The effect of exposure to conspecifics on restlessness in the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)

2007 ◽  
Vol 139 (5) ◽  
pp. 678-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.H. King
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Quality ◽  
Parasitoid Wasp ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Nasonia Vitripennis ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Abundance And Distribution

AbstractWhen habitat quality is variable, there should be strong selection for the ability to detect and respond to the variation. Adult females of the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) are known to increase their restlessness (the proportion of time in locomotion) both during and after exposure to a poor quality host. Doing so provides a mechanism for leaving a poor host and potentially finding a better host. This study examined whether restlessness also changes in response to competition as indicated by the presence of adult conspecifics. Both restlessness and the probability of dispersing across an inhospitable environment were greater when a female was with another female than when she was alone. However, restlessness did not remain elevated after the other female was removed. In contrast with females, restlessness of males did not increase either during or after exposure to other males, and the probability of dispersing across an inhospitable environment was unaffected by the presence of another male. The difference between females and males may be related to differences in dispersal ability and in the abundance and distribution of hosts versus mates.

A note on the effect of dentition and age in sheep on the intake of herbage

1983 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Newton ◽  
Caroline Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
The Other ◽  
Intermediate Group ◽  
The Difference

ABSTRACTThe intake of ten 5-year-old Masham ewes with good teeth, five 7-year-old Mashams with poor teeth and nine 10-year-old ewes with poor teeth was measured when they were offered long (35·1 cm) or short grass (3·8 cm) outdoors or poor quality hay indoors. The young ewes ate significantly more grass and hay than the old ewes, but the difference in daily intake was greater with long grass (1473 v. 751 g organic matter per head) and with hay (895 v. 421) than with short grass (617 v. 407). The intermediate age ewes ate as much of the long grass and of the hay as the young ewes, but less of the short grass. This suggests that age influenced intake more than did tooth condition, except when short grass was offered.Within the oldest but not within the intermediate group of ewes, there was a significant correlation between the number of incisors and organic matter intake, except with the long grass, but there was no correlation between the number of cheek teeth and intake. When offered hay, the only group with a reduced in vivo digestibility was the intermediate group of ewes, the other two groups having a similar digestibility.There was no correlation between number of incisors or number of molars and in vivo digestibility.

scholarly journals Genetic variation between mice in their metabolism of coumarin and its derivatives

1978 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. E. Lush ◽  
Kathryn M. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Chromosome 7 ◽  
High Group ◽  
Substrate Specificities ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Methyl Derivatives ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Cytochrome P 450 ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Medium Group

SUMMARYAdult females from 19 strains of mice were injected with either coumarin or 7-ethoxycoumarin and the urinary excretion of the umbelliferone produced by the metabolism of these substances was measured. With the exception of C57L the strains fell into three classes as follows: high metabolizers (DBA/1 and DBA/2), medium metabolizers (CBA, 129/Rr, NZB and NZW) and low metabolizers (the other 12 strains). The difference in metabolizing ability between the medium group and the low group of strains was also evident when the 4-methyl derivatives of the same two substances were used. However with the 4-methyl derivatives there was no difference in metabolizing ability between the medium group and the high group. The results are interpreted as evidence that the gene Coh on chromosome 7 comprises two closely linked genes which determine cytochrome P-450 isozymes with different substrate specificities.

Efficiency of conversion of food to wool. I. Correlated response to selection for high and low clean wool weight

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 836 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHS Dolling ◽  
RW Moore
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Correlated Response ◽  
Response To Selection ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
The Family ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Selection Of

The offspring of two families of medium Peppin Merino sheep, one family being selected for high and the other for low clean wool weight per head at 15-16 months of age under grazing conditions, have also been shown to differ significantly in the ratio of wool production to food eaten in pens, on a ration slightly above maintenance. These ratios were in the proportion 108 : 100, and the difference between the families can be taken as reflecting closely a difference in net efficiency of conversion of food to wool. It may be concluded that selection for high clean wool weight per head under grazing conditions had also resulted in the selection of more efficient animals. Clean wool production per head in the two families was in the ratio 110 : 100 in the pens, compared with 124 : 100 under grazing. The difference under grazing probably results from both the higher efficiency of the family selected for high clean wool weight and a higher grazing intake by this family.

Priming Effect as Related to Difficulty in Selection for Overlapping Stimuli Manipulated by the Relative Line Thickness of Attended and Unattended Figures

1998 ◽  
Vol 86 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1219-1230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Kobari
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Experimental Situation ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
The Other ◽  
Line Thickness ◽  
Relative Line ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Control

The present study examined how difficulty of ignoring unattended stimulus affected the negative priming. To establish an experimental situation with intentional ignoring, subjects were presented overlapping stimuli consisting of two figures of different colors and were required to attend to one of the figures while ignoring the other. Moreover, the difficulty in selection was manipulated by their line thickness. The assumption was that the magnitude of that difficulty should increase with the ratio of line thickness of the unattended figure to that of the attended one. Reaction time was measured in both ignored repetition and control conditions. In the former, both the unattended figure in the prime and the attended one in the probe were of the same form, while in the latter, they were different. Priming effect was indicated by the difference between the two reaction times. Two experiments showed that the priming effect changed with the ratio of line thickness, depicted as a V-shaped curve. The effect was facilitative at the ratio of line thickness of 1, which was inconsistent with the previous studies reporting an inhibitive effect. The following two experiments, however, confirmed that the effect at the ratio of 1 was facilitative when the ratio of line thickness was varied, but it was inhibitive when the ratio of line thickness was fixed within a session. The inconsistency could then be attributed to the difference in the manipulation of the ratio of line thickness.

scholarly journals The males of the parasitoid wasp, Nasonia vitripennis, can identify which fly hosts contain females

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garima Prazapati ◽  
Ankit Yadav ◽  
Anoop Ambili ◽  
Abhilasha Sharma ◽  
Rhitoban Raychoudhury
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Parasitoid Wasp ◽  
Olfactory Cues ◽  
Nasonia Vitripennis ◽  
Mate Finding ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Female Specific ◽  
Male Specific ◽  
Behavioral Assays

The reproductive success of a male is limited by the number of females it can mate with. Thus, males deploy elaborate mate-finding strategies to maximize access to females. In the haplodiploid wasp genus, Nasonia, which are parasitoids of cyclorrhaphous flies, mate-finding is restricted to the natal patch, where males compete for access to females. This study investigates whether there are any additional mate finding strategies of males, especially, whether they can identify the presence of adult females which are still inside the fly host. Results reveal that only one out of the four species, N. vitripennis, can distinguish which hosts specifically have adult female wasps indicating a species-specific unique mate-finding capability. Behavioral assays revealed that the cues used by N. vitripennis males are olfactory in nature and not auditory or visual. GC-MS analyses show that these olfactory cues are female-specific cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs), possibly emanating from within the fly puparium. Further assays indicated that N. vitripennis males can also detect differences in the concentrations of compounds to identify female-specific cues from male-specific ones. This study, therefore, uncovers a previously unknown mate-finding strategy in one of the most widely studied parasitoid wasp.

Aggressiveness in Sticklebacks (Gasterosteus Aculeatus L.): a Behaviour-Genetic Study

Behaviour ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 98 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 1-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theo C.M. Bakker
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Study ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
The Other ◽  
Base Population ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Juvenile Aggression ◽  
Selection For

AbstractThis behaviour-genetic study concentrates on intra-specific aggressiveness in the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L., forma leiura). Aggressiveness was studied under standardized conditions in five different test situations, referred to as juvenile aggressiveness, female aggressiveness, territorial aggressiveness, courtship aggressiveness, or dominance ability. The aim of the study is two-fold: 1. To assess the extent to which variation of aggressiveness in each of the different test situations is attributable to genetic causes. 2. To assess the extent to which variation in these various manifestations of aggressiveness is influenced by common genetic factors. The paper starts with an analysis of the variation of aggressiveness in the base population, composed of individually isolated progeny of wild-caught parents (chapter 2). In each of the different test situations aggressiveness is highly variable across individuals. Repeated measurements with the same individuals as well as similarity of the levels of aggression between full sibs shows that phenotypic variation is to a considerable extent attributable to genotypic variation in each of the investigated situations. The genetic influence on variation of aggressiveness is further analysed with the aid of selection experiments (chapter 3). Bidirectional selection is exerted upon juvenile aggressiveness in juveniles of both sexes (juvenile aggression lines), upon territorial aggressiveness in males and female aggressiveness in adult females (territorial aggression lines), and lastly, upon dominance ability in males (dominance lines). Besides these six selection lines an unselected control line was maintained. Selection is highly successful in downward direction in each of the different contexts. However, enhancement of the level of aggression is less successful in most lines, with the exception of female aggressiveness. Possible causes for these asymmetries of responses are discussed in detail. It is argued that the lack of response in males to selection for territorial aggressiveness and dominance ability in upward directions is probably due to an upper selection limit for territorial aggressiveness and dominance ability, that is already present in the base population. The combined two-way responses yield heritability-estimates of at least 0.30 for aggressiveness in the different test situations. In the single selection lines the realized heritabilities range from 0 to at least 0.60. Across individuals of the base population the levels of aggression in the different test situations are correlated with each other to various degrees. In females there is a distinctly positive phenotypic correlation between juvenile and female aggressiveness, but in males correlations between juvenile, territorial and courtship aggressiveness are weaker. Dominance ability is uncorrelated with aggressiveness in the other test situations. Since fish of the various selection lines are not only scored for their aggressiveness in the particular situation in which they are selected, but also for their aggressiveness in the other test situations, these phenotypic correlations can be translated into genetic correlations (chapter 4). The genetic correlations between the levels of aggression in the different test situations are comparable to the corresponding phenotypic correlations. The genetic basis of juvenile aggressiveness is most likely identical for both juvenile males and juvenile females. In adult females variation of aggressiveness remains most likely governed by the same genetic factors. The genetic factors that contribute to variation of territorial aggressiveness are only partly identical to those that contribute to variation of juvenile aggressiveness. Changes of courtship aggressiveness parallel those of territorial aggressiveness in the various selection lines, suggesting that common genetic influences underlie variation in both manifestations of intra-specific aggressiveness in reproductive males. Lastly, variation of dominance ability is probably governed by genetic factors different from those governing variation of juvenile or territorial aggressiveness. Indirect determination of the level of androgens in reproductive males of the various selection lines, by means of kidney-size measurements, reveals that selection for territorial aggressiveness most likely acts on the level of androgens. In view of changes accompanying selection for juvenile aggressiveness (viz. a difference between high and low line fish in age at sexual maturity, in age at onset of juvenile aggression, and in incidence of ripeness) selection for juvenile aggressiveness likely acts on the level of gonadotropic hormones. Finally, selection for dominance ability acts on factors (probably androgen-independent) that influence the brightness of colouration. Throughout this paper the influence of a number of variables on aggressiveness in the various test situations, such as age, degree of ripeness, location of the nest, age of sexual maturity, experience, length, isolation and responsiveness, are analysed. Furthermore, attention is paid to threatening displays, to a peculiar behaviour called snapping at air-bubbles, to aggressiveness of juveniles in groups of fixed size, and to measures of aggressiveness other than the criterion applied during selection in a particular situation. Finally, the literature is reviewed with respect to selection studies on aggressiveness and to selective forces acting on aggressiveness in the three-spined stickleback.

Enhancement of ADP-induced Platelet Aggregation by Adrenaline in Vivo and Its Prevention

1973 ◽  
Vol 29 (02) ◽  
pp. 490-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroh Yamazaki ◽  
Itsuro Kobayashi ◽  
Tadahiro Sano ◽  
Takio Shimamoto
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Count ◽  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
The Other ◽  
Endothelial Surface ◽  
Important Interaction ◽  
Blood Coagulability ◽  
The Difference

SummaryThe authors previously reported a transient decrease in adhesive platelet count and an enhancement of blood coagulability after administration of a small amount of adrenaline (0.1-1 µg per Kg, i. v.) in man and rabbit. In such circumstances, the sensitivity of platelets to aggregation induced by ADP was studied by an optical density method. Five minutes after i. v. injection of 1 µg per Kg of adrenaline in 10 rabbits, intensity of platelet aggregation increased to 115.1 ± 4.9% (mean ± S. E.) by 10∼5 molar, 121.8 ± 7.8% by 3 × 10-6 molar and 129.4 ± 12.8% of the value before the injection by 10”6 molar ADP. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.01-0.05). The above change was not observed in each group of rabbits injected with saline, 1 µg per Kg of 1-noradrenaline or 0.1 and 10 µg per Kg of adrenaline. Also, it was prevented by oral administration of 10 mg per Kg of phenoxybenzamine or propranolol or aspirin or pyridinolcarbamate 3 hours before the challenge. On the other hand, the enhancement of ADP-induced platelet aggregation was not observed in vitro, when 10-5 or 3 × 10-6 molar and 129.4 ± 12.8% of the value before 10∼6 molar ADP was added to citrated platelet rich plasma (CPRP) of rabbit after incubation at 37°C for 30 second with 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 or 100 µg per ml of adrenaline or noradrenaline. These results suggest an important interaction between endothelial surface and platelets in connection with the enhancement of ADP-induced platelet aggregation by adrenaline in vivo.

Energy Approximation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Isett
Keyword(s):  
Main Lemma ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coarse Scale ◽  
Continuous Solutions ◽  
Material Derivative ◽  
Energy Variation ◽  
Energy Approximation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Derivatives Of

This chapter presents the equations and calculations for energy approximation. It establishes the estimates (261) and (262) of the Main Lemma (10.1) for continuous solutions; these estimates state that we are able to accurately prescribe the energy that the correction adds to the solution, as well as bound the difference between the time derivatives of these two quantities. The chapter also introduces the proposition for prescribing energy, followed by the relevant computations. Each integral contributing to the other term can be estimated. Another proposition for estimating control over the rate of energy variation is given. Finally, the coarse scale material derivative is considered.

Pengaruh Unsur Budaya Lokal dalam Ungkapan Berbahasa Perancis

Metahumaniora ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 378
Author(s):  
Vincentia Tri Handayani
Keyword(s):  
Mental Representation ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Oral Tradition ◽  
Minimal Element ◽  
The Other ◽  
Local Culture ◽  
Community Groups ◽  
Cultural Community ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Complex Words

AbstrakFolklor yang menghasilkan tradisi lisan merupakan perwujudan budaya yang lahirdari pengalaman kelompok masyarakat. Salah satu bentuk tradisi lisan adalah ungkapan yangmengandung unsur budaya lokal dalam konstruksinya yang tidak dimiliki budaya lainnya.Ungkapan idiomatis memberikan warna pada bahasa melalui penggambaran mental. Dalambahasa Perancis, ungkapan dapat berupa locution dan expression. Perbedaan motif acuansuatu ungkapan dapat terlihat dari pengaruh budaya masyarakat pengguna bahasa. Sebuahleksem tidak selalu didefinisikan melalui unsur minimal, tidak juga melalui kata-kata,baik kata dasar atau kata kompleks, namun dapat melalui kata-kata beku yang maknanyatetap. Hubungan analogis dari makna tambahan yang ada pada suatu leksem muncul dariidentifikasi semem yang sama. Semem tersebut mengarah pada term yang diasosiasikan danyang diperkaya melalui konteks (dalam ungkapan berhubungan dengan konteks budaya).Kata kunci: folklor, ungkapan, struktur, makna idiomatis, kebudayaanAbstractFolklore which produces the oral tradition is a cultural manifestation born out theexperience of community groups. One form of the oral tradition is a phrase that containsthe elements of local culture in its construction that is not owned the other culture. Theidiomatic phrase gives the color to the language through the mental representation. InFrench, the expression can consist of locution and expression. The difference motivesreference of an expression can be seen from the influence of the cultural community thelanguage users. A lexeme is not always defined through a minimal element, nor throughwords, either basic or complex words, but can be through the frost words whose meaningsare fixed. The analogical connection of the additional meanings is on a lexeme arises fromthe identification of the same meaning. The meaning ‘semem’ leads to the associated termsand which are enriched through the context (in idiom related to the cultural context).Keywords : folklore, idioms, structure, idiom meaning, cultureI PENDAHULUAN

Rhetoric and argumentation: the unity of the field

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Meyer
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Classic Problem ◽  
False Dilemma ◽  
The Difference ◽  
As If

Rhetoric has always been torn between the rhetoric of figures and the rhetoric of conflicts or arguments, as if rhetoric were exclusively one or the other. This is a false dilemma. Both types of rhetoric hinge on the same structure. A common formula is provided in Chapter 3 which unifies rhetoric stricto sensu and rhetoric as argumentation as two distinct but related strategies adopted according to the level of problematicity of the questions at stake, thereby giving unity to the field called “Rhetoric.” Highly problematic questions require arguments to justify their answers; non-divisive ones can be treated rhetorically through their answers as if they were self-evident. Another classic problem is how to understand the difference between logic and rhetoric. The difference between the two is due to the presence of questions explicitly answered in the premises in logic and only suggested (or remaining indeterminate) in rhetoric.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document