Drastic Freight Increase for Containerized Cargo in the Pandemic Era: Lack of Mutual Commitment

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 8-19
Author(s):  
Ahmet Selcuk Basarici ◽  
Turker Bas
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Container Shipping ◽  
Shipping Industry ◽  
Difficult Situation ◽  
Freight Rates ◽  
Analysis Methodology ◽  
Problematic Relationship ◽  
Shipping Line ◽  
Line Relationship

Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has seriously damaged the operational harmony of container shipping. Initially, it led to a decrease in the overall throughput of containerized cargo. The industry has faced blank sailings and a lack of container equipment after rising container demand. Operational harmony has not been established for more than a year. Extremely increased freight rates have unprecedently put the shippers in a difficult situation. This study examines the circumstances in terms of the shipper and shipping line relationship and underscores the loose commitment between them. Accordingly, this study questions the mutual commitment of this relationship. This institutionally problematic relationship has become prominent in terms of its consequences in the COVID-19 pandemic era. The problematic part of this relationship is discussed through discourse samples representing different branches of the container shipping industry, using the discourse analysis methodology supported by the literature review. The findings indicate that both shippers and shipping lines recognize that a commitment-based relationship requires decisiveness; however, their priorities in the pandemic era overshadow it. Their mutual commitment may help to alleviate the consequences of any chaos in the future of container shipping, which requires critical projection.

scholarly journals Are Bulk/Container Shipping Companies Improving Compared to the Baltic Dry Index?

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Samuel D. Barrows
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Stock Price ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Container Shipping ◽  
Shipping Industry ◽  
Freight Rates ◽  
Industry Competition ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Baltic Dry Index

This study evaluates the 2000-2017 time frame and assesses the performance of the bulk/container shipping industry before and after the Great Financial Crisis (GFC) in relation to the Baltic Dry Index (BDI) and two other benchmarks in a variety of combinations. This study evaluates two different period portfolios of shipping companies based on their stock price total return performance. Five cases are presented that demonstrate portfolio improvement when comparing performance after the GFC with performance before the GFC in relation to the BDI and the other benchmarks. Included are discussions on shipping industry competition, vessel utilization and freight rates plus the BDI as an economic activity predictor.

System Dynamics in the Predictive Analytics of Container Freight Rates

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun-Woo Jeon ◽  
Okan Duru ◽  
Ziaul Haque Munim ◽  
Naima Saeed
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
System Dynamics ◽  
Predictive Analytics ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Container Shipping ◽  
Shipping Industry ◽  
Freight Rates ◽  
Rolling Window ◽  
Container Freight

This study proposes a two-tier cross-validation and backtesting procedure, including expanding and rolling-window test metrics in predictive analytics of container freight rates by utilizing the system dynamics approach. The study utilized system dynamics to represent the nonlinear complex structure of container freight rates for predictive analytics and performed univariate and multivariate time-series analysis as benchmarks of the conventional approach. In particular, the China containerized freight index (CCFI) has been investigated through various parametric methodologies (both conventional time-series and system dynamics approaches). This study follows a strict validation process consisting of expanding window and rolling-window test procedures for the out-of-sample forecasting accuracy of the proposed systemic model and benchmark models to ensure fair validation. In addition to the predictive features, major governing dynamics are presented in the analysis which may initiate further theoretical discussions on the economics and structure of the container shipping markets. Empirical results indicate that postsample accuracy can be affected by the sample size (training data size) in a given set of methodologies. Considering the economic challenges in the container shipping industry, the proposed methodology may help users to improve their cash-flow visibility and reduce the adverse effects of volatility in container shipping rates.

scholarly journals Rapid Truck Loading for Efficient Feedstock Logistics

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-167
Author(s):  
Robert “Bobby” Grisso ◽  
John Cundiff ◽  
Subhash C. Sarin
Keyword(s):  
Single Layer ◽  
Container Shipping ◽  
Shipping Industry ◽  
Exchange Time ◽  
Productivity Factor ◽  
Truck Loading ◽  
Storage Location ◽  
Experienced Operator ◽  
Optimum Productivity ◽  
Feedstock Logistics

A multi-bale handling unit offers an advantage for the efficient hauling of round bales. Two empty racks on trailers are left at a satellite storage location for loading while a truck tractor delivers two loaded racks to the biorefinery, thus uncoupling the loading and hauling operations and increasing the efficiency of both. The projected 10 min trailer exchange time equals the projected 10 min unload time at the biorefinery achieved by lifting off the two full racks and replacing them with two empties, a technology adapted from the container shipping industry. A concept is presented for a bale loader that latches onto the rack/trailer and loads bales into the bottom tier chambers. This machine will load 10 bales into the rack on the front trailer by attaching on to the front of the trailer and 10 bales into the rear trailer by attaching onto the rear. A telehandler removes bales from single-layer storage and places them in the bale loader to load the bottom tier compartments. The top tier compartments are loaded directly from the top. Expectations are that an experienced operator can average 9 loads in a 10 h workday, and load-out cost is estimated as 3.61 USD/Mg, assuming the average achieved load-out productivity over annual operation is 60% of optimum productivity (24 Mg/h) equal to 14.4 Mg/h. Cost increases to 4.81 USD/Mg when the productivity factor drops to 45%, and cost is 3.09 USD/Mg for a factor of 70%.

scholarly journals An Energy Consumption Approach to Estimate Air Emission Reductions in Container Shipping

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 278
Author(s):  
Ernest Czermański ◽  
Giuseppe T. Cirella ◽  
Aneta Oniszczuk-Jastrząbek ◽  
Barbara Pawłowska ◽  
Theo Notteboom
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Container Shipping ◽  
Shipping Industry ◽  
Emission Reductions ◽  
Energy Efficiency Design Index ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Container shipping is the largest producer of emissions within the maritime shipping industry. Hence, measures have been designed and implemented to reduce ship emission levels. IMO’s MARPOL Annex VI, with its future plan of applying Tier III requirements, the Energy Efficiency Design Index for new ships, and the Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan for all ships. To assist policy formulation and follow-up, this study applies an energy consumption approach to estimate container ship emissions. The volumes of sulphur oxide (SOx), nitrous oxide (NOx), particulate matter (PM), and carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted from container ships are estimated using 2018 datasets on container shipping and average vessel speed records generated via AIS. Furthermore, the estimated reductions in SOx, NOx, PM, and CO2 are mapped for 2020. The empirical analysis demonstrates that the energy consumption approach is a valuable method to estimate ongoing emission reductions on a continuous basis and to fill data gaps where needed, as the latest worldwide container shipping emissions records date back to 2015. The presented analysis supports early-stage detection of environmental impacts in container shipping and helps to determine in which areas the greatest potential for emission reductions can be found.

scholarly journals Global Economy Crisis and its Impact on Operational Container Carrier’s Strategy

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-194
Author(s):  
Vladimir Jerebić ◽  
Stanislav Pavlin
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Market Potential ◽  
Container Shipping ◽  
Freight Rates ◽  
New Business ◽  
Cyclic Changes ◽  
Economic And Financial Crisis

The shipping market is an economic derivative of global production and trade, being precariously subject of their cyclic changes, depressions and expansions. This paper analyses the condition of global container shipping market, caused by long-lasting economic and financial crisis that begun in 2008, but is still much visible within the container industry, particularly through overcapacity and low freight rates. It also deals with major changes of maritime container carrier’s management strategies, development and application of advanced transportation, technological, technical, economical, organizational and commercial measures in order to adapt and cope with new business environment. Finally, an attempt is made to forecast the market, potential difficulties and to propose problem-solving measures.

scholarly journals The Roots Of Practice: An Anti-Colonial Critical Discourse Analysis Of Western Nature-Based Mental Health Therapies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Chui
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Critical Discourse Analysis ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Critical Discourse ◽  
Therapeutic Modalities ◽  
Analysis Methodology ◽  
Mental Health Practices ◽  
And Coping

<div>This study seeks to explore how nature-based therapies are understood in Western “mental health” practices. Specifically, horticultural and equine-assisted therapeutic models are examined for discursive themes tied to mind-body connections, attachment and healing. Additionally, texts used to teach specific therapeutic modalities are examined to further explore common concepts such as mindfulness and coping. In conducting a review of relevant literature, similar themes were revealed which contributed to a base knowledge for understanding the discourse around nature-based therapies. Engaging in an anti-colonial theoretical framework and a modified critical discourse analysis methodology, this qualitative study explores the research question: “What are the discourses which inform Western nature-based therapies?” Ultimately, this study aims to develop a more thorough understanding of how these therapies are linked to Indigenous approaches, how practices may be appropriated and used by Western practitioners, and the shift in social work towards more wholistic therapeutic practices. </div>

scholarly journals The Roots Of Practice: An Anti-Colonial Critical Discourse Analysis Of Western Nature-Based Mental Health Therapies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Chui
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Critical Discourse Analysis ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Critical Discourse ◽  
Therapeutic Modalities ◽  
Analysis Methodology ◽  
Mental Health Practices ◽  
And Coping

<div>This study seeks to explore how nature-based therapies are understood in Western “mental health” practices. Specifically, horticultural and equine-assisted therapeutic models are examined for discursive themes tied to mind-body connections, attachment and healing. Additionally, texts used to teach specific therapeutic modalities are examined to further explore common concepts such as mindfulness and coping. In conducting a review of relevant literature, similar themes were revealed which contributed to a base knowledge for understanding the discourse around nature-based therapies. Engaging in an anti-colonial theoretical framework and a modified critical discourse analysis methodology, this qualitative study explores the research question: “What are the discourses which inform Western nature-based therapies?” Ultimately, this study aims to develop a more thorough understanding of how these therapies are linked to Indigenous approaches, how practices may be appropriated and used by Western practitioners, and the shift in social work towards more wholistic therapeutic practices. </div>

Reconstruction and Change

2000 ◽  
pp. 173-196
Author(s):  
Peter N. Davies
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
West African ◽  
Shipping Industry ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
Freight Rates ◽  
The First World War ◽  
First World ◽  
Trade Market

This chapter explores the effects of the First World War on the shipping and West African trade market. It outlines Elder Dempster’s financial and trading position after the war and details the difficulties that came as a result of reduced freight rates, loss of vessels, and a fall in the value of West African produce. It juxtaposes Elder Dempster’s losses with the progress of Dutch and German lines and presents the two rival countries as a threat to the British shipping industry. The chapter concludes with the re-establishment of the West African Lines Conference.

The Conference System

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.G. Sturmey
Keyword(s):  
Monopoly Power ◽  
Shipping Industry ◽  
Freight Rates ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
System P ◽  
The World ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Conference System

This chapter explores the shipping conference system in relation to the development of the British shipping industry. It outlines the purpose of conferences - namely, to control and reduce competition amongst rival companies; summarises their history; explores the limitations of monopoly power; examines the impact of conferences on freight rates; evaluates loyalty contracts; evaluates whether or not conferences provided rate stability; and, in detail, examines the effect of conferences on British shipping in relation to the rest of the world. It concludes by claiming that conferences are often an uneconomic use of resources, and the author casts doubt on their continued relevance in years to come.

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