Influence of Exact Values of Increase of Thermal Transmittance because of Thermal Bridges on Energy Need for Heating of Panel Residential Houses in Original State and after Renewal

2013 ◽  
Vol 855 ◽  
pp. 108-111
Author(s):  
Rastislav Menďan

The paper presents calculated values of increase of thermal transmittance because of thermal bridges (ΔU value) of panel residential houses of mass housing development. These values are compared with general values, which are given in the standard STN 73 0540-2 and afterwards a specific energy need for heating considering exact ΔU values but also general ΔU values was calculated as well. The residential houses were evaluated in original state and in state after the renewal by adding thermal insulation on walls, roof and after replacement of windows.

2013 ◽  
Vol 855 ◽  
pp. 89-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rastislav Menďan ◽  
Boris Vavrovič

In a general sense, it is possible to say, that panel houses show considerable defects. Many of them results from insufficient thermal protection. At present, these buildings fail to meet the requirements from the point of view of neither thermal insulation properties nor hygienic criterion (Slovak Standard STN 73 0540-2:2012). This shortcoming manifests itself not only in large consumption of heat for space heating, but also in functional and hygienic shortcomings of envelope constructions (formation of moulds). The paper deals with a thermal technical analysis of selected critical details (thermal bridges) of envelope constructions of panel residential houses in original state and in state after adding thermal insulation.


2013 ◽  
Vol 855 ◽  
pp. 71-74
Author(s):  
Viera Gašparovičová ◽  
Rastislav Menďan

A complex renewal of residential houses is a renewal of flats and common areas of the house so that they meet effective regulations and standards. Most of the residential houses in Slovakia built during last sixty years fall into the category of panel systems. An important criterion for determination of the extent of renewal of panel residential houses is required specific energy need for heating (energy criterion) and proving of precondition of satisfaction of energy economy of a building (criterion of minimum requirement on energy economy of buildings). In connection with the effect of new standard STN 73 0540:2012, the requirements for building constructions and buildings changed. Therefore, the residential houses of panel systems were evaluated in this paper from the point of view of the energy criterion both in original state and after the renewal by adding thermal insulation on walls, roof and replacement of windows.


2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Afzal ◽  
Sheraz Ahmad ◽  
Abher Rasheed ◽  
Faheem Ahmad ◽  
Fatima Iftikhar ◽  
...  

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of various fabric parameters on the thermal resistance, thermal conductivity, thermal transmittance, thermal absorptivity and thermal insulation of polyester/cotton double layer knitted interlock fabrics. It was found that by increasing fibre content with higher specific heat increases the thermal insulation while decreases the thermal transmittance and absorptivity of the fabric. It was concluded that double layer knitted fabrics developed with higher specific heat fibres, coarser yarn linear densities, higher knitting loop length and fabric thickness could be adequately used for winter clothing purposes.


2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalle KUUSK ◽  
Targo KALAMEES ◽  
Siim LINK ◽  
Simo ILOMETS ◽  
Alo MIKOLA

The paper presents a case study analysis of low-budget renovation of a typical concrete large-panel apartment building. Focus is on the measurements and analyses of energy consumption, indoor climate, CO2 concentration, air leakage rate, thermal transmittance of thermal bridges, and thermal transmittance of the building envelope before and after the renovation. Results indicate that the renovation project was generally successful, with delivered energy need de­creasing by 40% and heating energy need decreasing by 50%. However, some key problems need to be solved to achieve full energy efficiency potential of the renovation works. Those critical problems are the performance (thermal comfort, heat recovery) of ventilation systems, thermal bridges of external wall/window jamb and economic viability. Currently, a major renovation is not economically viable, therefore financial assistance to the apartment owners’ associations is required to encourage them to undertake major renovations.


Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomas Makaveckas ◽  
Raimondas Bliūdžius ◽  
Arūnas Burlingis

Polyisocyanurate (PIR) thermal insulation boards faced with carboard, plastic, aluminum, or multilayer facings are used for thermal insulation of buildings. Facing materials are selected according to the conditions of use of PIR products. At the corners of the building where these products are joined, facings can be in the direction of the heat flux movement and significantly increase heat transfer through the linear thermal bridge formed in the connection of PIR boards with facing of both walls. Analyzing the installation of PIR thermal insulation products on the walls of a building, the structural schemes of linear thermal bridges were created, numerical calculations of the heat transfer coefficients of the linear thermal bridges were performed, and the influence of various facings on the heat transfer through the thermal bridge was evaluated. Furthermore, an experimental measurement using a heat flow meter apparatus was performed in order to confirm the results obtained by numerical calculation. This study provides more understanding concerning the necessity to evaluate the impact of different thermal conductivity facings on the heat transfer through corners of buildings insulated with PIR boards.


2014 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 158-163
Author(s):  
Josef Chybík

In the disposition of energetically economic houses, automobile abandons its stereotype held for so many years according to which it was placed to rest “under one roof” with other residential and utility rooms. However, this diagram shows a range of collisions manifesting with difficult building details, with occurrence of thermal bridges and thermal relations. This results in increased financial demands for drafting efficient thermal insulation layers or higher demand for energy consumption necessary to heat up the building. Generally, architects and structural engineers are not sufficiently aware of the fact that at the same time this is a factor that provides higher potential for faster ageing of car bodies and chassis when cars are parked “inside the house” than in means of transport parked in open carports or in an open space. This Paper deals with analyses of this important, yet often omitted or less-known fact.


Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 4499 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Bienvenido-Huertas

The energy improvement of building stock is essential to achieve a low-carbon economy. The improvement of façades is among the most common measures to reduce energy consumption. However, the effect of thermal bridges is undervalued in most cases. This study assesses the effect of improving building façades and thermal bridges. For this purpose, a case study is assessed for all climate zones in Spain, both in current and future scenarios, considering operational patterns from the COVID-19 pandemic. The study shows that the application of energy conservation measures focusing on reducing the thermal transmittance of façades and the linear thermal transmittance of thermal bridges has a more significant energy and environmental effect than other, more economical energy conservation measures that do not improve the effect of thermal bridges. Likewise, the application of energy conservation measures to improve façades can reduce carbon dioxide emissions but are far from achieving the 90% reduction set by the European Union by 2050. Consequently, these measures should be combined with other measures.


2020 ◽  
Vol 172 ◽  
pp. 08005
Author(s):  
Jaanus Hallik ◽  
Targo Kalamees

A well-insulated, airtight and thermal bridge free building envelope is a key factor for nearly zero energy buildings (nZEB). However, increased insulation thickness and minimized air leakages increase the effect of thermal bridges on overall energy efficiency of the nZEBs. Although several more prominent linear thermal bridges are accounted for in the practice the three-dimensional heat flow through vast array of fixation elements, mounting brackets and other point thermal bridges are usually neglected due to time-consuming model preparation routine, lack of input data as well as high number of different thermal bridges that have to be assessed for a single project. In this study a new method was proposed for predicting three-dimensional heat flow and the point thermal transmittance of thermal bridges caused by full or partial penetration of the building envelope with metal elements with uniform geometry in third dimension based on multiple two-dimensional numerical heat flow calculations. A new parameter (equivalent length of thermal bridge) was defined which incorporates the effect of additional thermal transmittance in third dimension when multiplied by the difference of two thermal coupling coefficients derived for two-dimensional cross section. Multiple linear regression model was fitted on database with 102 cases and verified with separate case of window to wall connection incorporating metal penetration at fixation points. The proposed methodology can be useful in general practice where the design team lacks the skills or software tools for conducting detailed numerical analysis in three dimensions.


2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolanta Šadauskienė ◽  
Andrius Buska ◽  
Arūnas Burlingis ◽  
Raimondas Bliūdžius ◽  
Albinas Gailius

In order to reduce the amounts of work at the construction site, single‐ply dual density thermal insulating roofing boards are used with increasing frequency for thermal insulation of flat roofs. In this case, the joints between boards are not overlapped by the other ply over it; therefore gaps of varying width form between the sides of the boards through the entire thickness of the insulating layer, whose effect on the effective thermal conductivity of the thermal insulating layer must be evaluated. The aim of this project was to assess the reliability of standard method, used to determine the impact of such air gaps on the effective thermal conductivity of the thermal insulating layer by comparing the results of calculations and the results of measurements of thermal conductivity, also to determine the correction factors for thermal transmittance of horizontal thermal insulation layers due to the forming vertical air gaps between the single‐ply mineral wool boards. After measurements of thermal resistances of 50 mm thick thermal insulation board with the air gaps which width varied from 3 mm to 20 mm, it was determined that the thermal conductivity value of the air gaps increases with the increment of the width of air gaps. After completion the experimental measurements of thermal conductivity it was determined that the height of closed and unventilated or partly ventilated air gaps has no effect on the properties of effective thermal conductivity of the thermal insulation layer when the air gap width is up to 5 mm. When wider unventilated or partly ventilated air gaps occur, the effective thermal conductivity coefficient increases proportionally as the height of the air gaps increases. Calculated according to the standard method the affix to the thermal transmittance is overly general and not always appropriate. In some cases it is 6 times higher or 4 times lower than the measured one. In this paper a method to evaluate the effects of air gaps by the use of correction factor to the thermal transmittance of the horizontal thermal insulating layer is proposed. Santrauka Nornt sumažinti darbų apimtis statybos vietoje, stogams šiltinti vis dažniau naudojamos vienu sluoksniu klojamos dvitankės termoizoliacinės plokštės. Šiuo atveju plokščių sandūros neperdengiamos, todėl tarp plokščių kraštinių susidaro įvairaus pločio plyšių, kurių įtaka termoizoliacinio sluoksnio šilumai perduoti turi būti įvertinta. Šio darbo tikslas yra įvertinti standartinio metodo, taikomo tokių plyšių poveikiui sluoksnio šilumos laidumui, patikimumui nustatyti lyginant skaičiavimo ir šilumos laidumo matavimų rezultatus, nustatyti horizontaliojo termoizoliacinio sluoksnio šilumos perdavimo koeficiento pataisas dėl vertikaliųjų oro plyšių susidarymo. Apskaičiavus 50 mm storio termoizoliacinio sluoksnio oro plyšių šilumines varžas, kai plyšių plotis yra nuo 3–20 mm, nustatyta, kad oro plyšių šilumos laidumo koeficiento vertė didėja didėjant oro plyšio pločiui. Atlikus eksperimentinius šilumos laidumo matavimus, nustatyta, kad susidarančių uždarų ir nevėdinamų arba iš dalies vėdinamų oro plyšių aukštis neturi įtakos termoizoliacinio sluoksnio šilumos laidumo savybėms, kai oro plyšys yra iki 5 mm pločio. Esant platesniems uždariems ir nevėdinamiems oro plyšiams, šilumos laidumo koeficientas proporcingai didėja didėjant oro plyšių aukščiui. Pagal standartinį metodą skaičiuotas šilumos perdavimo koeficiento priedas yra per daug apibendrinantis ir ne visada tinkamas. Kai kuriais atvejais jis yra 6 kartus didesnis arba 4 kartus mažesnis už išmatuotąjį. Šiame darbe pasiūlytas horizontaliojo termoizoliacinio sluoksnio šilumos perdavimo koeficiento priedo, naudojamo plyšių įtakai įvertinti, skaičiavimo metodas.


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