scholarly journals Treatment of severe chronic hypotonic hyponatremia: a new treatment model

2013 ◽  
pp. 26-31
Author(s):  
Antonio Burgio ◽  
Rossana Dovico ◽  
Luca Burgio
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Serum Sodium ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Serum Sodium Concentration ◽  
Close Monitoring ◽  
Treatment Needs ◽  
Correction Rate ◽  
Wide Range

Recommended treatment of severe hypotonic hyponatremia is based on the infusion of 3% sodium chloride solution, with a daily correction rate below 10 mEq/L of sodium concentration, according to the Adrogué and Madias formula that includes the current desired change in sodium concentrations. However, such treatment needs close monitoring of the rate of infusion and does not take into account the body weight or age of the patient. This may result in hypercorrection and neurological damage. We made an inverse calculation using the same algorithms of the Adrogué and Madias formula to estimate the number of vials of sodium chloride needed to reach a correction rate of the serum sodium concentration below 0.4 mEq/h, taking into account the body weight and age of the patient. Three tables have been produced, each containing the number of vials to be infused, according to the patient’s age and body weight, the serum sodium concentration, and the rate of correction over 24 h to avoid the risk of brain damage. We propose a new practical model to calculate the need of sodium chloride infusate to safely correct the hyponatremia. The tables make treatment easier to manage in daily clinical practice in a wide range of patient ages and body weights.

Maintenance of Plasma Volume and Serum Sodium Concentration Despite Body Weight Loss in Ironman Triathletes

2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Hew-Butler ◽  
Malcolm Collins ◽  
Andrew Bosch ◽  
Karen Sharwood ◽  
Gary Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Serum Sodium ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Serum Sodium Concentration

Hyponatremia in Children

1980 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 187-190
Author(s):  
Robert C. Kelsch ◽  
William J. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Serum Sodium ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Serum Osmolality ◽  
Serum Sodium Concentration ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Effector Mechanisms

Hyponatremia is usually recognized following an electrolyte screen since it is not symptomatic, except in its severest degrees. The pathophysiologic implications of hyponatremia and its therapy are quite varied. The purpose of this review is to present a diagnostic plan which in most instances will resolve the therapeutic dilemma. This approach is a minor modification of that developed by Schrier and Berl1 for evaluating hyposmolar states. GENERAL PRINCIPLES The occurrence of hyponatremia indicates a failure of those receptor and effector mechanisms designed to assure that the quantity of water in the body will closely relate to the amount of solute in the major bodywater spaces. The principal sensors are designed to recognize osmolar changes, not changes in sodium concentration. Nevertheless, measurement of serum sodium concentration is the most readily available tool for estimation of disturbances in osmolality. Fanestil2 has recorded 14 formulae designed to estimate osmolality from serum sodium concentration or sodium, glucose, and urea concentrations. The simplest of these formulae, osmolality = 2 x Na+ + 10, is satisfactory in the vast majority of clinical circumstances occurring in pediatrics. Diabetes mellitus is the only relatively common state that requires the use of alternate formulations to correct for hyperglycemia. The contribution to serum osmolality by glucose can be approximated by adding to the above formula 1 mOsm for each 18 mg/100 ml of blood glucose above the level of 100 mg/100 ml.

scholarly journals Low blood sodium increases risk and severity of COVID-19: a systematic review, meta-analysis and retrospective cohort study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Luo ◽  
Yirong Li ◽  
Jiapei Dai
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Serum Sodium ◽  
Retrospective Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Serum Sodium Concentration ◽  
The Mean

Background Novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infects human lung tissue cells through angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), and the body sodium is an important factor for regulating the expression of ACE2. Through a systematic review, meta-analysis and retrospective cohort study, we found that the low blood sodium population may significantly increase the risk and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods We extracted the data of serum sodium concentrations of patients with COVID-19 on admission from the articles published between Jan 1 and April 28, 2020, and analyzed the relationship between the serum sodium concentrations and the illness severity of patients. Then we used a cohort of 244 patients with COVID-19 for a retrospective analysis. Results We identified 36 studies, one of which comprised 2736 patients.The mean serum sodium concentration in patients with COVID-19 was 138.6 mmol/L, which was much lower than the median level in population (142.0). The mean serum sodium concentration in severe/critical patients (137.0) was significantly lower than those in mild and moderate patients (140.8 and 138.7, respectively). Such findings were confirmed in a retrospective cohort study, of which the mean serum sodium concentration in all patients was 137.5 mmol/L, and the significant differences were found between the mild (139.2) and moderate (137.2) patients, and the mild and severe/critical (136.6) patients. Interestingly, such changes were not obvious in the serum chlorine and potassium concentrations. Conclusions The low sodium state of patients with COVID-19 may not be the consequence of virus infection, but could be a physiological state possibly caused by living habits such as low salt diet and during aging process, which may result in ACE2 overexpression, and increase the risk and severity of COVID-19. These findings may provide a new idea for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.

Risk factors for hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis and refractory ascites: relevance of serum sodium concentration

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 1137-1142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mónica Guevara ◽  
María E. Baccaro ◽  
Jose Ríos ◽  
Marta Martín-Llahí ◽  
Juan Uriz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatic Encephalopathy ◽  
Serum Sodium ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Serum Sodium Concentration ◽  
Refractory Ascites

Sodium Regulation and Adaptation to Fresh Water in Gammarid Crustaceans

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-380
Author(s):  
D. W. SUTCLIFFE
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Outward Diffusion ◽  
Gammarus Zaddachi ◽  
Freshwater Habitats ◽  
Sodium Regulation

1. Sodium uptake and loss rates are given for three gammarids acclimatized to media ranging from fresh water to undiluted sea water. 2. In Gammarus zaddachi and G. tigrinus the sodium transporting system at the body surface is half-saturated at an external concentration of about 1 mM/l. and fully saturated at about 10 mM/l. sodium. In Marinogammarus finmarchicus the respective concentrations are six to ten times higher. 3. M. finmarchicus is more permeable to water and salts than G. zaddachi and G. tigrinus. Estimated urine flow rates were equivalent to 6.5% body weight/hr./ osmole gradient at 10°C. in M. finmarchicus and 2.8% body weight/hr./osmole gradient in G. zaddachi. The permeability of the body surface to outward diffusion of sodium was four times higher in M. finmarchicus, but sodium losses across the body surface represent at least 50% of the total losses in both M. finmarchicus and G. zaddachi. 4. Calculations suggest that G. zaddachi produces urine slightly hypotonic to the blood when acclimatized to the range 20% down to 2% sea water. In fresh water the urine sodium concentration is reduced to a very low level. 5. The process of adaptation to fresh water in gammarid crustaceans is illustrated with reference to a series of species from marine, brackish and freshwater habitats.

Serum Sodium Concentration Changes Are Related to Fluid Balance and Sweat Sodium Loss

2010 ◽  
Vol 42 (9) ◽  
pp. 1669-1674 ◽  
Author(s):  
MATTHEW D. PAHNKE ◽  
JOEL D. TRINITY ◽  
JEFFREY J. ZACHWIEJA ◽  
JOHN R. STOFAN ◽  
W. DOUGLAS HILLER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Balance ◽  
Serum Sodium ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Serum Sodium Concentration ◽  
Concentration Changes ◽  
Sodium Loss ◽  
Sweat Sodium

Disorders of Water Balance

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard H Sterns ◽  
Stephen M. Silver ◽  
John K. Hix ◽  
Jonathan W. Bress
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Serum Sodium ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Serum Sodium Concentration ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Water Excretion ◽  
Impaired Water

Guided by the hypothalamic antidiuretic hormone vasopressin, the kidney’s ability to conserve electrolyte–free water when it is needed and to excrete large volumes of water when there is too much of it normally prevents the serum sodium concentration from straying outside its normal range. The serum sodium concentration determines plasma tonicity and affects cell volume: a low concentration makes cells swell, and a high concentration makes them shrink. An extremely large water intake, impaired water excretion, or both can cause hyponatremia. A combination of too little water intake with too much salt, impaired water conservation, or excess extrarenal water losses will result in hypernatremia. Because sodium does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier, an abnormal serum sodium concentration alters brain water content and composition and can cause serious neurologic complications. Because bone is a reservoir for much of the body’s sodium, prolonged hyponatremia can also result in severe osteoporosis and fractures. An understanding of the physiologic mechanisms that control water balance will help the clinician determine the cause of impaired water conservation or excretion; it will also guide appropriate therapy that can avoid the life-threatening consequences of hyponatremia and hypernatremia.

Quality characteristics and hatchability of eggs and serum electrolytes concentration of Gola, Giribaz and Ghiachundi pigeon breed

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-112
Author(s):  
Khaled Mahmud Sujan ◽  
Manik Biswas ◽  
Sakhawat Hossain Tareq ◽  
Md Kamrul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Serum Sodium ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
The Body ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Serum Electrolytes ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Crop Fields ◽  
Calcium And Phosphorus

The weather and vast areas of crop fields along with housing premises of Bangladesh are suitable for pigeon farming. The experiment was conducted to evaluate the characteristics of eggs and serum electrolyte concentration of Gola, Giribaz and Ghiachundi pigeon squabs. Three pairs of each breed were reared in the cage with commercial feed and water. After laying eggs, the length and width of eggs were recorded. After hatching of eggs, eggshell thickness was recorded. The thickness of the eggshell was 0.15±0.01 mm, 0.15±0.01 mm, 0.15±0.00 mm for Gola, Giribaz and Ghiachundi breeds respectively. The body weights of the squabs were recorded at 7th and 45th day. The squabs were sacrificed on 45th day and the blood sample was collected and serum sodium, potassium, calcium and phosphorus concentration were measured by using appropriate analytical techniques. Serum sodium, potassium, calcium and phosphorus were: 102.93±15.95 (mmol/L), 11.18±2.19 (mmol/L), 6.20±1.11 (mmol/L), 4.53±0.45 (mmol/L) for Gola breed; 101.48±2.12 (mmol/L), 12.15±0.96 (mmol/L), 5.65±1.09 (mmol/L), 4.53±0.36 (mmol/L) for Giribaz breed and 95.18±6.71 (mmol/L), 11.99±0.91 (mmol/L), 5.09±0.75(mmol/L), 4.81±0.24 (mmol/L) for Ghiachundi breed respectively. A positive correlation has been found between thickness of eggshell and phosphorus while there is a negative correlation with calcium for Gola breed; both have been found insignificant for Giribaz breed and only calcium has been found significant for Ghiachundi breed. A strong correlation between the final body weight of the squab and K for the Gola breed; between the final body weight of the squab and Ca, P, K for Giribaz breed and between the final body weight of the squab and Ca, Na, K have been found. It could be concluded that serum electrolytes having an influential effect on egg characteristics and body weight of corresponding pigeon breed. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2021, 7 (2), 107-112

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document