Effect of Undergarments on Micro-Environment under Anti-Static Dust-Free Clothing

2013 ◽  
Vol 796 ◽  
pp. 630-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Liu ◽  
Han Yu Wu ◽  
Yu Ping Li ◽  
Xiao Qun Dai
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Protective Clothing ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Woven Fabric ◽  
Mean Skin Temperature ◽  
Climate Chamber ◽  
Knitted Fabrics

In this study, the effect of different undergarments on micro-climate environment under anti-static dust-free clothing was investigated. Five male undergraduates participated in wear trials conducted in a climate chamber of 24 ± 1°C and 60 ± 5%RH, three undergarments of different materials were worn under an antistatic dust-free overall respectively. While subjects doing mild exercise, the temperature and relative humidity under the undergarment was measured at chest, and the skin temperature at arm, chest, thigh and calf were measured. It was found that undergarment made of plain woven fabric was the best to keep the relative humidity on skin surface low and mean skin temperature stable during mild exercise among three undergarments of different materials. It was demonstrated that hydrophilic fiber might not the best material of undergarment for protective clothing, knitted fabrics which have more volume to hold water might not be good either. It was showed that materials absorb water and moisture and quick dry is suitable to undergarment for protective clothing.

Heat Strain in Protective Clothing Following Hot-Wet or Hot-Dry Heat Acclimation

1996 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom M. McLellan ◽  
Yukitoshi Aoyagi
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Protective Clothing ◽  
Intermittent Exercise ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Heat Acclimation ◽  
Heat Strain ◽  
Mean Skin Temperature ◽  
Time Required

The purpose of the present study was to compare the heat strain while wearing nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) protective clothing following a hot-wet (HW) or hot-dry (HD) heat acclimation protocol. Twenty-two males were assigned to groups HW (n = 7), HD (n = 8), or control (C, n = 7). Subjects were evaluated during continuous treadmill walking while wearing lightweight combat clothing and during intermittent exercise while wearing the NBC protective clothing. While wearing Combat clothing, greater decreases in rectal temperature (Tre), mean skin temperature [Formula: see text], and heart rate were observed for both acclimation groups. For the NBC clothing trials, lower Tre, [Formula: see text], and heart rates were observed only for group HW. The time required for Tre to increase 1.0 °C and 1.5 °C was significantly delayed for groups HW and HD. Sweat evaporation increased for HW, whereas no change was found for HD. The most significant changes in Tre, [Formula: see text], and heart rate while wearing the NBC protective clothing occur following heat acclimation that involves wearing the clothing during exercise. Key words: rectal temperature, mean skin temperature, heart rate, sweat rate

scholarly journals The Effect of Air Gap and Moisture for the Skin Burn Injury of the Firefighter’s Personal Protective Clothing (PPC)

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 4048-4054
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Protective Clothing ◽  
Moisture Absorption ◽  
Burn Injury ◽  
Thermal Protection ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Air Gap ◽  
Skin Burn

Fire fighters are commonly exposed to intense heat and fire. They suppressed fire by spraying water to avoid flame from spreading. They are enforced to use the Personal Protective Clothing (PPC) made of the flame-retardant material to protect themselves from the skin burn injury. Skin burn injury is the most common injury occurs among them. Yet, the exposure to extreme heat and moisture absorption into the clothing layers caused severe burn injury formation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of air gap combined with the moisture absorption in the fabrics using Finite Element Method (FEM) and the Bio heat Equation. From the simulation experiment it is discovered the air gap is a good insulator capable of preventing skin burn with a skin temperature of 48°C. However, the presence of moisture strongly affects skin temperature. It had elevated to 59.64°C forming a second-degree type burn injury. The presence of moisture had weakened thermal protection of the flame-retardant material and the air gap against the heat flux. It is found the moist material properties had enhanced heat transfer from the heat flux to the skin surface resulting severe skin burn despite they were encapsulated with the Personal Protective Clothing (PPC)

Day–night variation of thermoregulatory responses of heifers exposed to high environmental temperatures

1997 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. MUNDIA ◽  
S. YAMAMOTO
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Heat Balance ◽  
Thermal Sensitivity ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Mean Skin Temperature ◽  
Mean Body Temperature ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Vaginal Temperature ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

In order to assess relative thermal sensitivity between the day and the night, vaginal temperature (Tv), heat production (HP), heart rate (HR), respiration rate (RR), skin surface temperatures (from which mean skin temperature (Ts) was calculated) and standing time were measured at environmental temperatures (Te) of 23, 28, 33 and 38°C during the day (11.00–15.00 h) and during the night (23.00–03.00 h) using four Holstein heifers. Both Tv and mean body temperature (Tb) were greater during the night than during the day, increased with increased Te, and the rate of increase of both Tv and Tb with increased Te was greater during the night (P<0·05). Estimated mean HP was similar during the night and during the day, and HP did not increase with increased Te. Respiration rate was greater but not significantly different at night compared to during the day, and increased with increased Te. Mean skin temperature was similar between day and night, and increased with increased Te. The amount of time engaged in standing activity was greater but not significantly different during the night than during the day and standing activity increased with increased Te. The results suggest that thermal sensitivity is lower during the night than during the day, and consequently the greater night responses of Tv and Tb, over day responses, are a requirement for the maintenance of heat balance.

Skin-surface cooling elicits peripheral and visceral vasoconstriction in humans

2007 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 1257-1262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thad E. Wilson ◽  
Charity L. Sauder ◽  
Matthew L. Kearney ◽  
Nathan T. Kuipers ◽  
Urs A. Leuenberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Pressor Response ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Blood Velocity ◽  
Mean Skin Temperature ◽  
Surface Cooling ◽  
Vascular Conductance

Skin-surface cooling elicits a pronounced systemic pressor response, which has previously been reported to be associated with peripheral vasoconstriction and may not fully account for the decrease in systemic vascular conductance. To test the hypothesis that whole body skin-surface cooling would also induce renal and splanchnic vasoconstriction, 14 supine subjects performed 26 skin-surface cooling trials (15–18°C water perfused through a tube-lined suit for 20 min). Oral and mean skin temperature, heart rate, stroke volume (Doppler ultrasound), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), cutaneous blood velocity (laser-Doppler), and mean blood velocity of the brachial, celiac, renal, and superior mesenteric arteries (Doppler ultrasound) were measured during normothermia and skin-surface cooling. Cardiac output (heart rate·stroke volume) and indexes of vascular conductance (flux or blood velocity/MAP) were calculated. Skin-surface cooling increased MAP ( n = 26; 78 ± 5 to 88 ± 5 mmHg; mean ± SD) and decreased mean skin temperature ( n = 26; 33.7 ± 0.7 to 27.5 ± 1.2°C) and cutaneous ( n = 12; 0.93 ± 0.68 to 0.36 ± 0.20 flux/mmHg), brachial ( n = 10; 32 ± 15 to 20 ± 12), celiac ( n = 8; 85 ± 22 to 73 ± 22 cm·s−1·mmHg−1), superior mesenteric ( n = 8; 55 ± 16 to 48 ± 10 cm·s−1·mmHg−1), and renal ( n = 8; 74 ± 26 to 64 ± 20 cm·s−1·mmHg−1; all P < 0.05) vascular conductance, without altering oral temperature, cardiac output, heart rate, or stroke volume. These data identify decreases in vascular conductance of skin and of brachial, celiac, superior mesenteric, and renal arteries. Thus it appears that vasoconstriction in both peripheral and visceral arteries contributes importantly to the pressor response produced during skin-surface cooling in humans.

Regional surface areas of spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rats

1987 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 752-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Lyzak ◽  
W. S. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Total Surface Area ◽  
Mean Skin Temperature ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive ◽  
Wky Rats ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Dental Impression ◽  
Wistar Kyoto

Regional skin surface area and region-specific weighting factors for calculating mean skin temperature have not been determined for the rat. Therefore, measurements were made of total skin surface area segmented into five regions of 12 spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and 12 normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. SHR's were selected because chronically elevated core temperature and reduced ability of SHR's to withstand heat stress make them of interest for thermoregulatory studies. Area was determined by coating the skin with rubber base dental impression material, then measuring the area of the coating. The relationship between total skin surface area and mass of SHR's was not different from that of WKY's and is described by the equation SA = 8.62 M0.67. However, the ears of SHR's had larger surface area and their tails smaller surface area than those of WKY's. For the combined groups, the proportion of total surface area of the regions was as follows: ears, 0.022; front feet, 0.017; hind feet, 0.040; tail, 0.100; central skin, 0.826. These data provide a basis for calculating skin surface area, mean skin temperature, and related values for SHR and WKY rats.

scholarly journals Influence of Phase-Change Materials on Thermo-Physiological Comfort in Warm Environment

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damjana Celcar
Keyword(s):  
Phase Change ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Phase Change Materials ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Subjective Feeling ◽  
Mean Skin Temperature ◽  
Climate Chamber ◽  
Warm Environment ◽  
Business Clothing ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this research work is to investigate the influence of phase-change materials (PCMs) on thermo-physiological comfort of different male business clothing systems evaluated in warm environment. The impact of particular business clothing on the thermo-physiological comfort of the wearer during different physical activity and environmental conditions (between 25°C and 10°C with step of 5°C), artificially created in a climate chamber, was determined experimentally, as a change of three physiological parameters of a human being: mean skin temperature, heart rate, and the amount of evaporated and condensed sweat. A questionnaire and an assessment scale were also used before, during, and after each experiment in order to evaluate the wearer’s subjective feeling of comfort. The results of the performed research work show that male business clothing systems in combination with PCMs do not affect the thermal-physiological comfort of the wearer in warm environment significantly, except at an ambient temperature of 15°C, where clothing systems in combination with PCMs produce a small heating effect. Furthermore, it was concluded that clothing systems in combination with PCMs indicate a small temporary thermal effect that is reflected in a slight rising or lowering of mean skin temperature during activity changes.

scholarly journals Electrical Resistance of Stainless Steel/Polyester Blended Knitted Fabrics for Application to Measure Sweat Quantity

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1015
Author(s):  
Qing Chen ◽  
Lin Shu ◽  
Bailu Fu ◽  
Rong Zheng ◽  
Jintu Fan
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Heat Flow ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Knitted Fabrics ◽  
Absorption Ratio ◽  
Skin Wetness ◽  
Hydrophilic Treatment

Skin wetness and body water loss are important indexes to reflect the heat strain of the human body. According to ISO 7933 2004, the skin wetness and sweat rate are calculated by the evaporative heat flow and the maximum evaporative heat flow in the skin surface, etc. This work proposes the soft textile-based sensor, which was knitted by stainless steel/polyester blended yarn on the flat knitting machine. It investigated the relationship between electrical resistance in the weft/warp directions and different water absorption ratio (0–70%), different sample size (2 cm × 2 cm, 2 cm × 4 cm, 2 cm × 6 cm and 2 cm × 8 cm). The hydrophilic treatment effectively improved the water absorption ratio increasing from 40% to 70%. The weft and warp direction exhibited different electrical behaviors when under dry and wet conditions. It suggested the weft direction of knitted fabrics was recommended for detecting the electrical resistance due to its stable sensitivity and linearity performance. It could be used as a flexible sensor integrated into a garment for measuring the skin wetness and sweat rate in the future instead of traditional measurements.

INCREASING MEAN SKIN TEMPERATURE LINEARLY REDUCES THE VASOCONSTRICTION AND SHIVERING THRESHOLDS IN HUMANS

1994 ◽  
Vol 81 (SUPPLEMENT) ◽  
pp. A252
Author(s):  
C. Cheng ◽  
T. Matsukawa ◽  
A. Kurz ◽  
D. I. Sessler ◽  
B. Merrifield
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Mean Skin Temperature

Thermoregulatory responses during competitive marathon running

1977 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 909-914 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Maron ◽  
J. A. Wagner ◽  
S. M. Horvath
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Marathon Running ◽  
Heat Illness ◽  
Mean Skin Temperature ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Thermoregulatory Responses ◽  
Marked Disparity ◽  
Skin Temperatures ◽  
Cool Conditions

To assess thermoregulatory responses occuring under actual marathon racing conditions, rectal (Tre) and five skin temperatures were measured in two runners approximately every 9 min of a competitive marathon run under cool conditions. Race times and total water losses were: runner 1 = 162.7 min, 3.02 kg; runner 2 = 164.6 min, 2.43 kg. Mean skin temperature was similar throughout the race in the two runners, although they exhibited a marked disparity in temperature at individual skin sites. Tre plateaued after 35--45 min (runner 1 = 40.0--40.1, runner 2 = 38.9--39.2 degrees C). While runner 2 maintained a relatively constant level for the remainder of the race, runner 1 exhibited a secondary increase in Tre. Between 113 and 119 min there was a precipitous rise in Tre from 40.9 to 41.9 degrees C. Partitional calorimetric calculations suggested that a decrease in sweating was responsible for this increment. However, runner 1's ability to maintain his high Tre and running pace for the remaining 44 min of the race and exhibit no signs of heat illness indicated thermoregulation was intact.

The effect of hand immersion on body temperature when wearing impermeable clothing

1991 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-47
Author(s):  
A. J. Allsopp ◽  
Kerry A. Poole
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
List Type ◽  
Physiological Measures ◽  
Total Work ◽  
Mean Skin Temperature ◽  
Work Time ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Rest Periods

AbstractThe effects of hand immersion on body temperature have been investigated in men wearing impermeable NBC clothing. Six men worked continuously at a rate of approximately 490 J.sec−1 in an environmental temperature of 30°C. Each subject was permitted to rest for a period of 20 minutes when their aural temperature reached 37.5°C, and again on reaching 38°C, and for a third time on reaching 38.5°C (three rest periods in total). Each subject completed three experimental conditions whereby, during the rest periods they either: a.Did not immerse their hands (control).b.Immersed both hands in a water bath set at 25°c.c.Immersed both hands in water at 10°C.Physiological measures of core temperature, skin temperature and heart rate were recorded at intervals throughout the experiment.Measures of mean aural temperature and mean skin temperature were significantly (P<0.05) reduced if hands were immersed during these rest periods, compared to non immersion. As a result, the total work time of subjects was extended when in the immersed conditions by some 10–20 minutes within the confines of the protocol.It is concluded that this technique of simple hand immersion may be effective in reducing heat stress where normal routes to heat loss are compromised.

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