Use of P-Wave Velocity to Estimate the Strength of Hardened Self-Consolidating Concrete

2011 ◽  
Vol 250-253 ◽  
pp. 1025-1030
Author(s):  
Yi Ching Lin ◽  
Yung Chiang Lin ◽  
Yu Feng Lin
Keyword(s):  
Wave Velocity ◽  
High Performance Concrete ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse ◽  
Pulse Velocity ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Self Consolidating Concrete ◽  
Impact Echo ◽  
P Wave Velocity ◽  
The Impact

This paper investigates the feasibility of using the P-wave velocity measured by the impact-echo technique to estimate the strength of hardened self-consolidating concrete. The relationship between the through-transmission ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and the strength of high performance concrete was established previously by performing experimental studies on water-cured cylinders made of concrete having variations in water-cementitious amterial ratio and aggregate content. However, the through-transmission UPV measurement is not applicable to concrete elements with only one accessible surface. In this paper, two plate-like specimens were made of self-consolidating concrete and they had different curing conditions. One specimen was immersed in water and the other was covered with wet gunny sack for 7 days. The impact-echo technique, one-sided wave velocity measurement technique, is adopted to determine the P-wave velocity of the plate-like concrete specimens at an age of 28 days. The difference between the impact-echo P-wave velocity (IE-PV) and the through-transmission ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) is studied. In addition, the measured IE-PV is used to estimate the strength of the plate-like concrete specimen and the estimated strength is verified by taking cores from the specimen.

Suitability and Variability of Non-Destructive Testing Methods for Concrete Railroad Tie Inspection

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aref Shafiei ◽  
Kyle A. Riding ◽  
Robert J. Peterman ◽  
Chris Christensen ◽  
B. Terry Beck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse ◽  
Pulse Velocity ◽  
Test Method ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Non Destructive Testing ◽  
Load History ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Impact Echo ◽  
Non Destructive

Concrete railroad ties have been used in increasing numbers in the U.S., particularly in high-speed rail, heavy-haul freight lines, and new track construction because of their reduced deflections, durability, and competitive cost. In-track assessment of concrete railroad ties can be a challenge, however because many exterior tie surfaces are covered by tie pads and rail or ballast. This damage may include concrete section wear from abrasion, cracking, or crumbling, or other types of defects. Damage internal to the concrete can also not be seen visually. The time and cost needed to inspect these tie surfaces means that it is not routinely performed. Non-destructive testing offers promise as a way to assess concrete tie integrity without having to remove ballast, however more information is needed to know how well non-destructive techniques work in detecting damage. Two of the most promising techniques for investigating the integrity of concrete non-destructively are ultrasonic pulse velocity and impact-echo. Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and Impact-echo (IE) were applied to investigate the uniformity of concrete railroad tie and its cavities, cracks and defects for concrete ties taken from track after service. This paper evaluated the variability of the test results in UPV and IE testing condition in which two concrete railroad ties with same manufacture and load history condition were tested in both methods. Two additional concrete ties with the same manufacture and load history as each other with visible longitudinal cracks were also examined to see how the damage affected the variability measured. For this purpose, wave pulse for every full length tie from full top, half top, longitude and two sides were measured using ultrasonic pulse (ASTM C597). Also, thickness of concrete ties on both sides, including rail seat location and the middle were assessed by standard tests method for measuring the p-wave speed and the thickness of concrete using the impact-echo method (ASTM C1383). Advice is given on how to interpret ultrasonic pulse velocity and impact-echo measurements and given the variability of the test method how to flag ties for potential deterioration given that most ties in service will not have initial measurements taken before damage for comparison.

scholarly journals Performance Evaluation of Concrete using Marble Mining Waste

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudarshan Dattatraya Kore ◽  
A. K. Vyas
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Coarse Aggregate ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse ◽  
Pulse Velocity ◽  
Mining Waste ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Marble Waste

Abstract A huge amount waste (approximately 60%) is generated during mining and processing in marble industries. Such waste can be best utilized in infrastructure development works. Coarse aggregate 75% by weight was replaced by aggregate obtained from marble mining waste. The impact of marble waste as a partial replacement for conventional coarse aggregate on the properties of concrete mixes such as workability, compressive strength, permeability, abrasion, etc. was evaluated. The test results revealed that the compressive strength was comparable to that of control concrete. Other properties such as workability of concrete increased, water absorption reduced by 17%, and resistance to abrasion was marginally increased by 2% as compared to that of control concrete. Ultrasonic pulse velocity and FTIR results show improvement in quality of concrete with crushed marble waste. From the TGA analysis it was confirmed that, aggregate produced from marble waste shows better performance under elevated temperature than that of conventional aggregates.

scholarly journals Analytical Model for Predicting the UCS from P-Wave Velocity, Density, and Porosity on Saturated Limestone

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (23) ◽  
pp. 5265 ◽  
Author(s):  
González ◽  
Saldaña ◽  
Arzúa
Keyword(s):  
Wave Velocity ◽  
Predictive Models ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
P Wave Velocity ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Engineering Projects

Rock mechanics and rock engineering projects require determining, among other parameters, the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of rock. For such a purpose, it is not uncommon to perform ultrasonic pulse laboratory tests. Many researchers have found experimental relationships between strength and P-wave velocity, but these relationships are based mainly on dry conditions and without considering any other physical or chemical characteristics of the studied rock. Specifically, for limestone, there are 11 correlations reported in the literature, eight of which are simple and the remaining three are multiple, and, among the latter, only two of them consider the saturation. In order to evaluate the combined effect of P-wave velocity, density, and porosity on the UCS of saturated limestone, simple and multiple regression analyses were carried out on the test results of 13 saturated limestone specimens to determine the parameters of both previously mentioned predictive models. The results showed that density is not correlated with strength.

Frame moduli of unconsolidated sands and sandstones

Geophysics ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 59 (9) ◽  
pp. 1352-1361 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Spencer ◽  
Michael E. Cates ◽  
Don D. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Poisson’S Ratio ◽  
Empirical Relation ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse ◽  
Pulse Velocity ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Poisson's Ratio ◽  
Unconsolidated Sands ◽  
Seismic Amplitude ◽  
Seismic Frequencies

In this study, we investigate the elastic moduli of the empty grain framework (the “frame” moduli) in unconsolidated sands and consolidated sandstones. The work was done to improve the interpretation of seismic amplitude anomalies and amplitude variations with offset (AVO) associated with hydrocarbon reservoirs. We developed a laboratory apparatus to measure the frame Poisson’s ratio and Young’s modulus of unconsolidated sands at seismic frequencies (0.2 to 155 Hz) in samples approximately 11 cm long. We used ultrasonic pulse velocity measurements to measure the frame moduli of consolidated sandstones. We found that the correlation coefficient between the frame Poisson’s ratio [Formula: see text] and the mineral Poisson’s ratio [Formula: see text] is 0.84 in consolidated sandstones and only 0.28 in unconsolidated sands. The range of [Formula: see text] values in unconsolidated sands is 0.115 to 0.237 (mean = 0.187, standard deviation = 0.030), and [Formula: see text] cannot be estimated without core or log analyses. Frame moduli analyses of core samples can be used to calibrate the interpretation of seismic amplitude anomalies and AVO effects. For use in areas without core or log analyses, we developed an empirical relation that can be used to estimate [Formula: see text] in unconsolidated sands and sandstones from [Formula: see text] and the frame P‐wave modulus.

Effects of ellipsoidal heterogeneities on wave propagation in partially saturated double-porosity rocks

Geophysics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. WC71-WC81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weitao Sun ◽  
Fansheng Xiong ◽  
Jing Ba ◽  
José M. Carcione
Keyword(s):  
Wave Propagation ◽  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Wave Velocity ◽  
Velocity Dispersion ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Lagrange Equations ◽  
Wave Dissipation ◽  
P Wave Velocity ◽  
The Impact

Reservoir rocks are heterogeneous porous media saturated with multiphase fluids, in which strong wave dissipation and velocity dispersion are closely associated with fabric heterogeneities and patchy saturation at different scales. The irregular solid inclusions and fluid patches are ubiquitous in nature, whereas the impact of geometry on wave dissipation is still not well-understood. We have investigated the dependence of wave attenuation and velocity on patch geometry. The governing equations for wave propagation in a porous medium, containing fluid/solid heterogeneities of ellipsoidal triple-layer patches, are derived from the Lagrange equations on the basis of the potential and kinetic energies. Harmonic functions describe the wave-induced local fluid flow of an ellipsoidal patch. The effects of the aspect ratio on wave velocity are illustrated with numerical examples and comparisons with laboratory measurements. The results indicate that the P-wave velocity dispersion and attenuation depend on the aspect ratio of the ellipsoidal heterogeneities, especially in the intermediate frequency range. In the case of Fort Union sandstone, the P-wave velocity increases toward an upper bound as the aspect ratio decreases. The example of a North Sea sandstone clearly indicates that introducing ellipsoidal heterogeneities gives a better description of laboratory data than that based on spherical patches. The unexpected high-velocity values previously reported and ascribed to sample heterogeneities are explained by varying the aspect ratio of the inclusions (or patches).

scholarly journals Transport Properties and Resistance Improvement of Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) after Exposure to Elevated Temperatures

Buildings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 416
Author(s):  
Yunfeng Qian ◽  
Dingyi Yang ◽  
Yanghao Xia ◽  
Han Gao ◽  
Zhiming Ma
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Transport Properties ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Performance Concrete ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse ◽  
Pulse Velocity ◽  
Capillary Absorption ◽  
Self Healing

Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) has a high self-healing capacity and is prone to bursting after exposure to high temperatures due to its characteristics. This work evaluates the damage and improvement of UHPC with coarse aggregates through mechanical properties (compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity), transport properties (water absorption and a chloride diffusion test), and micro-properties such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), and Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The result demonstrates that polypropylene (PP) fibers are more suitable for high temperature tests than polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers. The result shows that 400 °C is the critical temperature point. With the increase in temperature, the hydration becomes significant, and the internal material phase changes accordingly. Although the total pore volume increased, the percentage of various types of pores was optimized within 400 °C. The mass loss gradually increased and the ultrasonic pulse velocity gradually decreased. While the compressive strength first increased and then decreased, and the increase occurred within 25–400 °C. As for the transport properties, the chloride migration coefficient and capillary absorption coefficient both increased dramatically due to the higher sensitivity to temperature changes. The results of the property improvement test showed that at temperatures above 800 °C, the compressive strength recovered by more than 65% and the ultrasonic pulse velocity recovered by more than 75%. In terms of transport properties, compared to the results before self-healing, the chloride migration coefficient decreased by up to 59%, compared with 89% for the capillary absorption coefficient, after self-healing at 800 °C. With respect to the enhancement effect after exposure to high temperatures, the environment of a 5% Na2SO4 solution was not as good as the clean water environment. The corresponding changes in microstructure during the high temperatures and the self-healing process can explain the change in the pattern of macroscopic properties more precisely.

scholarly journals Validation of Selected Non-Destructive Methods for Determining the Compressive Strength of Masonry Units Made of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radosław Jasiński ◽  
Łukasz Drobiec ◽  
Wojciech Mazur
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse ◽  
Pulse Velocity ◽  
P Wave ◽  
In Situ Tests ◽  
Transmission Method ◽  
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete ◽  
Aerated Concrete ◽  
Non Destructive

Minor-destructive (MDT) and non-destructive (NDT) techniques are not commonly used for masonry as they are complex and difficult to perform. This paper describes validation of the following methods: semi-non-destructive, non-destructive, and ultrasonic technique for autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC). The subject of this study covers the compressive strength of AAC test elements with declared various density classes of: 400, 500, 600, and 700 (kg/m3), at various moisture levels. Empirical data including the shape and size of specimens, were established from tests on 494 cylindrical and cuboid specimens, and standard cube specimens 100 mm × 100 mm × 100 mm using the general relationship for ordinary concrete (Neville’s curve). The effect of moisture on AAC was taken into account while determining the strength fBw for 127 standard specimens tested at different levels of water content (w = 100%, 67%, 33%, 23%, and 10%). Defined empirical relations were suitable to correct the compressive strength of dry specimens. For 91 specimens 100 mm × 100 mm × 100 mm, the P-wave velocity cp was tested with the transmission method using the ultrasonic pulse velocity method with exponential transducers. The curve (fBw–cp) for determining the compressive strength of AAC elements with any moisture level (fBw) was established. The developed methods turned out to be statistically significant and can be successfully applied during in-situ tests. Semi-non-destructive testing can be used independently, whereas the non-destructive technique can be only applied when the developed curve fbw–cp is scaled.

scholarly journals Coconut Fiber Strengthen High Performance Concrete: Young’s Modulus, Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity and Ductility Properties

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2.23) ◽  
pp. 284 ◽  
Author(s):  
M A. Othuman Mydin ◽  
N Mohd Zamzani
Keyword(s):  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Performance Concrete ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse ◽  
Pulse Velocity ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Axial Compressive Strength ◽  
Coconut Fibre

This paper emphasis on experimental investigation to govern the engineering properties such as young’s modulus, pundit ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and ductility of High Performance Concrete (HPC) with grade M60 with addition of coconut fibre (CNF) together with silica fume (SF) and pulverised fuel ash (PFA). For this study, 3 mixes were prepared. First was the CNFRC without any additives, secondly the CNFRC made by 10% replacement of cement weight with PFA and thirdly composition of 10% of cement weight was exchanged with SF. It should be pointed out that for each mix; CNF was included in the mixture (0.5% of the mix volume). The investigational results had shown that the Young’s modulus of CNFRC, CNFR SFC and CNFR PFAC enhanced by about 6%, 3%, and 12% correspondingly. In terms of ductility, when control HPC specimens were subjected to axial compressive strength, slight preliminary cracks shaped on the surface of specimens. Among all HPC specimens tested, CNFR PFAC attained the utmost UPV at 28 day.    

An Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test on Fly-Ash Based Geopolymer Concrete in Frequency Domains

2014 ◽  
Vol 700 ◽  
pp. 310-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jee Sang Kim ◽  
Tae Hong Kim
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity ◽  
Peak Frequency ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse ◽  
Pulse Velocity ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Geopolymer Concrete ◽  
Existing Structures

The Non-Destructive Test techniques on concrete, which can assess the properties of materials without damages, have been developed as the deteriorations of existing structures increase. Among them, the ultrasonic pulse velocity (USPV) method is widely used because it can investigate the states of one material for a long time and repeatedly. However, there have been few researches on the NDT application to geopolymer concrete which is environment friendly construction material without any cement. This paper investigates the variations of ultrasonic pulse velocity and peak frequency of geopolymer concrete under monotonically increasing loads to assess the material conditions with various compressive strength levels by measuring P-wave signals. The pulse velocities and peak frequencies were higher in high strength geopolymer concrete specimens. There are not explicit relations between strength levels and peak frequencies but the peak frequencies are strongly influenced by the applied stress levels. In addition, a predicting equation for compressive strength of geopolymer concrete is derived based on experimental data in similar form for normal concrete.

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