Effect of Vulcanization Processes on Properties of Natural Rubber/Cellulose Composites

2021 ◽  
Vol 902 ◽  
pp. 95-100
Author(s):  
Yanika Poonpipat ◽  
Tanabadee Boonmalert ◽  
Paweena Prapainainar ◽  
Peerapan Dittanet
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Electron Beam Irradiation ◽  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Degradation Temperature ◽  
Cellulose Composites ◽  
Natural Rubber Composites ◽  
Reinforcing Filler

The effect of vulcanization processes and surface treatment of cellulose were investigated on tensile strength, degradation temperature, and morphological properties of cellulose/natural rubber composites. Cellulose was surface-treated with Si-69 silane coupling agent and used as reinforcing filler in natural rubber (NR). Different vulcanization processes including electron beam irradiation (EB-Cured) and sulphur vulcanization (S-Cured) were used to crosslink NR. The incorporation of both untreated and treated cellulose at various concentrations (5, 10, 15 and 20 phr) into NR was found to significantly improve the tensile strength and modulus. Notably, with addition of treated cellulose in NR, the tensile strength and modulus were considerably higher than that of the untreated cellulose for all curing system. SEM morphological analysis revealed a well dispersion of cellulose particles in NR matrix. Addition of cellulose slightly decreased the onset of degradation temperature of NR, however, the degradable temperature was found to be unchanged. The curing systems had shown an impact on tensile property of NR. S-Cured NR exhibited highest modulus of 2.23 MPa comparing to the EB-Cured NR (1.69 MPa) for the same amount of cellulose (20 phr), due to a stronger crosslink network. However, the curing system had no significant impact on degradation temperature of NR.

Physical Properties of Rice Husk Fiber/Natural Rubber Composites

2011 ◽  
Vol 410 ◽  
pp. 90-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ladawan Srisuwan ◽  
Kasama Jarukumjorn ◽  
Nitinat Suppakarn
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Natural Rubber Composites ◽  
Reinforcing Filler

In this study, rice husk fiber (RHF) was used as a reinforcing filler for natural rubber (NR). NR composites were prepared at various RHF contents, i.e., 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 phr. Sulfur conventional vulcanization was used. Effect of RHF content on cure characteristics, mechanical properties and morphological properties of NR composites were investigated. The results showed that scorch and cure times of RHF/NR composites were not affected by increasing RHF content. Crosslink density, tensile strength, elongation at break and tear strength of NR composites slightly decreased with increasing RHF content whereas M100 and M300 of the composites slightly increased with increasing RHF content.

Effect of Short Banana Fiber on Hardness and Tensile Properties of Natural Rubber Composites

2021 ◽  
Vol 904 ◽  
pp. 232-236
Author(s):  
Thapanee Wongpreedee ◽  
Chana Prapruddivongs ◽  
Nanthaya Kengkhetkit
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Fiber Content ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Banana Fiber ◽  
Roll Mill ◽  
Natural Rubber Composites ◽  
Reinforcing Filler

Banana fiber (BF) was utilized as a reinforcing filler for natural rubber (NR). BF/NR composites containing banana fiber contents of 5, 10, and 15 parts per hundred parts of rubber (phr) were mixed on a two-roll mill machine. The hardness, tensile properties of BF/NR composites were studied. It was found that the hardness and moduli of BF/NR composites are higher than that of NR. Despite tensile strength and strain at break of BF/NR composite lower than NR. Moreover, hardness and moduli of BF/NR composites increased, while tensile strength and strain at break decreased with the increase in banana fiber content. Thus, banana fiber exhibited improvement in the stiffness significantly of NR composites

The Study of Using Bio-Filler from Cassava Pulp in Natural Rubber Composites

2013 ◽  
Vol 747 ◽  
pp. 371-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Watcharin Ruangudomsakul ◽  
Chaiwat Ruksakulpiwat ◽  
Ruksakulpiwat Yupaporn
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Cellulose Fiber ◽  
Cassava Starch ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Cassava Pulp ◽  
Natural Rubber Composites ◽  
Properties Of Composites

Cassava pulp (CP) is an inexpensive and broadly available waste by-product from cassava starch production. This by-product is basically constituted of cellulose fiber and residual starch. In this study, cassava pulp was mixed with natural rubber (NR) with various contents using two roll mills to obtain CP/NR composites. Natural rubber grafted glycidyl methacrylate (NR-g-GMA) was used as compatibilizer in CP/NR/NR-g-GMA composites. Sulfur conventional vulcanization was used. The composite specimens were prepared by compression molding. Mechanical properties and morphological properties of composites were investigated. The results showed that tensile strength was significantly increased with increasing content of cassava pulp up to 20 phr. However, when cassava pulp was increased more than 30 phr, tensile strength was slightly decreased. Elongation at break of NR composites was not changed with increasing cassava pulp. The modulus of NR composites was increased with increasing cassava pulp content. Morphological properties of CP/NR composites was elucidated as well.

scholarly journals The Characteristics of Natural Rubber Composites with Klason Lignin as a Green Reinforcing Filler: Thermal Stability, Mechanical and Dynamical Properties

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1109
Author(s):  
Jutharat Intapun ◽  
Thipsuda Rungruang ◽  
Sunisa Suchat ◽  
Banyat Cherdchim ◽  
Salim Hiziroglu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Klason Lignin ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Oxidative Aging ◽  
Natural Rubber Composites ◽  
Reinforcing Filler

The objective of this work was to investigate the influences of Klason lignin as a filler on the thermal stability and properties of natural rubber composites. The modulus and tensile strength of stabilized vulcanizates were measured before and after thermo-oxidative aging. It was determined that lignin filled natural rubber had significantly enhanced thermo-oxidative aging and mechanical properties compared to those of controlled samples. The reinforcement effect of lignin increased stress with lignin loading but it decreased at 20 phr, suggesting that the reinforcement mechanism of lignin was via strain-induced crystallization. The composite samples with 10 phr filler loading had the highest mechanical properties as well as thermo-oxidative degradation resistance. Such a finding could be due to interactions between the Klason lignin filler and natural rubber matrix. Based on the findings in this work, the degradation temperature of Klason lignin occurred at 420 °C. The absorption peaks at wavenumbers 1192 and 1374 cm−1 indicated that C–O stretching vibrations of the syringyl and guaiacyl rings of hardwood lignin existed. It was also found that the Klason lignin–rubber composite containing 10 phr had the highest stress–strain, 100% modulus, and tensile strength, while lignin showed increasing aging resistance of the composite comparable with commercial antioxidant at 1.5 phr. It appears that Klason lignin from rubberwood could be used as a green antioxidant and alternative reinforcing filler and for high performance eco-friendly natural rubber biocomposites.

scholarly journals Thermal, Morphological and Physic-Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber - CaCO3 Composites Using Jatropha Oil as Softener.

2018 ◽  
Vol 156 ◽  
pp. 05016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasruddin ◽  
Tri Susanto
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Compositional Analysis ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
Jatropha Oil ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Natural Rubber Composites

The urgency of green technology in rubber compounding has become a critical issue recently. In this research, the effect of using renewable resources in rubber compounding has been studied. Commercial Calcium Carbonate, Silica and Jatropha Oil were used in natural rubber composite. The research was designed by varying the types of commercial filler namely CaCO3 (47-51) phr, silica (47-51) phr and Jatropha Oil (4-6) phr in natural rubber composites (SIR-20). The formulas were intentionally designed for rubber tips vulcanizates. The samples were characterized by the determination of physic-mechanical, thermal (TGA) and morphological (SEM) properties. From the measured results, there is no significant effect on the tensile strength, specific gravity, and hardness on the loading of commercial CaCO3 and Silica in natural rubber composites using Jatropha Oil. However, a slight difference in elongation at break and abrasion resistance could be detected. Compared to the commercial rubber tips, the rubber tips produced in this research have higher tensile strength, elongation at break and abrasion resistance. Due to the usage of commercial CaCO3 and Silica, the SEM micrographs show rough surface because of the agglomeration. The thermogram shows clearly the compositional analysis of the rubber tips vulcanizates consist of Jatropha Oil and natural rubber, CaCO3, ash and other filler residues such as Silica.

Tensile Properties of Wollastonite Filled High Density Polyethylene/Natural Rubber Composites

2015 ◽  
Vol 754-755 ◽  
pp. 215-219
Author(s):  
Ismail Yuhaida ◽  
Husseinsyah Salmah ◽  
Hanafi Ismail ◽  
Zainuddin Firuz
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
High Density Polyethylene ◽  
High Density ◽  
Inorganic Filler ◽  
Rotor Speed ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Natural Rubber Composites

Wollastonite is one type of inorganic filler. The effects of wollastonite loading on tensile properties of wollastonite (WS) filled high density polyethylene (HDPE)/Natural Rubber (NR) composites was studied. The HDPE/NR/WS composites were prepared by using Brabender EC Plus at a temperature of 180 °C with rotor speed of 50 rpm for 10 min. It was found that the increasing of wollastonite loading had decreased the tensile strength and elongation at break, whereas the Young’s modulus of the HDPE/NR/WS composites had increased with the increasing of wollastonite loading.

Cogon Grass Fiber-Epoxidized Natural Rubber Composites

2013 ◽  
Vol 747 ◽  
pp. 375-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaiwat Ruksakulpiwat ◽  
Wasaphon Wanasut ◽  
Apikiat Singkum ◽  
Ruksakulpiwat Yupaporn
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Acid Treatment ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Natural Rubber Composites

This research shows a great potential of cogon grass fiber to be used as a reinforcement in epoxidized natural rubber composites. The thermal and mechanical properties of cogon grass fiber-epoxidized natural rubber composites were studied. The chemical treatment of cogon grass fiber to be used as a reinforcing filler was revealed. Effects of fiber treatment method and treatment time of cogon grass fiber on thermal properties of the fibers and their composites were elucidated. The addition of cogon grass fiber into epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) improved the mechanical properties of the composites.The result indicated that alkaline treatment followed by acid treatment of cogon grass fiber led to an increase in thermal decomposition temperature and mechanical properties of the composites more than that without acid treatment. With increasing the amount of fiber, tensile strength of ENR composites were significantly increased while elongation at break was insignificantly changed. ENR with the addition of 4-Amino-6-hydroxy-2-mercaptopyrimidine monohydrate as coupling agent (ENRC) was shown to have higher tensile strength, modulus at 200% elongation and elongation at break than ENR. Improved mechanical properties were also obtained in ENRC composites compared to those of ENR composites.

scholarly journals Water Absorption Kinetics in Natural Rubber Composites Reinforced with Natural Fibers Processed by Electron Beam Irradiation

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 2437
Author(s):  
Elena Manaila ◽  
Gabriela Craciun ◽  
Daniel Ighigeanu
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Electron Beam Irradiation ◽  
Natural Fibers ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Diffusion Parameters ◽  
Natural Rubber Composites ◽  
Kinetics Of

Natural rubber composites reinforced with hemp, flax, and wood sawdust were obtained by irradiation at room temperature with an electron beam of 5.5 MeV in order to meet the actual need for new materials that are environmentally friendly and safe for human health. The natural fibers loading was between 5 and 20 phr and the processing doses were between 75 and 600 kGy. The kinetics of water absorption in these materials were studied. The water diffusion was analyzed through Fick’s law. The water absorption parameters (Qt and Qeq), diffusion parameters (k and n), diffusion coefficient (D), intrinsic diffusion coefficient (D*), sorption coefficient (S), and permeation coefficient (P) have depended on the fiber nature, amount used in blends, and irradiation dose. The obtained results showed that not in the case of each type of fiber used, the water absorption could be correlated with the specific cellulose and hemicellulose content, due to the changes induced by the electron beam.

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