RESPIRATION AND DROWNING IN OVERWINTERING PUPAE OF HELIOTHIS ZEA (BODDIE)

1987 ◽  
Vol 119 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.W. Williams ◽  
R.E. Stinner
Keyword(s):  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Adult Development ◽  
Empirical Model ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Mechanistic Model ◽  
Heliothis Zea ◽  
Survival Times ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Pharate Adult

AbstractRespiration rates and drowning times after complete submergence were observed in diapausing Heliothis zea (Boddie) pupae at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 27°C. Respiration rate in pupae 2.5–12 weeks in diapause increased as an exponential function of temperature. The respiration rate of post-diapause pupae at 27°C increased over 10-fold in an approximately linear fashion during 12 days of pharate adult development. Time to 50% drowning in diapausing pupae decreased with increasing temperature, varying from 22.9 to 4.1 days at 5 and 27°C, respectively. Drowning rates in these pupae increased approximately exponentially with temperature. Diapausing and post-diapause pupae at 27°C had similar times to 50% drowning. An empirical model of drowning fitted the results well at all five temperatures, but a mechanistic model based on respiration predicted drowning considerably before it was observed. When the latter model was modified to allow withdrawal of dissolved oxygen from the water, it predicted longer survival periods, as observed. Our evidence suggests that respiration and drowning rates are closely correlated. Given the long survival times under complete submergence at 5–20°C, we speculate that pupae overwintering in the field in deep diapause are relatively resistant to drowning, whereas pre- and post-diapause pupae, with higher respiration rates, are at much greater risk.

scholarly journals Wing plastic response to temperature variation in two distantly related neotropical Drosophila species (Diptera, Drosophilidae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waira Saravia Machida ◽  
Rosana Tidon ◽  
Julia Klaczko
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Variation ◽  
Adult Development ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Wing Shape ◽  
Phenotypic Change ◽  
Wing Size ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Neotropical Species ◽  
Response To Temperature ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Phenotypic plasticity has been described for morphological and life-history traits in many organisms. In Drosophila, temperature drives phenotypic change in several traits, but few neotropical species have been studied and whether the phenotypic variation associated with plasticity is adaptive remains unclear. Here, we studied the phenotypic response to temperature variation in the distant related neotropical species Drosophila mercatorum (Patterson and Wheeler, 1942) and Drosophila willistoni (Sturtevant, 1916). We evaluate if wing shape variation follows that observed in the neotropical species Drosophila cardini (Sturtevant, 1916): round wings at lower temperatures and narrower wings at higher temperatures. The variation in egg-adult development time and wing size, shape, and allometry was described using reaction norms and geometric morphometrics. In both species, development time and wing size decreased with increasing temperature and wing allometry showed that size explained ≈10% of the shape variation. Wing shape, however, exhibited contrasting responses. At higher temperatures, D. mercatorum developed slightly slender wings, following the pattern previously found for D. cardini, while D. willistoni developed plumper and shorter wings, supporting previous studies on Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen, 1830). We conclude that all traits studied here were influenced by temperature, and that wing shape seems also to be influenced by phylogeny.

EFFECT OF VARIOUS HORMONES ON THE KIDNEY RESPIRATION RATES IN THE CUTTHROAT TROUT (SALMO CLARKI CLARKI)

1960 ◽  
Vol XXXIII (III) ◽  
pp. 428-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. N. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Adaptive Mechanism ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Salmo Clarki

ABSTRACT Relatively large doses of vasopressin administered intraperitoneally to the trout significantly enhanced the kidney respiration rate. In contrast to vasopressin a single dose of oxytocin depressed the kidney Qo2 value. This depression continued throughout the observed 24 hour period after injection. Cortisol enhanced the kidney Qo2 values significantly and to a greater extent than vasopressin. These results are discussed in relation to possible adaptive mechanism in euryhaline species of teleosts.

Validation of On-line Respiration Meter and its Applications by Computer Simulation

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 1355-1363 ◽  
Author(s):  
C-W. Kim ◽  
H. Spanjers ◽  
A. Klapwijk
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Mass Balances ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
On Line ◽  
Made In

An on-line respiration meter is presented to monitor three types of respiration rates of activated sludge and to calculate effluent and influent short term biochemical oxygen demand (BODst) in the continuous activated sludge process. This work is to verify if the calculated BODst is reliable and the assumptions made in the course of developing the proposed procedure were acceptable. A mathematical model and a dynamic simulation program are written for an activated sludge model plant along with the respiration meter based on mass balances of BODst and DO. The simulation results show that the three types of respiration rate reach steady state within 15 minutes under reasonable operating conditions. As long as the respiration rate reaches steady state the proposed procedure calculates the respiration rate that is equal to the simulated. Under constant and dynamic BODst loading, the proposed procedure is capable of calculating the effluent and influent BODst with reasonable accuracy.

Decrease in soil microbial activity and biomasses owing to nitrogen amendments

1983 ◽  
Vol 29 (11) ◽  
pp. 1500-1506 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Söderström ◽  
E. Bååth ◽  
B. Lundgren
Keyword(s):  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Soil Microbial Activity ◽  
Urea Treatment ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Nitrate Addition ◽  
Transitory Effect ◽  
Forest Podzols

Microbial biomass and soil respiration rate decreased after application of 150 kg NH4NO3–N∙ha−1 to different coniferous forest podzols. The decrease was already found 3 months after fertilization and was still evident after 3–5 years. Changes in pH, organic matter, or water content in the soils could not explain the decreases. In laboratory experiments, several unfertilized forest soils were treated with 2 mg of NH4NO3–N or of urea–nitrogen∙g wet soil−1. The ammonium nitrate addition resulted in severe depressions of the respiration rates during and up to 175 days of incubation and the decrease was evident after about 1 week. The urea treatment initially increased the respiration rate of the soils, but this appeared to be a transitory effect.

scholarly journals Does exposure of maleDrosophila melanogasterto acute gamma radiation influence egg to adult development time and longevity of F1-F3offspring?

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 368-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Mohamed Shameer ◽  
K. Sowmithra ◽  
B. P. Harini ◽  
R. C. Chaubey ◽  
S. K. Jha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Radiation ◽  
Adult Development ◽  
Development Time

Stress level in wild harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) during satellite tagging measured by respiration, heart rate and cortisol

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 885-892 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.G. Eskesen ◽  
J. Teilmann ◽  
B.M. Geertsen ◽  
G. Desportes ◽  
F. Riget ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Serum Cortisol ◽  
Phocoena Phocoena ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
Stress Effects ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Stressed Animal ◽  
Cortisol Levels ◽  
Satellite Tagging

During satellite tagging of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena), heart rate, respiration rate and cortisol value were measured to evaluate stress effects during handling and tagging. Respiration rates were obtained using video recordings, heart rates were recorded and serum cortisol levels were analysed from blood samples. Differences in heart rates, respiration rates and cortisol levels before and during the tagging events were investigated. An overall significant decrease of 31.5% in respiration rate was found during the tagging event period, while mature porpoises respired significantly more often than immature individuals. Though significant differences in heart rates were found for some individuals, no general significant change for all animals was detected. We found no correlation between cortisol concentration and either heart rate or respiration rate, nor did we find any relationships between cortisol and month of year, sex and body length. As high individual variations occurred in response to tagging of harbour porpoises, it is not possible to give general advice based on the factors investigated, on how to reduce stress during handling. However, pouring water over the animal and lowering it into the water seem to stabilize a stressed animal. Therefore, general precaution and individual judgement based on experience is essential when handling wild harbour porpoises.

scholarly journals Developmental regulation of ecdysone receptor (EcR) and EcR-controlled gene expression during pharate-adult development of honeybees (Apis mellifera)

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tathyana R. P. Mello ◽  
Aline C. Aleixo ◽  
Daniel G. Pinheiro ◽  
Francis M. F. Nunes ◽  
Márcia M. G. Bitondi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Adult Development ◽  
Developmental Regulation ◽  
Ecdysone Receptor ◽  
Pharate Adult

scholarly journals Accurate Estimation of Heart and Respiration Rates Based on an Optical Fiber Sensor Using Adaptive Regulations and Statistical Classifications Spectrum Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongjian Zhao ◽  
Lidong Du ◽  
Zhan Zhao ◽  
Xianxiang Chen ◽  
Jie Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Optical Fiber ◽  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Spectrum Analysis ◽  
Optical Fiber Sensor ◽  
Fiber Sensor ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
The Mean

The aim of this work is to present a method for accurately estimating heart and respiration rates under different actual conditions based on a mattress which was integrated with an optical fiber sensor. During the estimation, a ballistocardiogram (BCG) signal, which was obtained from the optical fiber sensor, was used for extracting the heart rate and the respiration rate. However, due to the detrimental effects of the differential detector, self-interference, and variation of installation status of the sensor, the ballistocardiogram (BCG) signal was difficult to detect. In order to resolve the potential concerns of individual differences and body interferences, adaptive regulations and statistical classifications spectrum analysis were used in this paper. Experiments were carried out to quantify heart and respiration rates of healthy volunteers under different breathing and posture conditions. From the experimental results, it could be concluded that (1) the heart rates of 40–150 beats per minute (bpm) and respiration rates of 10–20 breaths per minute (bpm) were measured for individual differences; (2) for the same individuals under four different posture contacts, the mean errors of heart rates were separately 1.60 ± 0.98 bpm, 1.94 ± 0.83 bpm, 1.24 ± 0.59 bpm, and 1.06 ± 0.62 bpm, in contrast, the mean errors of the polar beat device were 1.09 ± 0.96 bpm, 1.44 ± 0.99 bpm, and 1.78 ± 0.94 bpm. Furthermore, the experimental results were validated by conventional counterparts which used skin-contacting electrodes as their measurements. It was reported that the heart rate was 0.26 ± 2.80 bpm in 95% confidence intervals (± 1.96SD) in comparison with Philips sure-signs VM6 medical monitor, and the respiration rate was 0.41 ± 1.49 bpm in 95% confidence intervals (± 1.96SD) in comparison with ECG-derived respiratory (EDR) measurements for respiration rates. It was indicated that the developed system using adaptive regulations and statistical classifications spectrum analysis performed better and could easily be used under complex environments.

scholarly journals Effect of storage temperatures, O2 concentrations and variety on respiration of mangoes

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacinth Devanesan ◽  
Alagusundaram Karuppiah ◽  
C. Abirami
Keyword(s):  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Predictive Models ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Consumption Patterns ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Storage Temperatures ◽  
Rate Of Consumption

Effect of storage temperatures, O2 concentrations and variety on respiration of mangoesThe respiration rate of fruits and vegetables is an important indicator of senescence and ethylene production in fruits. Storage temperatures play a major role in the respiration rates of fruits and vegetables. Experiments were conducted to establish the influence of storage temperatures, O2 concentrations and variety on the respiration of mangoes. The study was conducted on two varieties of mangoes namely, cvs ‘Banganapalli’ and ‘Thothapuri’. Experiments were conducted on a single fruit, weighing approximately 500 g and kept in separate glass bottles stored at 12, 20, 28, and 40 °C. Respiration rates were calculated and presented as the rate of release of CO2 or the rate of consumption of O2. Respiration rates decreased with a decrease in temperature from 40 °C to 12 °C, and with a decrease in O2 concentration from 21% to 1% in the micro-environment. The respiration rate was faster in ‘Banganapalli’ than in ‘Thothapuri’ as indicated by the CO2 release rate. The rate of CO2 release was very slow in mangoes stored at 12 °C in both the varieties and the rate decreased from 8.60 to 8.00 ml kg-1 h-1 in ‘Banganapalli’ variety and from 11.00 to 7.80 ml kg-1 h-1 in ‘Thothapuri’ variety. The respiration rates were faster at higher temperatures and remained low and stable at low temperatures. Using the respiration data, predictive models were developed for calculating the CO2 release and O2 consumption patterns.

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