIESEL DARI LEMAK SAPI DENGAN PROSES TRANSESTERIFIKASI DENGAN KATALIS BASA NaOH

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Ranggita Dwi Nindya Affandi ◽  
Toni Rizki Aruan ◽  
Taslim ◽  
Iriany
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Beef Tallow ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Reflux Condenser

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel commonly produced from vegetable oil or animal fat with methanol through transesterification. Beef tallow was used as a raw material of transesterification to make biodiesel, because the price of beef tallow was driven down by the market and to reduce the pollution to the surrounding. In this research variable observed were reaction temperature, reaction time and amount of catalyst. Transesterification was carried out in a three necked spherical Pyrex vessel equipped with reflux condenser, stirrer and thermometer. In the present investigation an attempt has been made to use beef tallow as low cost sustainable potential feedstock for biodiesel production by single step transesterification process. Under optimal condition, the maximum yield of 95,67 % beef tallow methyl ester was obtained by using 6 : 1 molar ratio of beef tallow to methanol at 50 oC for a reaction time 30 minutes in the presence of 0,8 wt% of NaOH catalyst. The biodiesel properties were comparable to Indonesian National Standard (SNI). The results of this work showed that the use of beef tallow is suitable for feedstock of biodiesel production with low cost.

Current scenario of catalysts for biodiesel production: a critical review

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farrukh Jamil ◽  
Lamya Al-Haj ◽  
Ala’a H. Al-Muhtaseb ◽  
Mohab A. Al-Hinai ◽  
Mahad Baawain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Bifunctional Catalyst ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Homogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
Short Chain Alcohol

AbstractDue to increasing concerns about global warming and dwindling oil supplies, the world’s attention is turning to green processes that use sustainable and environmentally friendly feedstock to produce renewable energy such as biofuels. Among them, biodiesel, which is made from nontoxic, biodegradable, renewable sources such as refined and used vegetable oils and animal fats, is a renewable substitute fuel for petroleum diesel fuel. Biodiesel is produced by transesterification in which oil or fat is reacted with short chain alcohol in the presence of a catalyst. The process of transesterification is affected by the mode of reaction, molar ratio of alcohol to oil, type of alcohol, nature and amount of catalysts, reaction time, and temperature. Various studies have been carried out using different oils as the raw material; different alcohols (methanol, ethanol, butanol); different catalysts; notably homogeneous catalysts such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, and supercritical fluids; or, in some cases, enzymes such as lipases. This article focuses on the application of heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production because of their environmental and economic advantages. This review contains a detailed discussion on the advantages and feasibility of catalysts for biodiesel production, which are both environmentally and economically viable as compared to conventional homogeneous catalysts. The classification of catalysts into different categories based on a catalyst’s activity, feasibility, and lifetime is also briefly discussed. Furthermore, recommendations have been made for the most suitable catalyst (bifunctional catalyst) for low-cost oils to valuable biodiesel and the challenges faced by the biodiesel industry with some possible solutions.

Esterification of Waste Palm Oil in Wastewater Pond for Community Biodiesel Production

2014 ◽  
Vol 692 ◽  
pp. 133-138
Author(s):  
Athitan Timyamprasert ◽  
Vittaya Punsuvon ◽  
Kasem Chunkao ◽  
Juan L. Silva ◽  
Tae Jo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Optimum Condition ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Sulfuric Acid Concentration ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Methyl Ester Content

The aim of this research was to develop a two-step technique to prepare biodiesel from waste palm oil (WPO) with high free fatty acid content. The developed process consists of esterification and transesterification steps. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied for investigating the experimental design for esterification step. Design of experiment was performed by application of 5-levels-3-factors central composite design in order to study the optimum condition for decreasing FFA in WPO. The WPO with low FFA was further experimented in transesterification step to obtain fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The investigated results showed that the WPO containing 48.62%wt of high FFA. The optimum condition of esterification step was 28 moles of methanol to FFA in WPO molar ratio, 5.5% sulfuric acid concentration in 90 min of reaction time and 60 °C of reaction temperature. After transesterification step, WPO biodiesel gave methyl ester content at 84.05% according to EN 14103 method. The properties of WPO methyl ester meet the standards of Thailand community biodiesel that can be used as fuel in agricultural machine.

scholarly journals PROCESS OPTIMIZATION OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM CRUDE COCONUT SEEDS OIL USING CAO/AL2O3 AS HETEROGENEOUS CATALYST

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-97
Author(s):  
Jamilu Usman ◽  
Bashar Abdullahi Hadi ◽  
Buhari Idris ◽  
Umar Musa Tanko ◽  
Bashar Usman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Incipient Wetness Impregnation ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Animal Fats

Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel consisting of the alkyl monoesters of fatty acids from vegetable oils or animal fats. Biodiesel is a promising alternative fuel derived from animal fats or vegetable oil through transesterification with methanol. Base catalyzed transesterification is the most commonly used technique as it is the most economical process. Presently, a lot of heterogeneous catalysts have been formulated that are more effective than the homogeneous catalysts. CaO/Al2O3 was synthesized using incipient wetness impregnation method. The biodiesel was developed and optimized using Box-behnken response surface methodology (RSM) design provided using MINITAP-17 statistical software. The four independent variables considered are: reaction time, methanol to oil ratio, reaction temperature and catalyst concentration. The response chosen was fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yields which were obtained from the reaction. The result from analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a satisfactory result. Moreover, the input variables showed greater significance on the response which are reaction time and temperature base on F and P-value. The statistical models developed for predicting biodiesel yield revealed a significant agreement between the experimental and predicted values (R = 0.9686). An optimum methyl ester yield of 93.29 % was achieved with optimal conditions of methanol/oil molar ratio of 6:1, temperature of 600C, reaction time of 120 min and catalyst concentration of 1.0 wt%. The properties of the biodiesel produced also falls within the range prescribed by ASTM standard

scholarly journals Optimization of the Production of Enzymatic Biodiesel from Residual Babassu Oil (Orbignya sp.) via RSM

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katerine S. Moreira ◽  
Lourembergue S. Moura Júnior ◽  
Rodolpho R. C. Monteiro ◽  
André L. B. de Oliveira ◽  
Camila P. Valle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Enzymatic Esterification ◽  
Maximum Loss ◽  
Babassu Oil ◽  
Small Change ◽  
Optimized Conditions

Residual oil from babassu (Orbignya sp.), a low-cost raw material, was used in the enzymatic esterification for biodiesel production, using lipase B from Candida antarctica (Novozym® 435) and ethanol. For the first time in the literature, residual babassu oil and Novozym® 435 are being investigated to obtain biodiesel. In this communication, response surface methodology (RSM) and a central composite design (CCD) were used to optimize the esterification and study the effects of four factors (molar ratio (1:1–1:16, free fatty acids (FFAs) /alcohol), temperature (30–50 °C), biocatalyst content (0.05–0.15 g) and reaction time (2–6 h)) in the conversion into fatty acid ethyl esters. Under optimized conditions (1:18 molar ratio (FFAs/alcohol), 0.14 g of Novozym® 435, 48 °C and 4 h), the conversion into ethyl esters was 96.8%. It was found that after 10 consecutive cycles of esterification under optimal conditions, Novozym® 435 showed a maximum loss of activity of 5.8%, suggesting a very small change in the support/enzyme ratio proved by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and insignificant changes in the surface of Novozym® 435 proved by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after the 10 consecutive cycles of esterification.

scholarly journals PEMBUATAN BIODIESEL DARI RBDPO DENGAN KATALIS CANGKANG KEPAH

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 20-26
Author(s):  
M. Yusuf Ritonga ◽  
Anda Putra
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Flash Point ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Clam Shell ◽  
Low Emission ◽  
Methyl Ester Content

Biodiesel is a low-emission diesel fuel substitute made from renewable resources and waste oil. The objective of the study was to study of CaO catalysts in biodiesel production from RBDPO with clam shell catalyst through calcinations of CaCO3 with temperature of 900oC and 3.5 hours will be obtained CaO content of 68,35%. Effect of various process variables such as type of catalyst, reaction time, amount of catalyst and molar ratio of Methanol / oil were investigated. The biodiesel properties like methyl ester content, density, viscosity, and flash point was compared with Indonesian Standard (SNI). Under the best condition, the maximum yield, purity, density, viscosity and flash point of biodiesel RBDPO respectively for 84,0179%, 97,98%, 875,47 kg/m3, 4,99 cSt and 122oC was obtained by using 12:1 molar ratio of methanol to RBDPO oil at 60oC, for a reaction time of 2 hours in the presence 5 wt% of CaO catalyst. The results of this research showed that heterogeneous catalysts CaO derived from clam shell suitable to be used as catalysts in biodiesel production.

Preparation of KI-Impregnated Razor Clam Shell as a Catalyst and its Application in Biodiesel Production from Jatropha curcas Oil

2017 ◽  
Vol 744 ◽  
pp. 506-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Achanai Buasri ◽  
Pittayarat Chaibundit ◽  
Metawee Kuboonprasert ◽  
Arnan Silajan ◽  
Vorrada Loryuenyong
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Iodide ◽  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Solid Catalyst ◽  
Clam Shell ◽  
Razor Clam

Nowadays, utilization of biomass is considered to have the potential to solve many environmental problems and provide a source of renewable and environmentally-friendly energy. Research on green and low cost catalysts is needed for economical production of biodiesel. The goal of this work was to test potassium iodide (KI)-impregnated calcined razor clam shell as a heterogeneous catalyst for transesterification of Jatropha curcas oil in a microwave reactor. The effects of different preparation conditions on biodiesel yield were investigated and the structure of the catalyst was characterized. The raw material and the resulting solid catalyst were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The waste shell displays a typical layered architecture. The sample had the surface area 16.51 m2/g, pore diameter 22.18 nm and pore volume 0.14 cm3/g, and presented a uniform pore size. The highest fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield of 96.99% for potassium iodide-calcium oxide (KI-CaO) catalyst was obtained under the optimum condition (reaction time 5 min, microwave power 600 W, methanol/oil molar ratio 12:1, and catalyst dosage 3 wt%). It was showing potential applications of catalyst in biodiesel industry.

scholarly journals Application of calcium oxide as heterogeneous catalyst for ethylic transesterification of residual frying soybean oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. e12
Author(s):  
Djonathan Luiz Giordani Lenz ◽  
Pedro Vinnicius Caitano Guimarães ◽  
Liziara Da Costa Cabrera ◽  
Jonas Simon Dugatto ◽  
Bruno München Wenzel
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Frying Oil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Pre Treatment

Biodiesel can be produced through the transesterification reaction of a short-chain alcohol with a triacylglycerol, that can be obtained from vegetable oils or animal fats, in the presence of a catalyst. The use of ethanol as reactant is justified since its production is consolidated in Brazil. Among the heterogeneous catalysts, CaO shows potential in the transesterification reactions because it has a low cost, can be reused and is not corrosive. The recycling of frying oil for the production of biodiesel represents an alternative for the disposal of a waste and does not compete with the food industry. The residual oil and CaO were subjected to a pre-treatment before the transesterification reactions. A Box-Behnken experimental design was applied with 3 factors: temperature, ethanol:oil molar ratio and reaction time. The reactions were carried out in a batch reactor, in which oil, ethanol and the catalyst were added. The samples were vacuum filtered and conducted to a rotary evaporator, in order to remove excess ethanol. The resulting mixture was centrifuged and, subsequently, a sample was collected from the supernatant phase. The yield was determined by a mass balance based in the concentrations of acylglycerols, that were determined through an HPLC-UV methodology. A second-order linear regression model was built and validated through statistic tests with a 5% significance level. The optimized operational parameters are 15:1 ethanol:oil molar ratio, 81.2 ºC e 6 h of reaction. From the obtained results it can be inferred that it is feasible to use residual frying oil as raw material, ethanol as reactant and CaO as catalyst for the production of biodiesel.

Mango (Magnifera indica) seed oil grown in Dilla town as potential raw material for biodiesel production using NaOH- a homogeneous catalyst

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chem Int
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Pollution Prevention ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Homogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Minimal Amount

Biodiesel produced by transesterification process from vegetable oils or animal fats is viewed as a promising renewable energy source. Now a day’s diminishing of petroleum reserves in the ground and increasing environmental pollution prevention and regulations have made searching for renewable oxygenated energy sources from biomasses. Biodiesel is non-toxic, renewable, biodegradable, environmentally benign, energy efficient and diesel substituent fuel used in diesel engine which contributes minimal amount of global warming gases such as CO, CO2, SO2, NOX, unburned hydrocarbons, and particulate matters. The chemical composition of the biodiesel was examined by help of GC-MS and five fatty acid methyl esters such as methyl palmitate, methyl stearate, methyl oleate, methyl linoleate and methyl linoleneate were identified. The variables that affect the amount of biodiesel such as methanol/oil molar ratio, mass weight of catalyst and temperature were studied. In addition to this the physicochemical properties of the biodiesel such as (density, kinematic viscosity, iodine value high heating value, flash point, acidic value, saponification value, carbon residue, peroxide value and ester content) were determined and its corresponding values were 87 Kg/m3, 5.63 Mm2/s, 39.56 g I/100g oil, 42.22 MJ/Kg, 132oC, 0.12 mgKOH/g, 209.72 mgKOH/g, 0.04%wt, 12.63 meq/kg, and 92.67 wt% respectively. The results of the present study showed that all physicochemical properties lie within the ASTM and EN biodiesel standards. Therefore, mango seed oil methyl ester could be used as an alternative to diesel engine.

scholarly journals Biodiesel Production from Melia azedarach and Ricinus communis Oil by Transesterification Process

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Awais ◽  
Sa’ed A Musmar ◽  
Faryal Kabir ◽  
Iram Batool ◽  
Muhammad Asif Rasheed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Melia Azedarach ◽  
Renewable Fuel ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Edible Crops ◽  
American Society

Biodiesel is a renewable fuel usually produced from vegetable oils and animal fats. This study investigates the extraction of oil and its conversion into biodiesel by base-catalyzed transesterification. Firstly, the effect of various solvents (methanol, n-hexane, chloroform, di-ethyl ether) on extraction of oil from non-edible crops, such as R. communis and M. azedarach, were examined. It was observed that a higher concentration of oil was obtained from R. communis (43.6%) as compared to M. azedarach (35.6%) by using methanol and n-hexane, respectively. The extracted oils were subjected to NaOH (1%) catalyzed transesterification by analyzing the effect of oil/methanol molar ratio (1:4, 1:6, 1:8 and 1:10) and varying temperature (20, 40, 60 and 80 °C) for 2.5 h of reaction time. M. azedarach yielded 88% and R. communis yielded 93% biodiesel in 1:6 and 1:8 molar concentrations at ambient temperature whereas, 60 °C was selected as an optimum temperature, giving 90% (M. azedarach) and 94% (R. communis) biodiesel. The extracted oil and biodiesel were characterized for various parameters and most of the properties fulfilled the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard biodiesel. The further characterization of fatty acids was done by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometer (GC/MS) and oleic acid was found to be dominant in M. azedarach (61.5%) and R. communis contained ricinoleic acid (75.53%). Furthermore, the functional groups were analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The results suggested that both of the oils are easily available and can be used for commercial biodiesel production at a cost-effective scale.

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