The Improvement of Thermotolerance in Tall Fescue and Perennial Ryegrass by Activating the Antioxidative System

The effect of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) of low concentration on thermotolerance of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea cv. Barlexas) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. Accent) was studied following a foliar pretreatment with 10 mM H2O2. Antioxidative enzymes activities and antioxidant content were measured in both cool-season turfgrass cultivars under heat stress (38/30 °C, day/night) and control normal temperature (26/15 °C, day/night). While activities of catalase(CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-dependent peroxidases (GPX) were enhanced by H2O2pretreatment during heat stress. APX, GR and GPX activities were significantly enhanced during heat stress. These were likely the most important antioxidative enzymes in tall fescue and perennial ryegrass protecting plants against heat stress. The thermotolerance was also concomitant with an increased glutathione pool, as evaluated by the significant increase of the total glutathione pool in two pretreated cultivars. The increase of POD, CAT, APX, GR activities and significant increase of GPX activity prior to the initiation of heat stress in pre-treatment plants suggested a possible role for H2O2as a signaling molecule protecting them against the subsequent heat-induced damage.

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The Improvement of Thermotolerance in Tall Fescue and Perennial Ryegrass Pretreated with Exogenous H2O2

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.239 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 610-613 ◽

pp. 239-242 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jie Zhang ◽

Yan Wang ◽

Hong Fei Yang ◽

Jian Long Li

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Oxidative Damage ◽

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Tall Fescue ◽

Festuca Arundinacea ◽

Low Concentration ◽

Relative Water ◽

Antioxidative Enzyme Activities ◽

Turfgrass Quality ◽

And Control

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Date of Seeding Affects Establishment of Cool-season Turfgrasses

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.11.1.152a ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 152a

Author(s):

Zachary J. Reicher ◽

Clark S. Throssell ◽

Daniel V. Weisenberger

Keyword(s):

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Tall Fescue ◽

Festuca Arundinacea ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Kentucky Bluegrass ◽

Cool Season ◽

Fertilizer Rate ◽

Starter Fertilizer ◽

Seeding Date ◽

P Fertilizer

Little documentation exists on the success of seeding cool-season turf-grasses in the late fall, winter and spring. The objectives of these two studies were to document the success of seeding Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) at less-than-optimum times of the year, and to determine if N and P fertilizer requirements vary with seeding date of Kentucky bluegrass. `Ram I' Kentucky bluegrass, `Fiesta' perennial ryegrass, and `Mustang' tall fescue were seeded on 1 Sept., 1 Oct., 1 Nov., 1 Dec., 1 Mar., 1 Apr., and 1 May ± 2 days beginning in 1989 and 1990. As expected, the September seeding date produced the best establishment, regardless of species. Dormant-seeding Kentucky bluegrass and tall fescue in November, December, or March reduced the establishment time compared with seeding in April or May. Seeding perennial ryegrass in November, December, or March may not be justified because of winterkill potential. To determine the effect of starter fertilizer on seedings made at different times of the year, `Ram 1' Kentucky bluegrass was seeded 1 Sept., 1 Nov., 1 Mar., and 1 May ± 2 days in 1989 and 1990, and the seedbed was fertilized with all combinations of rates of N (0, 24, and 48 kg·ha-1) and P (0, 21, and 42 kg·ha-1). Fertilizer rate had no effect on establishment regardless of seeding date, possibly because of the fertile soil on the experimental site.

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Date of Seeding Affects Establishment of Cool-season Turfgrasses

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.35.6.1166 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 35 (6) ◽

pp. 1166-1169 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Zachary J. Reicher ◽

Clark S. Throssell ◽

Daniel V. Weisenberger

Keyword(s):

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Tall Fescue ◽

Festuca Arundinacea ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Kentucky Bluegrass ◽

Cool Season ◽

Fertilizer Rate ◽

Starter Fertilizer ◽

Seeding Date ◽

P Fertilizer

Little documentation exists on the success of seeding cool-season turfgrasses in the late fall, winter and spring. The objectives of these two studies were to document the success of seeding Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) at less-than-optimum times of the year, and to determine if N and P fertilizer requirements vary with seeding date of Kentucky bluegrass. `Ram I' Kentucky bluegrass, `Fiesta' perennial ryegrass, and `Mustang' tall fescue were seeded on 1 Sept., 1 Oct., 1 Nov., 1 Dec., 1 Mar., 1 Apr., and 1 May ± 2 days beginning in 1989 and 1990. As expected, the September seeding date produced the best establishment, regardless of species. Dormant-seeding Kentucky bluegrass and tall fescue in November, December, or March reduced the establishment time compared with seeding in April or May. Seeding perennial ryegrass in November, December, or March may not be justified because of winterkill potential. To determine the effect of starter fertilizer on seedings made at different times of the year, `Ram 1' Kentucky bluegrass was seeded 1 Sept., 1 Nov., 1 Mar., and 1 May ± 2 days in 1989 and 1990, and the seedbed was fertilized with all combinations of rates of N (0, 24, and 48 kg·ha-1) and P (0, 21, and 42 kg·ha-1). Fertilizer rate had no effect on establishment regardless of seeding date, possibly because of the fertile soil on the experimental site.

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Differential Responses of Warm-season and Cool-season Turfgrass Species to Heat Stress Associated with Antioxidant Enzyme Activity

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.134.4.417 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 134 (4) ◽

pp. 417-422 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Hongmei Du ◽

Zhaolong Wang ◽

Bingru Huang

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Tall Fescue ◽

Festuca Arundinacea ◽

Photochemical Efficiency ◽

Warm Season ◽

Species Variation ◽

Optimal Temperature ◽

Cool Season ◽

Zoysia Matrella ◽

Oxidative Stresses

Heat stress may limit the growth of turfgrasses through the induction of oxidative stress, causing cellular and physiological damage. The objective of the study was to examine the association of heat and oxidative stresses between warm-season (C4) and cool-season (C3) turfgrasses. Plants of zoysiagrass (Zoysia matrella L. Merr. cv. Manila) (C4) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Shreber cv. Barlexus) (C3) were exposed to optimal temperature conditions (24 °C for tall fescue and 34 °C for zoysiagrass) or heat stress (10 °C above the respective optimal temperature for each species) in growth chambers. Zoysiagrass exhibited less severe decline in turf quality and photochemical efficiency and less severe oxidative damage in cellular membranes as demonstrated by lower membrane electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation compared with tall fescue when both were exposed to heat stress. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) declined with heat stress for both species, but to a lesser extent in zoysiagrass than in tall fescue, whereas catalase activity did not change significantly under heat stress and did not exhibit species variation. Our results demonstrate that the superior heat tolerance in zoysiagrass in comparison with tall fescue was associated with greater oxidative scavenging capacity as a result of the maintenance of higher SOD and POD activities.

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Perennial Ryegrass and Tall Fescue Reseeding Intervals after Aminocyclopyrachlor Application

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.47.6.798 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 47 (6) ◽

pp. 798-800 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

John B. Workman ◽

Patrick E. McCullough ◽

F. Clint Waltz ◽

James T. Brosnan ◽

Gerald M. Henry

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Lolium Perenne ◽

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Tall Fescue ◽

Festuca Arundinacea ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽

Cool Season ◽

2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Turfgrass managers applying aminocyclopyrachlor for annual and perennial broadleaf weed control in cool-season turfgrasses may want to reseed into treated areas. Field experiments were conducted in Georgia), Tennessee, and Texas to investigate perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) reseeding intervals after aminocyclopyrachlor applications. Perennial ryegrass and tall fescue establishment were similar to the non-treated control after treatments of aminocyclopyrachlor and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) + dicamba + methylchlorophenoxypropionic acid (MCPP) at 0, 2, 4, or 6 weeks before seeding. Results demonstrate that no reseeding interval is required after aminocyclopyrachlor treatment. Perennial ryegrass and tall fescue can be safely seeded immediately after aminocyclopyrachlor treatment at 39, 79, and 158 g/a.i./ha.

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Tall Fescue and Perennial Ryegrass Reseeding Intervals for Amicarbazone

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.46.4.648 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 46 (4) ◽

pp. 648-650 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Patrick E. McCullough ◽

James T. Brosnan ◽

Gregory K. Breeden

Keyword(s):

Lolium Perenne ◽

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Tall Fescue ◽

Festuca Arundinacea ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Poa Annua ◽

Cool Season ◽

Annual Bluegrass

Turf managers applying amicarbazone for annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) control in cool-season turfgrasses may wish to reseed into treated areas. Field experiments were conducted in Georgia and Tennessee to investigate perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) reseeding intervals after amicarbazone applications. Perennial ryegrass and tall fescue cover were reduced similarly (less than 10% from the untreated) by all herbicides applied 2, 4, or 6 weeks before seeding. Bispyribac-sodium at 0.1 kg a.i./ha reduced tall fescue and perennial ryegrass cover more than amicarbazone at 0.1 or 0.2 kg a.i./ha when applied the day of seeding. Applied on the day of seeding in Georgia, amicarbazone at 0.4 kg·ha−1 reduced turf cover of each species similar to bispyribac-sodium; however, this response was not observed in Tennessee. Results suggest tall fescue and perennial ryegrass can be safely seeded the day of amicarbazone applications at 0.1 or 0.2 kg·ha−1, but practitioners may need to wait 2 weeks before seeding these turfgrasses into areas treated with amicarbazone at 0.4 kg·ha−1 or bispyribac-sodium at 0.1 kg a.i./ha.

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Physiological Responses to Heat Stress Alone or in Combination with Drought: A Comparison between Tall Fescue and Perennial Ryegrass

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.36.4.682 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 36 (4) ◽

pp. 682-686 ◽

Cited By ~ 63

Author(s):

Yiwei Jiang ◽

Bingru Huang

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Root Growth ◽

Water Content ◽

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Tall Fescue ◽

Control Level ◽

Photochemical Efficiency ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Cool Season ◽

Root Dry Weight

Heat and drought are two major factors limiting growth of cool-season grasses during summer. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of heat stress alone (H) or in combination with drought (H+D) on photosynthesis, water relations, and root growth of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea L.) vs. perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Grasses were exposed to H (35 °C day/30 °C night) or H+D (induced by withholding irrigation) in growth chambers for 35 days. Soil water content declined under H+D for both grasses but to a greater extent for fescue than for ryegrass. Declines in canopy net photosynthetic rate (Pn), leaf photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), and leaf relative water content (RWC) and the increase in electrolyte leakage (EL) were much more severe and occurred earlier for ryegrass than fescue subjected to both H and H+D and for both species than under H+D then H. Evapotranspiration (ET) rate increased to above the control level within 3 or 6 days of H and H+D for both species, but fescue had a higher ET rate than ryegrass at 3 and 6 days of H and 6 days of H+D. Root dry weight and viability in all soil layers decreased under H and H+D for both species. However, fescue had higher root dry weight and viability than ryegrass in the 20-40 cm layer under H and in both the 0-20 and 20-40 cm layers under H+D. The results indicated that maintenance of higher Pn, Fv/Fm, ET, RWC, and root growth and lower EL would help cool-season turfgrass survive summer stress, and that their characteristics could be used for selecting stress tolerant species or cultivars.

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Seedling Tolerance of Cool-season Turfgrasses to Metamifop

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.48.10.1313 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 48 (10) ◽

pp. 1313-1316 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Diego Gómez de Barreda ◽

Jialin Yu ◽

Patrick E. McCullough

Keyword(s):

Lolium Perenne ◽

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Tall Fescue ◽

Festuca Arundinacea ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Creeping Bentgrass ◽

Agrostis Stolonifera ◽

Cool Season ◽

Herbicide Use ◽

Turfgrass Establishment

Grassy weeds may reduce cool-season turfgrass establishment after seeding and herbicide use is often warranted. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the tolerance of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) to fenoxaprop and metamifop applications at 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks after seeding (WAS). Creeping bentgrass groundcover was reduced from 34% to 71% at 8 WAS from the nontreated by fenoxaprop at 50 g a.i./ha and metamifop at 400 and 800 g a.i./ha at all application timings. Metamifop at 200 g·ha−1 reduced creeping bentgrass cover 10% to 18% from the nontreated at 8 WAS when applied 1, 2, or 3 WAS, but treatments at 4 WAS did not reduce cover. Perennial ryegrass treated with fenoxaprop and metamifop at 800 g·ha−1 at 1 WAS had cover reduced from the nontreated on two and one dates, respectively, whereas tall fescue cover was never reduced greater than 5% from the nontreated. Results suggest applications to creeping bentgrass should be delayed greater than 4 WAS for fenoxaprop at 50 g·ha−1, greater than 4 WAS for metamifop at 400 and 800 g·ha−1, and 3 WAS for metamifop at 200 g·ha−1. Additionally, fenoxaprop applications should be delayed 2 WAS for perennial ryegrass and tall fescue, whereas metamifop could be safely applied at all rates at 1 WAS.

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Additional Host Plants of Four Species of Billbug Found on New Jersey Turfgrasses

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.115.4.608 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 115 (4) ◽

pp. 608-611 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Jennifer M. Johnson-Cicalese ◽

C.R. Funk

Keyword(s):

New Jersey ◽

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Tall Fescue ◽

Festuca Arundinacea ◽

Host Plants ◽

Cynodon Dactylon ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Kentucky Bluegrass ◽

Grass Species ◽

Red Fescue

Studies were conducted on the host plants of four billbug species (Coleoptera:Curculionidae: Sphenophorus parvulus Gyllenhal, S. venatus Chitt., S. inaequalis Say, and S. minimus Hart) found on New Jersey turfgrasses. A collection of 4803 adults from pure stands of various turfgrasses revealed all four billbugs on Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and S. parvulus, S. venatus, and S. minimus on Chewings fescue (F. rubra L. ssp. commutata Gaud.). Since the presence of larvae, pupae, or teneral adults more accurately indicates the host status of a grass species, immature billbugs were collected from plugs of the various grass species and reared to adults for identification. All four species were reared from immature billbugs found in Kentucky bluegrass turf; immatures of S. venatus, S. inaequalis, and S. minimus were found in tall fescue; S. venatus and S. minimus in perennial ryegrass; and S. inaequalis in strong creeping red fescue (F. rubra L. ssp. rubra). A laboratory experiment was also conducted in which billbug adults were confined in petri dishes with either Kentucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, or bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon Pers.). Only minor differences were found between the four grasses in billbug survival, number of eggs laid, and amount of feeding. In general, bermudagrass was the least favored host and the other grasses were equally adequate hosts. The results of this study indicate a need for updating host-plant lists of these four billbug species.

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VARIATION AMONG PERENNIAL RYEGRASS x TALL FESCUE PLANTS FROM TISSUE CULTURE

Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association ◽

10.33584/jnzg.1988.49.1831 ◽

1988 ◽

pp. 81-86

Author(s):

A.G. Scott ◽

D.W.R. White

Keyword(s):

Tissue Culture ◽

Lolium Perenne ◽

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Tall Fescue ◽

Festuca Arundinacea ◽

Chromosome Doubling ◽

Chromosome Elimination ◽

Intergeneric Hybrids ◽

Hybrid Plants ◽

Spontaneous Chromosome

Tissue culture was used in an attempt to obtain a fertile perennial ryegrass x tall fescue hybrid. Regenerated hybrid plants were found to be morphologically variable and contain extensive chromosome rearrangements. Spontaneous chromosome doubling had occurred as well as chromosome elimination. though no fertile hybrid plants have been obtained to date. Keywords: somaclonal variation, Lolium perenne, Festuca arundinacea, intergeneric hybrids

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