Synthesis of TiFe Compound from Ball Milled TiH2 and Fe Powders Mixtures

2014 ◽  
Vol 802 ◽  
pp. 61-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Railson Bolsoni Falcão ◽  
Edgar Djalma Campos Carneiro Dammann ◽  
Cláudio José da Rocha ◽  
Rodrigo Uchida Ichikawa ◽  
Michelangelo Durazzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Profile Analysis ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Planetary Mill ◽  
Line Profile Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Sample Number ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Crystallite Sizes ◽  
Energy Ball

TiFe compound was produced by high-energy ball milling of TiH2and Fe powders, followed by heating under vacuum. TiH2was used instead of Ti in order to avoid the strong particles adhesion to grinding balls and vial walls. Mixtures of TiH2and Fe powders were dry-milled in a planetary mill for times ranging from 5 to 40 hours. The amount of sample, number and diameter of the balls were kept constant in all experiments. After milling, samples were heated under dynamic high-vacuum for the synthesis reaction. As-milled and heat-treated materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The mean crystallite sizes and microstrains were determined by XRD line profile analysis using the Warren-Averbach method. As-milled materials presented only Fe and TiH2phases. Nanostructured TiFe compound was formed after heat treatment. TiH2was effective for providing low adherence of the powders during milling.

XRD Line Broadening Analysis with Ball Milled Palladium

2004 ◽  
Vol 443-444 ◽  
pp. 119-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Lucks ◽  
P. Lamparter ◽  
Jian Xu ◽  
Eric J. Mittemeijer
Keyword(s):  
Profile Analysis ◽  
Planetary Mill ◽  
Line Profile Analysis ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Line Broadening ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Diffraction Line Profile ◽  
Crystallite Sizes ◽  
Palladium Powder ◽  
Quantitative Results

Palladium powder was deformed by ball milling under an argon atmosphere in two types of mills for different milling times. Two methods for X-ray diffraction line profile analysis, the Williamson-Hall method and the Warren-Averbach method, yielded similar trends, but different quantitative results for crystallite sizes (column lengths) and microstrains. With both methods, from the anisotropic line broadening for planetary milled Pd smaller crystallite sizes and larger microstrains were obtained along the <100> direction than along <111>. Milling in a shaker mill causes microstrain higher by a factor of about two than milling in a planetary mill. The evolution of the crystallite size upon milling was discussed in terms of bimodal size distributions.

Nickel Silicides Synthesized by High Energy Ball Milling

2007 ◽  
Vol 353-358 ◽  
pp. 1625-1628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gen Shun Ji ◽  
Qin Ma ◽  
Tie Ming Guo ◽  
Qi Zhou ◽  
Jian Gang Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Alloying ◽  
Ball Milling ◽  
Milling Time ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Planetary Mill ◽  
High Energy Ball Milling ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Microstructure Morphology ◽  
Energy Ball ◽  
Xrd Patterns

The high energy ball milling of Ni-50 atom % Si elemental powder mixtures was carried out using a planetary mill. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to identify the phase evolutions during the high energy ball milling period. The microstructure morphology of the powders milled different time was determined by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). The beginning time of mechanical alloying was determined by back scattered electrons (BSE) images. The XRD patterns showed that the nickel peaks intensity and the silicon peaks intensity obviously decreased with milling time increased to 1 hour. BSE images revealed that nickel and silicon powders were not blended uniformly for 1 hour of milling. It was found that NiSi formed as the milling time increased to 5 hours, simultaneously, the nickel peaks and the silicon peaks almost disappeared. That means the obvious mechanical alloying started from 5 hours of milling. BSE images agreed with the result analyzed from XRD patterns. With the milling time further increased from 10 to 75 hours, the NiSi peaks decreased gradually, at the same time, the Ni2Si peaks appeared and then increased gradually.

ROLE OF PROCESS CONTROL AGENT ON MECHANICAL ALLOYING OF NANO STRUCTURED TiAl-BASED ALLOY

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (18n19) ◽  
pp. 2933-2938 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. BAHMANPOUR ◽  
S. HESHMATI-MANESH
Keyword(s):  
Process Control ◽  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Milled Powder ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Process Control Agent ◽  
Crystallite Sizes ◽  
Energy Ball ◽  
Milled Powders

High energy ball milling was performed on a mixture of titanium and aluminum elemental powders with a composition of Ti -48(at.%) Al . Stearic acid was added to this powder mixture as a process control agent (PCA) to study its effect on the microstructure evolution and crystallite size of the milled powder after various milling times. Phase compositions and morphology of the milled powders were evaluated using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Crystallite sizes of milled powders were determined by Cauchy-Gaussian approach using XRD profiles. It was shown that addition of 1wt.% of stearic acid not only minimizes the adhesion of milling product to the vial and balls, but also reduces its crystallite sizes. It has also a marked effect on the morphology of the final product.

scholarly journals In situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction line-profile analysis of additively manufactured Ti−6Al−4V alloy under tensile deformation

2020 ◽  
Vol 321 ◽  
pp. 03026
Author(s):  
K. Yamanaka ◽  
A. Kuroda ◽  
M. Ito ◽  
M. Mori ◽  
T. Shobu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dislocation Density ◽  
Line Profile ◽  
Tensile Deformation ◽  
Profile Analysis ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Line Profile Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Β Phase

In this study, the tensile deformation behavior of an electron beam melted Ti−6Al−4V alloy was examined by in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) line-profile analysis. The as-built Ti−6Al−4V alloy specimen showed a fine acicular microstructure that was produced through the decomposition of the α′-martensite during the post-melt exposure to high temperatures. Using high-energy synchrotron radiation, XRD line-profile analysis was successfully applied for examining the evolution of dislocation structures not only in the α-matrix but also in the nanosized, low-fraction β-phase precipitates located at the interfaces between the α-laths. The results indicated that the dislocation density was initially higher in the β-phase and an increased dislocation density with increasing applied tensile strain was quantitatively captured in each constitutive phase. It can be thus concluded that the EBM Ti−6Al−4V alloy undergoes a cooperative plastic deformation between the constituent phases in the duplex microstructure. These results also suggested that XRD line-profile analysis combined with highenergy synchrotron XRD measurements can be utilized as a powerful tool for characterizing duplex microstructures in titanium alloys.

Nanostructure Evolution of Expanded Graphite during High-Energy Ball-Milling

2011 ◽  
Vol 80-81 ◽  
pp. 229-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Yan Duan
Keyword(s):  
Expanded Graphite ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Milling Process ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Natural Graphite ◽  
Air Atmosphere ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Crystallite Sizes ◽  
Energy Ball ◽  
Diffraction Patterns

Expanded graphite (EG) was ball-milled in a high-energy planetary-type mill under an air atmosphere. The X-ray diffraction patterns of the products show that during the milling process (up to 100 h), the out-of-plane (Lc) and in-plane (La) crystallite sizes decrease gradually from 15.4 to 11.3 nm and 24.1 to 15.5 nm, respectively. The value of Lc/La, which is used to estimate the shape of the crystallites, increases gradually from 0.64 to 0.73. Compared with most of natural graphite, this Lc decrease degree of EG is far lower. This increased value of Lc/La indicates that the crystallites of the milled EG become thicker and steeper, which is contrary to the case for natural graphite.

The Transformation of Co-Rich Alloys Produced by Mechanical Alloying

2006 ◽  
Vol 509 ◽  
pp. 135-140
Author(s):  
Francisco Cruz-Gandarilla ◽  
R. Gayosso-Armenta ◽  
J. Gerardo Cabañas-Moreno ◽  
Heberto Balmori-Ramírez
Keyword(s):  
Single Phase ◽  
Intermetallic Phase ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Inert Atmosphere ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Mechanically Alloyed ◽  
Powder Mixtures ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Energy Ball

Elemental powder mixtures of Co and Ti were subjected to high-energy ball milling in order to produce mechanically alloyed powders with nominal compositions Co64Ti36, Co67Ti33, Co70Ti30, Co73Ti27, Co76Ti24 and Co85Ti15. The mechanically alloyed powders were treated during 30 minutes in inert atmosphere at temperatures in the range 300 – 700 °C. Both the as-milled powders as well as those subjected to heat treatments have been characterized by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometry and differential thermal analysis. As-milled products consist mostly of agglomerated powders with a size between 10 and 80 µm which give an amorphous-like diffraction pattern, except for the Co85Ti15 sample whose pattern presents the characteristic peaks of the Co3Ti intermetallic phase. The transformation of the asmilled powders occurs at temperatures in the range of about 530 – 670 °C with clearly observed exothermic events. The Co3Ti phase is found in all heat treated samples, together with fcc-Co (in Co76Ti24 and Co85Ti15) or the hexagonal Co2Ti intermetallic phase (in Co64Ti36, Co67Ti33 and Co70Ti30); the Co73Ti27 sample was essentially single-phase Co3Ti after heating to 700 °C. Our results suggest the occurrence of crystallization of an amorphous phase in two overlapping stages during heating of the mechanically alloyed powders.

TEM study of ball-milled Ni-Ta alloy containing WC inclusions

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 678-679
Author(s):  
N. Merk ◽  
L. E. Tanner
Keyword(s):  
Hexagonal Phase ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Planetary Mill ◽  
Atomic Scale ◽  
Structural Refinement ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Energy Ball ◽  
Container Material ◽  
State Amorphization ◽  
Milled Powders

High energy ball-milling of metallic powders is used extensively to achieve structural refinement. In recent years it has been found that cold-milling can induce transformations to highly metastable phases.In particular, the elemental mixing at the atomic-scale in certain systems may eventually lead to solid-state amorphization reactions (SSAR) after short periods of time. A problem that often arises in using this technique is contamination of the product from the grinding balls and container material.In this note we describe such a development in the microstructures that evolve during SSAR of a mixture of 75 atm% Ni and 25 atm% Ta high-purity powders processed for 17h in a planetary mill using WC + Co balls and container. The average composition of the ball-milled powders determined by EDS-analysis in a SEM was Ni75Ta25. X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of an amorphous phase and also revealed the presence of sharp crystalline peaks identified as WC hexagonal phase (a=0.291 nm and c=0.283 nm); no detectable crystalline peaks from the initial Ni or Ta powders were observed. For TEM observations, small quantities of the ball-milled powders were embedded in epoxy and subsequently sectioned with a diamond knife using a Dupont-6000 ultramicrotome.

Combined texture and microstructure analysis of deformed crystals by high-energy X-ray diffraction

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 883-894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Yuan ◽  
Zhe Chen ◽  
Thomas Buslaps ◽  
Veijo Honkimäki ◽  
András Borbély
Keyword(s):  
Profile Analysis ◽  
Domain Size ◽  
Lorentz Factor ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Microstructure Analysis ◽  
Line Profile Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Coherent Domain Size ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Coherent Domain

It is shown that high-energy X-ray diffraction allows a fast and accurate texture and microstructure analysis of crystals, which can help to set up optimal industrial procedures for materials manufacturing. This paper presents the experimental and theoretical aspects of quantitative texture analysis using high-energy synchrotron beams. Intensity corrections are less important in this approach than in classical laboratory methods; however, the most important correction, related to the Lorentz factor, can introduce relative fraction changes of up to about 40% compared to the uncorrected case. The resolution of the orientation density function also influences the results. For example, the usual 5° resolution leads to relative deviations of up to 30% in the fraction of some components. The method allowed detection of small changes taking place during the recovery and continuous recrystallization of a cold-rolled Al–TiB2 nanocomposite. Texture information was combined with the results of line profile analysis, evidencing the evolution of the average dislocation density and coherent domain size of the selected grain families. It was found that recovery, as described in terms of dislocation annihilation and coherent domain coarsening, takes place at similar rates in all components.

scholarly journals Effects of Recycled Fe2O3 Nanofiller on the Structural, Thermal, Mechanical, Dielectric, and Magnetic Properties of PTFE Matrix

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 2332
Author(s):  
Ahmad Mamoun Khamis ◽  
Zulkifly Abbas ◽  
Raba’ah Syahidah Azis ◽  
Ebenezer Ekow Mensah ◽  
Ibrahim Abubakar Alhaji
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Filler Loading ◽  
Complex Permeability ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Thermal Expansion Coefficients ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Energy Ball ◽  
Hematite Fe2o3 ◽  
Ptfe Composites

The purpose of this study was to improve the dielectric, magnetic, and thermal properties of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) composites using recycled Fe2O3 (rFe2O3) nanofiller. Hematite (Fe2O3) was recycled from mill scale waste and the particle size was reduced to 11.3 nm after 6 h of high-energy ball milling. Different compositions (5–25 wt %) of rFe2O3 nanoparticles were incorporated as a filler in the PTFE matrix through a hydraulic pressing and sintering method in order to fabricate rFe2O3–PTFE nanocomposites. The microstructure properties of rFe2O3 nanoparticles and the nanocomposites were characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The thermal expansion coefficients (CTEs) of the PTFE matrix and nanocomposites were determined using a dilatometer apparatus. The complex permittivity and permeability were measured using rectangular waveguide connected to vector network analyzer (VNA) in the frequency range 8.2–12.4 GHz. The CTE of PTFE matrix decreased from 65.28×10−6/°C to 39.84×10−6/°C when the filler loading increased to 25 wt %. The real (ε′) and imaginary (ε″) parts of permittivity increased with the rFe2O3 loading and reached maximum values of 3.1 and 0.23 at 8 GHz when the filler loading was increased from 5 to 25 wt %. A maximum complex permeability of 1.1−j0.07 was also achieved by 25 wt % nanocomposite at 10 GHz.

scholarly journals Effect of Milling Parameters on the Development of a Nanostructured FCC–TiNb15Mn Alloy via High-Energy Ball Milling

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1225
Author(s):  
Cristina García-Garrido ◽  
Ranier Sepúlveda Sepúlveda Ferrer ◽  
Christopher Salvo ◽  
Lucía García-Domínguez ◽  
Luis Pérez-Pozo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Alloying ◽  
Ball Mill ◽  
Milling Time ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Planetary Mill ◽  
Nominal Composition ◽  
Mechanically Alloyed ◽  
Milling Parameters ◽  
Energy Ball ◽  
Full Conversion

In this work, a blend of Ti, Nb, and Mn powders, with a nominal composition of 15 wt.% of Mn, and balanced Ti and Nb wt.%, was selected to be mechanically alloyed by the following two alternative high-energy milling devices: a vibratory 8000D mixer/mill® and a PM400 Retsch® planetary ball mill. Two ball-to-powder ratio (BPR) conditions (10:1 and 20:1) were applied, to study the evolution of the synthesized phases under each of the two mechanical alloying conditions. The main findings observed include the following: (1) the sequence conversion evolved from raw elements to a transitory bcc-TiNbMn alloy, and subsequently to an fcc-TiNb15Mn alloy, independent of the milling conditions; (2) the total full conversion to the fcc-TiNb15Mn alloy was only reached by the planetary mill at a minimum of 12 h of milling time, for either of the BPR employed; (3) the planetary mill produced a non-negligible Fe contamination from the milling media, when the highest BPR and milling time were applied; and (4) the final fcc-TiNb15Mn alloy synthesized presents a nanocrystalline nature and a partial degree of amorphization.

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