OVERWINTER SURVIVAL OF SPEAR-MARKED BLACK MOTH, RHEUMAPTERA HASTATA (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE), PUPAE IN INTERIOR ALASKA

1978 ◽  
Vol 110 (8) ◽  
pp. 877-882 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Werner
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factor ◽  
Snow Depth ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Glycerol Content ◽  
Pupal Development ◽  
Overwinter Survival ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Interior Alaska ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels

AbstractSnow depth is the most important environmental factor in the survival of overwintering Rheumaptera hastata (L.) pupae in interior Alaska. Pupae spend the winter in the leaf litter where litter temperatures are directly related to snow depth at given air temperatures. Winter survival is also dependent on the cessation of pupal development (diapause) and the development of cold-hardiness which is induced by certain physiological processes such as supercooling and changes in glycerol and carbohydrate levels. Glycerol content and supercooling are dependent on changes in carbohydrate levels which in turn are directly related to changes in the rate of pupal development prior to diapause.

Overwinter Survival of Plants in Closed, Insulated Rootzone Containers

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 512d-512
Author(s):  
A.M. Shirazi ◽  
J.L. Green
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Moisture Transfer ◽  
Dust Control ◽  
Hedera Helix ◽  
Overwinter Survival ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Field Nursery ◽  
Acer Ginnala ◽  
Container Plant

Growth and overwinter survival of tree–shrub–groundcover plant combinations in above-grade closed, insulated rootzone containers (CIRCs) are being evaluated at Morton Arboretum where winter air temperatures below –11.1 °C (12 °F) are not uncommon. Two-inch-thick extruded polystyrene foam board insulating liner enclosed the rootzone compartment. Triple expanding foam applied where the top insulating board surrounds the above-container plant stems completed the seal preventing heat-moisture transfer and separating the root and shoot environments. Water reservoirs (6-inch depth) in the base of the containers provide additional volume heat capacity. Three plants (tree, shrub, groundcover) were installed in each CIRC. In this preliminary experiment, two 300-gal CIRCs are planted with Picea glauca `Conica' (Dwarf Alberta Spruce), Pinus mugo pumilio (Dwarf Mugo Pine), and Potentilla fruiticosa `Goldfinger'. The two 200-gal CIRCs are planted with Acer ginnala `Mondy' TM (Red Rhapsody Maple), and Hedera helix `Bulgaria' and `Silver Dust'. Control plants are in a field nursery. Within the insulated containers, temperature fluctuations are less extreme than outside. Temperatures within the CIRC have not been below –2.22 °C (28 °F) even when exterior temperatures have hovered at below –11.1 °C (12 °F). Shoot cold hardiness of plants in the closed, insulated containers and of control plants in the field nursery will be compared.

scholarly journals Harvest Date as a Factor in Carbohydrate Storage and Cold Hardiness of Cabernet Sauvignon Grapevines

1992 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L. Wample ◽  
Andy Bary
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Cabernet Sauvignon ◽  
Carbohydrate Analysis ◽  
Carbohydrate Storage ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Storage Carbohydrate ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels ◽  
Early Harvest

Cold-hardiness evaluations and soluble and insoluble-nonstructural carbohydrate analysis of dormant Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon buds and cane tissue indicate a positive relationship between soluble carbohydrates and primary bud cold hardiness. Seasonal variations in soluble and insoluble carbohydrates appear to be related to changes in air temperatures and the dormancy status of the tissues. No differences were found in bud cold hardiness and only limited differences in carbohydrate levels of buds or stem tissues collected over 3 years from early harvest, normal harvest, or unharvested vines. These findings contrast with the widely held opinion that delayed harvest or failure to remove fruit results in reduced cold hardiness as a consequence of low storage carbohydrate content of the plants.

scholarly journals Past and future snowmelt trends in the Swiss Alps: the role of temperature and snowpack

2021 ◽  
Vol 165 (3-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Vorkauf ◽  
Christoph Marty ◽  
Ansgar Kahmen ◽  
Erika Hiltbrunner
Keyword(s):  
Snow Depth ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Alpine Plants ◽  
Swiss Alps ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Freezing Damage ◽  
Strong Shift ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Early Snowmelt

AbstractThe start of the growing season for alpine plants is primarily determined by the date of snowmelt. We analysed time series of snow depth at 23 manually operated and 15 automatic (IMIS) stations between 1055 and 2555 m asl in the Swiss Central Alps. Between 1958 and 2019, snowmelt dates occurred 2.8 ± 1.3 days earlier in the year per decade, with a strong shift towards earlier snowmelt dates during the late 1980s and early 1990s, but non-significant trends thereafter. Snowmelt dates at high-elevation automatic stations strongly correlated with snowmelt dates at lower-elevation manual stations. At all elevations, snowmelt dates strongly depended on spring air temperatures. More specifically, 44% of the variance in snowmelt dates was explained by the first day when a three-week running mean of daily air temperatures passed a 5 °C threshold. The mean winter snow depth accounted for 30% of the variance. We adopted the effects of air temperature and snowpack height to Swiss climate change scenarios to explore likely snowmelt trends throughout the twenty-first century. Under a high-emission scenario (RCP8.5), we simulated snowmelt dates to advance by 6 days per decade by the end of the century. By then, snowmelt dates could occur one month earlier than during the reference periods (1990–2019 and 2000–2019). Such early snowmelt may extend the alpine growing season by one third of its current duration while exposing alpine plants to shorter daylengths and adding a higher risk of freezing damage.

The effect of snow depth on overwinter survival in Lobelia inflata

Oikos ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 119 (10) ◽  
pp. 1685-1689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew M. Simons ◽  
Jillian M. Goulet ◽  
Karyne F. Bellehumeur
Keyword(s):  
Snow Depth ◽  
Overwinter Survival ◽  
Lobelia Inflata

Flower cold hardiness: a potential determinant of the flowering sequence exhibited by bog ericads

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (9) ◽  
pp. 997-999 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Reader
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Vaccinium Macrocarpon ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Insect Pollinators ◽  
Cold Hardy ◽  
Vaccinium Myrtilloides ◽  
Potential Determinant ◽  
Ledum Groenlandicum

In laboratory freezing trials, cold hardiness of six types of bog ericad flowers differed significantly (i.e., Chamaedaphne calyculata > Andromeda glaucophylla > Kalmia polifolia > Vaccinium myrtilloides > Ledum groenlandicum > Vaccinium macrocarpon) at air temperatures between −4 and −10 °C but not at temperatures above −2 °C. At the Luther Marsh bog in southern Ontario, low temperatures (−3 to −7 °C) would select against May flowering by the least cold hardy ericads. Availability of pollinators, on the other hand, would encourage May flowering by the most cold hardy species. Presumably, competition for insect pollinators has promoted the diversification of bog ericad flowering peaks, while air temperature, in conjunction with flower cold hardiness, determined the order in which flowering peaks were reached.

Autonomous observations of sea ice mass balance during MOSAiC

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don Perovich ◽  
Ian Raphael ◽  
Ryleigh Moore ◽  
David Clemens-Sewall
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
Snow Depth ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Growth Surface ◽  
Ice Thickness ◽  
Distributed Network ◽  
Growth Season ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Snow Drift ◽  
Ice Mass Balance

<p>Four seasonal ice mass balance buoys were deployed as part of the MOSAiC distributed network. These instruments measured vertical profiles of snow and ice temperature, as well as snow depth and ice thickness every six hours. Ice growth, surface melt, and bottom melt, as well as temporally averaged estimates of ocean heat fluxes, were calculated from these measurements. The buoys were installed in October 2019, with durations ranging from February 2020 to July 2020. Three of the buoys were destroyed in ridging events in February, March, and June 2020. The fourth buoy lasted until floe breakup in July 2020. The sites were separated by tens of kilometers, but had very similar air temperatures. While air temperatures were similar, snow – ice interface temperatures at different buoys varied by as much as 15 C due to differences in snow depth and ice thickness. Initial ice thicknesses ranged from 0.30 to 1.36 meters. During the growth season snow depths typically were around 0.1 to 0.2 meters, except for one case where the buoy was in a snow drift and the snow depth exceeded 0.5 meter. Peak growth rates of about 0.8 cm per day occurred in January. In mid-January there was a rapid increase in ice thickness associated with an aggregation of platelet ice. This aggregation only lasted for two weeks. In mid-April, air temperatures increased to nearly 0 C, almost ending the growth season.</p>

Studies on insect dormancy. II. Relationship of cold-hardiness to diapause and quiescence in the eastern tent caterpillar, Malacosoma americanum (Fab.), (Lasiocampidae: Lepidoptera)

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 629-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajai Mansingh
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Physiological Adaptation ◽  
Malacosoma Americanum ◽  
Glycerol Content ◽  
Supercooling Point ◽  
Mature Embryos ◽  
Glycerol Level ◽  
Carbohydrate Level ◽  
Cold Tolerant ◽  
Tent Caterpillar

Studies were conducted on the relationship between levels of glycerol and carbohydrates, supercooling points, and the relative abilities of diapausing and developing eggs and of larval instars of Malacosoma americanum to withstand various periods of chilling at 5° and −15 °C.Diapause in the mature embryos was associated with very high glycerol content (112 mg/g), low carbohydrate level (13 mg/g), and the ability to supercool to −35 °C. During diapause termination, the glycerol level was reduced lo 11 mg/g with a slight rise only in carbohydrate level while the supercooling point was raised to −14 °C. When quiescence was induced in the larvae by chilling them at 5 °C for 1 to 7 weeks, their wet weights and carbohydrate and glycerol contents decreased gradually. However, the supercooling point remained constant around −14 °C.Diapausing embryos could survive several weeks of chilling at −15° and 5 °C. However, only a few weeks of exposure to 5 °C was fatal to quiescent larvae.It is concluded that there is a direct relationship between glycerol content, supercooling points, and the relative abilities of developing and diapausing stages of the tent caterpillar to withstand low temperatures. The developing stages were naturally "cold-tolerant" with the ability to supercool to −14 °C and survive a few weeks of quiescence at 5 °C, which is well below their range of physiological adaptation. Induction of diapause enhanced the supercooling ability and increased cold-hardiness in the mature embryos.

CHANGES IN SURVIVAL OF WINTER CEREALS DUE TO ICE COVER AND OTHER SIMULATED WINTER CONDITIONS

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 1141-1149 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. ANDREWS ◽  
M. K. POMEROY
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Ice Cover ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Average Survival ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Protected Plants

The survival of winter cereal cultivars of contrasting cold hardiness was determined after various modifications of the winter environment at two locations in 3 yr at Ottawa, Ontario. Artificially produced ice covers reduced survival in all cases, and the severest damage was associated with high soil moisture at the time of ice formation. Maintenance of soil temperatures close to zero by replacement of an insulating snow cover over ice increased average survival by about 10% compared with non-insulated plots. Naturally formed ice covers were less damaging than those artificially produced, and in one case formation of an ice cover protected plants from very low air temperatures, resulting in greater survival than in control plots. Total removal of snow in January was severely damaging, while accumulation of snow at a snowfence allowed increased survival of all cultivars. The correlation between cold hardiness and survival in ice treatments was significant, but one wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar showed better survival than comparable wheats in a number of ice-stressed treatments, while not showing superiority in unstressed or controlled environment conditions.

scholarly journals Response of seasonal soil freeze depth to climate change across China

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1059-1073 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoqing Peng ◽  
Tingjun Zhang ◽  
Oliver W. Frauenfeld ◽  
Kang Wang ◽  
Bin Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Snow Depth ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Driving Factors ◽  
Hydrological Process ◽  
Vegetation Growth ◽  
Air Temperatures

Abstract. The response of seasonal soil freeze depth to climate change has repercussions for the surface energy and water balance, ecosystems, the carbon cycle, and soil nutrient exchange. Despite its importance, the response of soil freeze depth to climate change is largely unknown. This study employs the Stefan solution and observations from 845 meteorological stations to investigate the response of variations in soil freeze depth to climate change across China. Observations include daily air temperatures, daily soil temperatures at various depths, mean monthly gridded air temperatures, and the normalized difference vegetation index. Results show that soil freeze depth decreased significantly at a rate of −0.18 ± 0.03 cm yr−1, resulting in a net decrease of 8.05 ± 1.5 cm over 1967–2012 across China. On the regional scale, soil freeze depth decreases varied between 0.0 and 0.4 cm yr−1 in most parts of China during 1950–2009. By investigating potential climatic and environmental driving factors of soil freeze depth variability, we find that mean annual air temperature and ground surface temperature, air thawing index, ground surface thawing index, and vegetation growth are all negatively associated with soil freeze depth. Changes in snow depth are not correlated with soil freeze depth. Air and ground surface freezing indices are positively correlated with soil freeze depth. Comparing these potential driving factors of soil freeze depth, we find that freezing index and vegetation growth are more strongly correlated with soil freeze depth, while snow depth is not significant. We conclude that air temperature increases are responsible for the decrease in seasonal freeze depth. These results are important for understanding the soil freeze–thaw dynamics and the impacts of soil freeze depth on ecosystem and hydrological process.

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