Turbidity Method to Measure the Growth of Anaerobic Bacteria Related to Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion

This study defines the interrelationship between turbidities and cell number counting efficiency for the growth of one of the microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) species in a medium. The metabolism activities during bacteria growth can accelerate the corrosion process and shorten the reliability of pipelines. Thus, the investigation of MIC species’ development and metabolic activities is significant. An experiment was performed on sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) that practiced the medium as the substance to grow. Desulfovibrio vulgaris, a strain of SRB, was cultured in a postgate C medium to measure the bacteria survival using two different measurement methods. The medium was modified to pH 7.5 at 37°C and placed in anaerobic vials. During 24 hours of incubation, samples were retrieved, and the value of turbidity and cell numbers was measured. Based on the SRB growth graph pattern, the amount of bacteria cell numbers was increased parallel to the value of the medium’s turbidity in respect to time. Both values (turbidity and bacteria cell numbers) dramatically increased from hour1 to hour24. The results supported that the turbidity value was positively correlated with bacteria cell numbers.

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Summer temperature in northeastern Siberia since 1642 reconstructed from tracheid dimensions and cell numbers of Larix cajanderi

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x03-109 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 33 (10) ◽

pp. 1905-1914 ◽

Cited By ~ 53

Author(s):

Irina P Panyushkina ◽

Malcolm K Hughes ◽

Eugene A Vaganov ◽

Martin AR Munro

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Wall Thickness ◽

Cell Number ◽

Cell Wall Thickness ◽

Cell Dimension ◽

Cell Numbers ◽

Age Related ◽

Cambial Age ◽

Northeastern Siberia ◽

Larix Cajanderi

We reconstructed air temperature for two periods in the growth season from cell dimension and cell number variability in cross-dated tree rings of Larix cajanderi Mayr. from northeastern Siberia. Thirteen tree-ring chronologies based on cell size, cell wall thickness, and cell number were developed for AD 16421993. No clear evidence was found of an age-related trend in cell dimensions in the sampled materials, but cell numbers were correlated with cambial age. The chronologies contain strong temperature signals associated with the timing of xylem growth. We obtained reliable reconstructions of mean June temperature from the total cell number and JulySeptember temperature from the cell wall thickness of latewood. June temperature and JulySeptember temperature covaried for most of the period from AD 1642 to AD 1978. After that time, June temperature became cooler relative to JulySeptember temperature. This difference caused disproportional changes in earlywood tracheids because of the late start of growth and cool conditions in June followed by warming during the rest of the season. The identification of this unusual recent change has shown that intraseasonal resolution may be achieved by cell dimension and cell number chronologies.

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Multifunctional Inhibitor Mixture for Reducing Bacteria Growth and Corrosion on Marine Grade Steel

10.26434/chemrxiv.13719649 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rainier Catubig ◽

Agnes Michalczyk ◽

Wayne Neil ◽

Grant McAdam ◽

John Forsyth ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Strength ◽

Exposure Period ◽

Significant Inhibition ◽

Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion ◽

Attractive Alternative ◽

Bacteria Growth ◽

Novel Approach ◽

Inhibitor System ◽

Strong Candidate ◽

Low Sensitivity

<a></a>High strength steel in marine environments suffers from severe corrosion susceptibility and the presence of bacteria can exacerbate the effect, accelerating degradation via microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC). Here we propose a novel approach to MIC inhibition by designing a system capable of limiting the effects of both bacteria growth and corrosion. The combination of a newly synthesised compound, cetrimonium 4-hydroxycinnamate, with lanthanum 4-hydroxycinnamate was the only system tested to date that could both inhibit abiotic corrosion in artificial seawater and minimise bacteria consortium densities over an exposure period of 24 hours. The electrochemical data for the La+Cet mixture demonstrated the significant inhibition of both abiotic corrosion to a level similar to La(4OHCin)3, as well as the ability to reduce bacteria densities of single strains and a consortium. This is unlike the La+CetNal mixture which accelerated abiotic corrosion and the La+IMI which had an insignificant effect on microbial densities (Catubig et al. 2020). A compatible mixture of ionic inhibitors was achieved by using the same cinnamate anion. This mixture of Cet-4OHCin and La(4OHCin)3 demonstrated significant abiotic corrosion inhibition and bacteria density reductions, making it a strong candidate as an MIC inhibitor system for 80HLES. The Cet-4OHCin compound and its mixture with La(4OHCin)3 retained relatively low sensitivity towards skin and intestinal cells, making it a safer and more attractive alternative than other more hazardous corrosion inhibitor materials.

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Improving Biomaterials from a Cellular Point of View

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-0925-bb03-02 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 925 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Venu Gopal Varanasi ◽

T. Vallortigara ◽

P. M. Loomer ◽

E. Saiz ◽

A. P. Tomsia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dissolution Rate ◽

Cell Number ◽

Point Of View ◽

Dissolution Behavior ◽

Ti Alloy ◽

Bioactive Glasses ◽

Culture Studies ◽

Cell Numbers ◽

Number Increase

ABSTRACTBioactive glasses (6P55) used for coating Ti/Ti-alloy were tested for their in vitro behavior in a comparative study with commercial Bioglass™ (45S5) and commercial Ti alloy (Ti6Al4V). In vitro testing included pH and dissolution rate determination in simulated body fluid (SBF) along with in vitro cyto compatibility testing. It was seen in this work that 6P55 and 45S5 had similar dissolution behavior, demonstrating t½ dependence and maximum pH of approximately 8.1 after 10 days of immersion. This pH was reduce by 0.2 0.4 pH units when the in vitro V:A ratio was increased from 1 to 3. The dissolution rate of these glasses approached 0 after additional immersion tests after 15 days and the pH stablilized at less than 7.5. Cell culture studies showed that both glasses behaved in similar fashion after 16 hours in culture. Both glasses had an increase in cell numbers of close to 200-250%, whereas Ti6Al4V had a less pronounced cell number increase (∼ 180%)

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Use of chemically defined system for the direct comparison of inner cell mass and trophectoderm distribution in murine, porcine and bovine embryos

Zygote ◽

10.1017/s0967199400003890 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 309-320 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

Rabindranath de la Fuente ◽

W. Allan King

Keyword(s):

Inner Cell Mass ◽

Cell Mass ◽

Cell Number ◽

Total Cell ◽

Differential Staining ◽

Similar Proportion ◽

Bovine Embryos ◽

Total Cell Number ◽

Cell Numbers

SummaryThe mammalian blastocyst comprises an inner cell mass (ICM) and a trophectoderm cell layer. In this study the allocation of blastomeres to either cell lineage was compared between murine, porcine and bovine blastocysts. Chemical permeation of trophectoderm cells by the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 in combination with DNA-specific fluorochromes resulted in the differential staining of trophectoderm and ICM. Confocal microscopy confirmed the exclusive permeation of trophectoderm and the internal localisation of intact ICM cells in bovine blastocysts. Overall, differential cell counts were obtained in approximately 85% of the embryos assessed. Mean (±SEM) total cell numbers were 72.2 ± 3.1 and 93.1±5 for in vivo derived murine (n = 41) and porcine (n = 21) expanded blastocysts, respectively. Corresponding ICM cell number counts revealed ICM/total cell number ratios of 0.27 and 0.21, respectively. Comparison of in vivo (n = 20) and in vitro derived bovine embryos on day 8 (n = 29) or day 9 (n = 29) revealed a total cell number of 195.25±9.9, 166.14±9.9 and 105±6.7 at the expanded blastocyst stage with corresponding ICM/total cell ratios of 0.27, 0.23 and 0.23, respectively. While total cell numbers differed significantly among the three groups of bovine embryos (p<0.05), the ICM/total cell ratio did not. These results indicate that a similar proportion of cells is allocated to the ICM among blastocysts of genetically divergent species.

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The human blastocyst: cell number, death and allocation during late preimplantation development in vitro

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.107.3.597 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 107 (3) ◽

pp. 597-604 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

K. Hardy ◽

A.H. Handyside ◽

R.M. Winston

Keyword(s):

Cell Death ◽

Inner Cell Mass ◽

Cell Mass ◽

Cell Number ◽

Blastocyst Stage ◽

Human Embryos ◽

Cell Numbers ◽

Human Blastocyst ◽

Development In Vitro

The development of 181 surplus human embryos, including both normally and abnormally fertilized, was observed from day 2 to day 5, 6 or 7 in vitro. 63/149 (42%) normally fertilized embryos reached the blastocyst stage on day 5 or 6. Total, trophectoderm (TE) and inner cell mass (ICM) cell numbers were analyzed by differential labelling of the nuclei with polynucleotide-specific fluorochromes. The TE nuclei were labelled with one fluorochrome during immunosurgical lysis, before fixing the embryo and labelling both sets of nuclei with a second fluorochrome (Handyside and Hunter, 1984, 1986). Newly expanded normally fertilized blastocysts on day 5 had a total of 58.3 +/− 8.1 cells, which increased to 84.4 +/− 5.7 and 125.5 +/− 19 on days 6 and 7, respectively. The numbers of TE cells were similar on days 5 and 6 (37.9 +/− 6.0 and 40.3 +/− 5.0, respectively) and then doubled on day 7 (80.6 +/− 15.2). In contrast, ICM cell numbers doubled between days 5 and 6 (20.4 +/− 4.0 and 41.9 +/− 5.0, respectively) and remained virtually unchanged on day 7 (45.6 +/− 10.2). There was widespread cell death in both the TE and ICM as evidenced by fragmenting nuclei, which increased substantially by day 7. These results are compared with the numbers of cells in morphologically abnormal blastocysts and blastocysts derived from abnormally fertilized embryos. The nuclei of arrested embryos were also examined. The number of TE and ICM cells allocated in normally fertilized blastocysts appears to be similar to the numbers allocated in the mouse. Unlike the mouse, however, the proportion of ICM cells remains higher, despite cell death in both lineages.

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Rapid increase in mast cell numbers in canine central and peripheral airways

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1988.65.1.445 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 65 (1) ◽

pp. 445-451 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

C. R. Turner ◽

J. Kolbe ◽

E. W. Spannhake

Keyword(s):

Mast Cell ◽

Airway Epithelium ◽

Time Course ◽

Isotonic Saline ◽

Cell Movement ◽

Cell Number ◽

Small Airways ◽

Cell Numbers ◽

Peripheral Airways ◽

Cell Counts

In preliminary studies of antigen-induced airway inflammation, we noted an apparent increase in peribronchiolar mast cell number. Experiments were thus undertaken to investigate the nature of this migration of mast cells into the central and peripheral airway epithelium and to determine its time course. The tracheae and small airways of 10 anesthetized mongrel dogs were exposed via a bronchoscope to Ascaris suum antigen (Ag), fMet-Leu-Phe (fMLP), ovalbumin (OVA), and isotonic saline (SAL). In the central airways, all stimuli provoked a significant increase (P less than 0.05) in mast cell numbers at the base of the airway epithelium within 3 h. In the peripheral airways, only Ag aerosol stimulated a significant mast cell increase compared with unexposed tissue. In a second series of experiments, the trachea of seven dogs were exposed to 0.026, 0.26, and 2.6 micrograms of Ag. The tissue was collected at 1, 3, 6, and 10 h after exposure. In these experiments, there was a significant mast cell increase seen within 1 h but it was not dose dependent. By 6-10 h after exposure, mast cell counts were not significantly different from the unexposed condition, which is consistent with the idea that some of the cells either degranulated or migrated into the airway lumen. We conclude that mast cell migration is an acute response that can be demonstrated within 1 h of stimulation with Ag. The observation that nonimmunological stimuli may, in some cases, also stimulate mast cell movement affords the possibility that this process represents a generalized response to airway irritation.

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Effectiveness of Ultraviolet Light For Mitigating Risk of Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion in Steel Pipeline

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v74.4605 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 74 (4) ◽

Author(s):

M. K. F. M. Ali ◽

N. Md. Noor ◽

N. Yahaya ◽

A. A. Bakar ◽

M. Ismail

Keyword(s):

Oil And Gas ◽

Oil And Gas Industry ◽

Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion ◽

Metal Loss ◽

Desulfovibrio Vulgaris ◽

Pipeline System ◽

Long Distance ◽

Gas Industry ◽

Internal Corrosion ◽

Steel Pipeline

Pipelines play an extremely important role in the transportation of gases and liquids over long distance throughout the world. Internal corrosion due to microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is one of the major integrity problems in oil and gas industry and is responsible for most of the internal corrosion in transportation pipelines. The presence of microorganisms such as sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) in pipeline system has raised deep concern within the oil and gas industry. Biocide treatment and cathodic protection are commonly used to control MIC. However, the solution is too expensive and may create environmental problems by being too corrosive. Recently, Ultraviolet (UV) as one of the benign techniques to enhance mitigation of MIC risk in pipeline system has gained interest among researchers. An amount of 100 ml of modified Baar’s medium and 5 ml of Desulfovibrio vulgaris (strain 7577) seeds was grown in 125 ml anaerobic vials with carbon steel grade API 5L-X70 coupons at the optimum temperature of 37°C and pH 9.5 for fifteen days. This was then followed by exposing the medium to UV for one hour. Results from present study showed that UV radiation has the ability to disinfect bacteria, hence minimizing the risk of metal loss due to corrosion in steel pipeline.

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Bcl-2 in LPS- and allergen-induced hyperplastic mucous cells in airway epithelia of Brown Norway rats

AJP Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajplung.2000.279.6.l1210 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 279 (6) ◽

pp. L1210-L1217 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Yohannes Tesfaigzi ◽

Mark J. Fischer ◽

Andrea J. Martin ◽

Jeanclare Seagrave

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Response ◽

Mucous Cell ◽

Cell Number ◽

Environmental Toxins ◽

Brown Norway ◽

Mucous Cells ◽

Cell Hyperplasia ◽

Airway Epithelia ◽

Cell Numbers ◽

Norway Rats

Environmental toxins, infection, and allergens lead to a transient mucous cell hyperplasia (MCH) in airway epithelia; however, the mechanisms for reducing mucous cell numbers during recovery are largely unknown. This study investigated Bcl-2 expression in mucous cells induced by a neutrophilic or eosinophilic inflammatory response. Brown Norway rats intratracheally instilled with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) showed an inflammatory response characterized primarily by neutrophils. Secreted mucin was increased fourfold at 1 day, and the number of mucous cells was increased fivefold 2, 3, and 4 days post-LPS instillation compared with those in noninstilled rats. None of the mucous cells in non- or saline-instilled control animals expressed Bcl-2, whereas 20–30% of mucous cells were Bcl-2 positive 1 and 2 days post-LPS instillation. Brown Norway rats immunized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) for 2, 4, and 6 days showed an inflammatory response characterized primarily by eosinophils. Secreted mucin increased fivefold, and mucous cell number increased fivefold after 4 and 6 days of OVA exposure compared with water-immunized control rats challenged with OVA aerosols. Approximately 10–25% of mucous cells were Bcl-2 positive in OVA-immunized and -challenged rats. These data demonstrate Bcl-2 expression in hyperplastic mucous cells of Brown Norway rats regardless of the type of inflammatory response and indicate that apoptotic mechanisms may be involved in the resolution of MCHs.

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Stimulation of Sertoli cell proliferation: defining the response interval to an inhibitor of estrogen synthesis in the boar

Reproduction ◽

10.1530/rep-11-0464 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 143 (4) ◽

pp. 523-529 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Trish Berger ◽

Lisa Kentfield ◽

J F Roser ◽

Alan Conley

Keyword(s):

Cell Proliferation ◽

Sertoli Cell ◽

Cell Number ◽

Cell Numbers ◽

Response Interval ◽

Estrogen Synthesis ◽

Letrozole Treatment ◽

Size At Sexual Maturity ◽

Testicular Size ◽

Second Wave

Sertoli cell proliferation occurs in two major waves after birth, one neonatally and another prepubertally, each contributing to final testicular size and sperm production. However, little is known about the regulation of either wave. We have previously shown that letrozole, an inhibitor of estrogen synthesis, increases Sertoli cell number and testicular size at sexual maturity in boars. These studies were conducted to determine whether letrozole affects the first or second proliferative wave. Boars were treated with letrozole during the first wave (treatment at 1, 3, and 5 weeks), less frequently (1 week of age only, or 1 and 5 weeks), on postnatal day 1, or during the second wave (weeks 11–16). Sertoli cells were enumerated in testes and estrogen concentrations were evaluated in serum and testes. Compared with vehicle controls, letrozole reduced estrogen in boars treated at weeks 1 and 5 or 1, 3, and 5, on postnatal day 1, or prepubertally. However, Sertoli cell numbers were increased only in boars treated at 1, 3, and 5 weeks of age. Neither perinatal (1 day old) nor prepubertal letrozole treatment affected Sertoli cell numbers. Hence, Sertoli cell proliferation was sensitive to letrozole only if letrozole was administered throughout the first wave, even though estrogen synthesis was effectively inhibited at all ages. These data indicate that the neonatal but not the prepubertal window of Sertoli cell proliferation is sensitive to an inhibitor of estrogen synthesis; this suggests that these two waves are differently regulated.

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197 EFFECTS OF HYALURONAN ON OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AND ATP CONTENT IN PIG BLASTOCYSTS PRODUCED IN VITRO

Reproduction Fertility and Development ◽

10.1071/rdv19n1ab197 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 215

Author(s):

K. Yoshioka ◽

M. Yokoo ◽

T. Ozawa ◽

C. Suzuki ◽

H. Abe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxygen Consumption ◽

Metabolic Activity ◽

Formation Rate ◽

Defined Medium ◽

Cell Number ◽

Total Cell ◽

Chemically Defined Medium ◽

Atp Content ◽

Cell Numbers

Hyaluronan (HA), a glycosaminoglycan present in follicular and oviductal fluids, has been related to sperm capacitation, fertilization, and embryo development. We have found that exogenous HA improves cell proliferation of porcine embryos cultured in a chemically defined medium (Yoshioka et al. 2004 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 16, 264–265). Moreover, mitochondrial maturation was clearly more advanced in blastocysts cultured with HA compared to those cultured without HA, as seen by transmission electron microscopy. In the present study, the effects of HA on oxygen consumption and ATP content of blastocysts, produced in a defined system which reflects metabolic activity, were investigated. Porcine immature oocytes were matured for 44 h in porcine oocyte medium (POM) and subsequently fertilized with frozen–thawed ejaculated semen in porcine gamete medium supplemented with theophylline, adenosine, and cysteine (PGMtac4). Both POM and PGMtac4 were chemically defined media modified from porcine zygote medium (PZM)-5. After IVF, presumptive zygotes were cultured in PZM-5 containing HA (from the microorganism, Nacalai tesque, Kyoto, Japan) at concentrations of 0 [control], 10 [HA10], or 100 [HA100] �g mL-1 until 5 days after IVF. Blastocyst formation rate and total cell numbers/blastocyst at Day 5 were assessed. In addition, oxygen consumption and ATP content of single Day 5 blastocysts were measured. Blastocyst oxygen consumption was quantified using scanning electrochemical microscopy (HV-403; Research Institute for the Functional Peptides, Yamagata, Japan), and embryonic ATP content was determined using a commercial assay based on the luciferin-luciferase reaction (ATPlite; PerkinElmer, Groningen, The Netherlands). Data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA and Fisher's PLSD test. While the percentage of embryos that developed to the blastocyst stage [30.5% (63/206) to 31.7% (65/206)] did not differ among treatments, blastocyst cell number in the HA100 group [57.9 cells (n = 64)] was greater (P < 0.05) compared to those in the control [48.6 cells (n = 63)] or HA10 [50.0 cells (n = 65)] groups. Blastocyst oxygen consumption rate in the HA100 group [0.629 � 10-14 mol s-1 (n = 15)] was significantly higher than in the control [0.500 � 1-14 mol s-1 (n = 16)] or HA10 [0.464 � 10-14 mol s-1 (n = 14)] groups. ATP content/blastocyst did not differ among treatments [control: 0.645 pmol (n = 38), HA10: 0.727 pmol (n = 42), and HA100: 0.704 pmol (n = 43)]. It is concluded that HA affects the metabolic activity of pig blastocysts developed in a chemically defined medium, enhancing oxygen consumption and their total cell numbers, thus improving the quality of IVP blastocysts.

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