Synthesis and Characterization of Biodiesel from Coconut Oil Using Homogeneous Catalyst

The present project explains how crude biodiesel (crude BD) has been obtained by using coconut oil and ethyl alcohol as well as sodium hydroxide as a catalyst. The coconut oil was extracted with water which was submitted to evaporation afterwards. This experiment was carried out by adding the coconut oil in a 500 mL glass flask. The catalyst was dissolved in ethyl alcohol and mixed together with the coconut oil. Once obtained the mixture, this was stirred for 25 minutes at temperatures from 20, 30, 40, 50 to 60 °C. During the reaction, two phases were formed: crude biodiesel (top layer) and crude glycerol (bottom layer). The characterization was done by determination of pH (using an electrode located in the top layer connected to a computer by RS-232 interface system). When the separation concluded, the crude BD was rinsed in order to remove the catalyst. The characterization of washed biodiesel was determined by density and Saybolt viscosity. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis was also made. The results by FTIR indicated the two functional groups of fatty acid ethyl esters (C=O, 1733 cm-1 and C-O, 1154 cm-1) and the OH wide band group of glycerol at 3400 cm-1. When the reaction time ended, the maximum pH value registered was 12.7. The values for pH, density and Saybolt viscosity were acceptable for crude BD and crude glycerol.

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Electron microscopic characterization of diamond thin films and substrates for diamond heteroepitaxial growth

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100154937 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 47 ◽

pp. 592-593

Author(s):

J.B. Posthill ◽

R.P. Burns ◽

R.A. Rudder ◽

Y.H. Lee ◽

R.J. Markunas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thin Films ◽

Wide Band ◽

Deposition Process ◽

Heteroepitaxial Growth ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

Wide Band Gap ◽

Lattice Matching ◽

Different Types ◽

Diamond Thin Films

Because of diamond’s wide band gap, high thermal conductivity, high breakdown voltage and high radiation resistance, there is a growing interest in developing diamond-based devices for several new and demanding electronic applications. In developing this technology, there are several new challenges to be overcome. Much of our effort has been directed at developing a diamond deposition process that will permit controlled, epitaxial growth. Also, because of cost and size considerations, it is mandatory that a non-native substrate be developed for heteroepitaxial nucleation and growth of diamond thin films. To this end, we are currently investigating the use of Ni single crystals on which different types of epitaxial metals are grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) for lattice matching to diamond as well as surface chemistry modification. This contribution reports briefly on our microscopic observations that are integral to these endeavors.

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Preparation and Characterization of Polyvinylidene Fluoride/ZrO2-TiO2 Optical Film with Wide Band Gap and High Refractive Index

Journal of Inorganic Materials ◽

10.3724/sp.j.1077.2013.12747 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 28 (6) ◽

pp. 671-676 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Yu-Qing ZHANG ◽

Li-Li ZHAO ◽

Shi-Long XU ◽

Chao ZHANG ◽

Xiao-Ying CHEN ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Refractive Index ◽

Band Gap ◽

Polyvinylidene Fluoride ◽

Wide Band ◽

High Refractive Index ◽

Wide Band Gap ◽

Optical Film

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Integrated, Multi-Scale Characterization of Imbibition and Wettability Phenomena Using Magnetic Resonance and Wide-Band Dielectric Measurements

10.2172/927607 ◽

2007 ◽

Author(s):

Mukul M. Sharma ◽

Steven L. Bryant ◽

Carlos Torres-Verdin ◽

George Hirasaki

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Resonance ◽

Wide Band ◽

Dielectric Measurements ◽

Multi Scale ◽

Scale Characterization

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Microscopic Image Segmentation and Morphological Characterization of Novel Chitosan/Silica Nanoparticle/Nisin Films Using Antimicrobial Technique for Blueberry Preservation

Membranes ◽

10.3390/membranes11050303 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 303

Author(s):

Rokayya Sami ◽

Schahrazad Soltane ◽

Mahmoud Helal

Keyword(s):

Ph Value ◽

Silica Nanoparticle ◽

Morphological Characterization ◽

Aerobic Bacteria ◽

Nano Materials ◽

Elongation At Break ◽

Stable Suspension ◽

Average Size ◽

Material Ductility

In the current work, the characterization of novel chitosan/silica nanoparticle/nisin films with the addition of nisin as an antimicrobial technique for blueberry preservation during storage is investigated. Chitosan/Silica Nanoparticle/N (CH-SN-N) films presented a stable suspension as the surface loads (45.9 mV) and the distribution was considered broad (0.62). The result shows that the pH value was increased gradually with the addition of nisin to 4.12, while the turbidity was the highest at 0.39. The content of the insoluble matter and contact angle were the highest for the Chitosan/Silica Nanoparticle (CH-SN) film at 5.68%. The use of nano-materials in chitosan films decreased the material ductility, reduced the tensile strength and elongation-at-break of the membrane. The coated blueberries with Chitosan/Silica Nanoparticle/N films reported the lowest microbial contamination counts at 2.82 log CFU/g followed by Chitosan/Silica Nanoparticle at 3.73 and 3.58 log CFU/g for the aerobic bacteria, molds, and yeasts population, respectively. It was observed that (CH) film extracted 94 regions with an average size of 449.10, at the same time (CH-SN) film extracted 169 regions with an average size of 130.53. The (CH-SN-N) film presented the best result at 5.19%. It could be observed that the size of the total region of the fruit for the (CH) case was the smallest (1663 pixels), which implied that the fruit lost moisture content. As a conclusion, (CH-SN-N) film is recommended for blueberry preservation to prolong the shelf-life during storage.

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Synthesis of eco-friendly fatty acid based zwitterionic biosurfactants from coconut oil sources and characterization of their interfacial properties,

Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry ◽

10.1016/j.jiec.2021.02.012 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 97 ◽

pp. 287-298

Author(s):

DaNan Yea ◽

YeJin Lee ◽

KiHo Park ◽

JongChoo Lim

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Coconut Oil ◽

Interfacial Properties

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Preparing Process and Properties of Collagen Modified Cotton Fiber

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.236-238.1415 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 236-238 ◽

pp. 1415-1419 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yun Hui Xu ◽

Zhao Fang Du

Keyword(s):

Cotton Fiber ◽

Treatment Time ◽

Ph Value ◽

Periodate Oxidation ◽

Aqueous Acetic Acid ◽

Collagen Concentration ◽

Acid Media ◽

Xps Characterization ◽

Aldehyde Groups

In order to develop cotton fabric underwear with the health care function, the cotton fiber was modified with the collagen (CMCF) using periodate oxidation method. The aldehyde groups on the glucose chains of the oxidized cotton cellulose were reacted with the amino groups of collagen to obtain the CMCF, and the oxidized cellulose was crosslinked with collagen in aqueous acetic acid media. The effects of collagen concentration, treatment time, reaction temperature, pH value of solution and periodate concentration on the amount of collagen crosslinked on cotton fiber were respectively discussed, and the optimal reaction technology was obtained. XPS characterization of the modified cotton fiber showed a characteristic peak about 400.0–405.0 eV corresponding to collagen, which indicated that the collagen was combined on the surface of cotton fiber. The mechanical properties of the collagen modified cotton fiber were improved. The resulting CMCF is a new natural ecological fiber and has the extensive application as a carrier for the controlled release of drugs.

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Aromatic and Sensory Characterization of Maturana Blanca Wines Made with Different Technologies

Beverages ◽

10.3390/beverages7010010 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 10

Author(s):

Ana Naranjo ◽

Leticia Martínez-Lapuente ◽

Belén Ayestarán ◽

Zenaida Guadalupe ◽

Irene Pérez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gas Chromatography ◽

Sensory Analysis ◽

Low Ph ◽

Ethyl Esters ◽

Vitis Vinifera L ◽

White Variety ◽

White Wines ◽

Mass Detector ◽

Oak Barrels

Vitis vinífera L. cv. Maturana Blanca is an autochthonous minor variety recently recovered in the Rioja Qualified Denomination of Origin (D.O.Ca Rioja, Spain) for the production of monovarietal white wines with singular and differentiated characteristics. In this paper, Maturana Blanca wines made with different technologies were analyzed by sensory analysis and aromatic profile by gas chromatography-mass detector. Maturana Blanca wines were characterized by low pH, high acidity, and yellowish tonalities. The compounds that most influenced the aroma of Maturana Blanca wines were those related to fruity (acetates and ethyl esters), floral aromas (2-phenylethanol), and spicy notes (γ-decalactone). These wines were mainly characterized by volatile compounds of fruity aromas of banana and apple. The use of pre-fermentative maceration increased the concentration of ethyl esters and acetates and produced wines with higher odor activity values, indicating a greater aromatic intensity. The aromatic profile of Maturana Blanca wines fermented in oak barrels showed a greater complexity as they were also characterized by the presence of important amounts of furfural, whiskey lactone, and eugenol. The sensory analysis confirmed the results obtained in the aromatic analysis, and described the wines as fresh and balanced in mouth, with notes of acidity and medium to high persistence. These results will contribute to a better knowledge of this white variety.

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