Factors Affecting the Responses of Marine Mammals to Acoustic Disturbance

2003 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 6-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Wartzok ◽  
Arthur N. Popper ◽  
Jonathan Gordon ◽  
Jennifer Merrill
Keyword(s):  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Noise Exposure ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Behavior Changes ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Ocean Noise ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Long Term Behavior

The issues surrounding marine mammals and noise cannot be managed effectively without an understanding of the effects of that noise on individual mammals and their populations. In the spring of 2003 the National Research Council released Ocean Noise and Marine Mammals, a report that reviewed sources of ocean noise (natural and anthropogenic), the effects of noise on marine mammals, patterns and long-term trends in ocean noise, and included recommendations intended to improve understanding of the sources and impacts of anthropogenic marine noise. This paper provides a brief summary of observed effects of ocean noise on marine mammals and the factors that can change the response of the animal to the noise exposure. It introduces the reader to short- and long-term behavior changes that have been observed in marine mammals in response to ocean noise, and discusses future directions for marine mammal research.

scholarly journals Reconstruction of historical noise exposure data for environmental epidemiology in Switzerland within the SiRENE project

Noise Mapping ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis Karipidis ◽  
Danielle Vienneau ◽  
Manuel Habermacher ◽  
Micha Köpflii ◽  
Mark Brink ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
Noise Exposure ◽  
Traffic Noise ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Traffic Information ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Exposure Analysis ◽  
Short And Long Term

AbstractIn 2014 the three-year interdisciplinary study SiRENE (Short and Long Term Effects of Traffic Noise Exposure) was launched in Switzerland. The goal of SiRENE is to investigate acute, short- and long-term e_ects of road, railway and aircraft noise exposure on annoyance, sleep disturbances and cardio-metabolic risk.The study is based on a detailed Swiss-wide assessment of transportation noise exposure, including diurnal distributions. The exposure analysis comprises current as well as historical exposure calculations for up to 20 years in the past.We present the major challenges of compiling sufficient data to support a Swiss-wide model for all buildings and including all transport infrastructure as a basis for the subsequent SiRENE sound exposure analysis for the years 2011, 2001 and 1991. The task is particularly challenging for the early years due to poor data quality and/or lack of availability. We address the integration of geo-referenced input datasets from various sources and time periods, the assignment of tra_c noise exposure from façade points to dwelling units, as well as the processing of traffic information and statistics. Preliminary results of the noise exposure calculations are presented.

scholarly journals AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE RELAXATION OF BOLTS

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Abid ◽  
Muhammad Shahid Khalil ◽  
Hafiz Abdul Wajid
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Behaviour ◽  
Relaxation Behaviour ◽  
Bolted Joint ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Elastic Interactions ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The Many ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Static Behaviour

Loss of pre-load with time, commonly known as ‘Relaxation’ is an established phenomena. Behaviour of a bolted joint depends upon the pre-load in the bolts in use, not the pre-load introduced by the mechanic. Loss of pre-load is expected due to the many factors such as embedment relaxation, gasket creep, elastic interactions, and vibration loosening or stress relaxation. In a gasketed joint, due to the gasket flexibility, relaxation is always substantial during preliminary passes, as 80 to 100% loss is not uncommon in almost all the bolts, resulting in a dynamic behaviour. Pre-load in a gasketed joint is stabilized and retained to certain extent in the final passes only. In a non-gasketed joint, due to no gasket and no rotation its static behaviour is concluded. This paper highlights the factors affecting the amount of relaxation with time and presents important considerations that can reduce this. Both the short and long term relaxations are recorded and a ‘best fit’ model for relaxation behaviour is derived.

Health Literacy in Non-Communicable Diseases

2021 ◽  
pp. 257-297
Author(s):  
Christina Zarcadoolas ◽  
Barbara K. Kondilis
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Health Literacy ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Behavior Changes ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Education Material ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Patient Outreach

The chapter highlights some of the methods used to embed health literacy principles into patient outreach and education materials about non-communicable diseases: chronic conditions including mental health conditions. A person's or population's understanding and engagement with health represents its health literacy. Health literacy is a form social capital. The authors use an ecological, socially contextualized model of health literacy and demonstrate how it guides the structure and content of health education material in case examples from New York City, United States, and Greece in Europe. While the specific methods used in these cases vary, the essential principal is that it is critical to identify and build on information about an individual's health literacy contextualized in the individual's or group's socio-cultural and lived experiences. Only this way can an individual's or group's health literacy be advanced so that they can engage in behavior changes for both short- and long-term health outcomes.

scholarly journals Ubiquitous C IV 1550 Variability in B and Be Stars

1987 ◽  
Vol 92 ◽  
pp. 286-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Sonneborn ◽  
M.P. Garhart ◽  
C.A. Grady
Keyword(s):  
Time Scale ◽  
High Dispersion ◽  
Be Stars ◽  
Line Profiles ◽  
Standard Star ◽  
B Stars ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Resonance Transitions ◽  
Long Term Behavior

Studies of line profile variability of the ultraviolet 1550 Angstrom resonance transitions of C IV in Be stars (Sonneborn et al. 1986; Grady, et al. 1986a,b) have prompted an investigation into the short- and long-term behavior of the C IV lines in other types of B stars. We present examples of two well-studied Be stars, Omega Orionis and 66 Ophiuchi, and two non-Be stars, Beta Cephei and the standard star Zeta Cassiopeiae. Zeta Cas is also known to be a 53 Per variable (see Cox 1983). The IUE SWP high-dispersion spectra of Beta Cep and Zeta Cas have been obtained from the IUE archives. It has been known for some years that the C IV line profiles in Beta Cep vary in a time scale of several days (Fishel and Sparks, 1980). However, it came as a surprise to discover C IV variability in Zeta Cas. Available data allow us to set an upper limit of several months for the time scale of Zeta Cas C IV variability. The principal difference between the C IV variability in Be and non-Be stars appears to be the magnitude and velocity range of the effect.

Long‐term trends in ocean noise

2006 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. 3382-3382
Author(s):  
D. Benjamin Reeder ◽  
Rommel Pucan ◽  
Curtis A. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Noise ◽  
Long Term Trends

Long-term trend analysis of deep-ocean acoustic noise data

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sei-Him Cheong ◽  
Stephen P Robinson ◽  
Peter M Harris ◽  
Lian S Wang ◽  
Valerie Livina
Keyword(s):  
Trend Analysis ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Functional Model ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Ocean Noise ◽  
Noise Data ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Long Term Trend ◽  
Monitoring Stations

<p>Underwater noise is recognised as a form of marine pollutant and there is evidence that over exposure to excessive levels of noise can have effects on the wellbeing of the marine ecosystem. Consequently, the variation in the ambient sound levels in the deep ocean has been the subject of a number of recent studies, with particular interest in the identification of long-term trends. We describe a statistical method for performing long-term trend analysis and uncertainty evaluation of the estimated trends from deep-ocean noise data. This study has been extended to include  measured data  from four monitoring stations located in the Indian (Cape Leeuwin & Diego Garcia), Pacific (Wake Island) and Southern Atlantic (Ascension Islands) Oceans over periods spanning between 8 to 15 years. The data were obtained from the hydro-acoustic monitoring stations of the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO). The monitoring stations provide information at a sampling frequency of 250 Hz, leading to very large datasets, and at acoustic frequencies up to 105 Hz.</p><p>The analysis method uses a flexible discrete model that incorporates terms that capture seasonal variations in the data together with a moving-average statistical model to describe the serial correlation of residual deviations. The trend analysis is applied to time series representing daily aggregated statistical levels for four frequency bands to obtain estimates for the change in sound pressure level (SPL) over the examined period with associated coverage intervals. The analysis demonstrates that there are statistically significant changes in the levels of deep-ocean noise over periods exceeding a decade. The main features of the approach include (a) using a functional model  with terms  that represent both long-term and seasonal behaviour of deep-ocean noise, (b) using a statistical model to capture the serial correlation of the residual deviations that are not explained by the functional model, (c) using daily aggregation intervals derived from 1-minute  sound pressure level averages, and (d) applying a non-parametric approach to validate the uncertainties of the trend estimates that avoids the need to make an assumption about the distribution of the residual deviations.</p><p>The obtained results show the long term trends vary differently at the four stations. It was observed that low frequency noise generally dominated the significant trends in these oceans. The relative differences between the various statistical levels are remarkably similar for all the frequency bands. Given the complexity of the acoustic environment, it is difficult to identify the main causes of these trends. Some possible explanations for the observed trends are discussed. It was however observed some stations are subjected to strong seasonal variation with a high degree of correlation with climatic factors such as sea surface temperature, Antarctic ice coverage and wind speed. The same seasonal effects is less pronounced in station located closer to the equator.</p>

Factors affecting short and long-term mortality after community-acquired pneumonia

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatma Tokgöz Akyil ◽  
Armagan Hazar ◽  
Murat Yalçinsoy ◽  
Aykut Çilli ◽  
Burcu Çelenk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Long Term Mortality

Failure of a Test Embankment On a Sensitive Champlain Clay Deposit

1974 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. La Rochelle ◽  
B. Trak ◽  
F. Tavenas ◽  
M. Roy
Keyword(s):  
Research Program ◽  
Factor Of Safety ◽  
Soft Clay ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Undrained Strength ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Long Term Behavior ◽  
Test Embankment

The present paper reports on the failure of a test embankment built on a soft, sensitive, and cemented clay in Saint-Alban, Quebec. The embankment was built as a first stage of a research program aimed at studying the short and long term behavior of embankments on soft clay foundations.A complete description of the embankment, of the instrumentation, and of the failure is given, followed by the analysis of the failure performed on the basis of different assumptions of fill behavior and of vane strength values mobilized in the clay crust. The analyses show that the assumptions of full mobilization of friction in the fill seems to be the most representative of the fill behavior in the present case and that a suitable factor of safety is obtained only when a reduction of vane strength is assumed to act in the crust.A new approach based on the residual undrained strength is suggested and seems to offer some potential as a valuable means of analyzing the stability of embankments on clay foundations.

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