scholarly journals Studio pilota sui problemi etici emergenti fra i medici di base in Italia

2013 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vittoradolfo Tambone ◽  
Gaetano Piccinocchi ◽  
Massimiliano Andrea Vitali
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
General Medicine ◽  
Learning Goals ◽  
Professional Relationships ◽  
Family Problems ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Training Plan ◽  
Learning Types

Il medico di Medicina Generale, per la natura della sua professione, si trova spesso di fronte a problematiche etiche e bioetiche molto diverse, almeno in termini di applicazione, da quelle in cui si trovano i medici ospedalieri e che sembrano coinvolgere la Pratica Clinica nel suo complesso (tessuto sociale e familiare, la medicina del territorio). Tali dinamiche, a volte, rimangono ignorate e lontane anche dagli obiettivi didattici del sistema universitario italiano. L’obiettivo di questo studio pilota, è quello di raccogliere dati oggettivi sufficienti per poter organizzare un piano formativo specifico che colleghi il mondo universitario e la medicina del territorio. A tal fine è stato predisposto un questionario dall’analisi del quale emerge che i principali problemi etici percepiti dai medici di Medicina Generale sono la comunicazione di cattive notizie, i problemi familiari associati alle dipendenze (alcol, droghe, eccetera) ed il rapporto con i colleghi. Si può affermare, in base ai dati raccolti, che i problemi legati alla comunicazione (che in Letteratura rappresentano circa il 5% rispetto a quelli abitualmente considerati prioritari nel dibattito bioetico – quali aborto, fecondazione in vitro ed eutanasia) e quelli derivanti dalla difficoltà nel relazionarsi con i problemi accessori a quelli strettamente sanitari, come ad esempio i problemi familiari associati alle dipendenze, sono prioritari nella percezione degli intervistati. È emerso, inoltre, che il sentire la necessità di acquisire strumenti formativi in ambito etico è correlato all’esperienza della difficoltà ad interagire con questa tipologia di problematiche che non varia in funzione degli anni lavorativi trascorsi. Infine è emerso che le attività formative preferite (corsi residenziali, ECM e Master) sono quelle che permettono maggiore relazione formativa interpersonale sia con docenti (relazione verticale), sia con colleghi (relazione orizzontale). Tale tendenza suggerisce di dedicare maggiore attenzione alla formazione relazionale, probabilmente inserendo nella didattica formale moduli specifici di Psicologia Sociale e di Antropologia. ---------- The general practitioner, by nature of his profession, is often faced with many different ethical and bioethical issues from those with which other physicians who work in healthcare facilities are faced with. These problems seem to involve the whole social and family structure and primary healthcare, concerning aspects that are sometimes disregarded and distant even from the learning goals of the Italian university system. The aim of this pilot study is to collect objective data enough to organize a specific training plan that links university to general practice medicine. A questionnaire was therefore developed and submitted in an anonymous form to the participants of the 32nd National Congress of the Italian Society of General Medicine, held in Florence in November of 2011. The analysis of the questionnaires has shown that the main ethical problems perceived among general practitioners are communicating bad news, family problems associated with addictions (alcohol, drugs, etc.) and professional relationships with colleagues. According to the data collected, the following matters are most important for the respondents: problems related to communication (which in literature represent about 5% of the priorities usually considered the bioethical debate – such as abortion, in vitro fertilization and euthanasia) and those arising from the difficulty in incidental problems which are not strictly healthcare related, such as family problems associated with addictions. Furthermore feeling the need to acquire tools and training in ethics is related to experiencing the uneasiness with this kind of problem, and the fact that this uneasiness does not change with the years spent working, suggests that it is constantly present in this professional category. However, as many as 27% of respondents affirm they have not encountered ethical issues during their career. Finally it was found that the preferred learning types (residential courses, CME and post graduate diplomas) are those that allow greater interpersonal or educational relationship with teachers (vertical relationship) and with colleagues (horizontal relationship). This trend suggests to put greater emphasis on relational training possibly by introducing specific courses to Psychology and Social Anthropology in frontal teaching.

scholarly journals Horrors Of Baby Making (Consequences Of Reproductive Technology On Humanity)

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Asma Manzoor ◽  
Saba Imran Ali
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Hormone Treatment ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Reproductive Technology ◽  
Testicular Sperm Extraction ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
Vitro Fertilization

The recent advances in the field of medical sciences have allowed the scientists to control the processes of life and death. These processes not only can prolong the human life by machines but doctors and scientists can also initiate the process of human life: artificial insemination, cloning, in vitro fertilization (IVF), cyropreservation of sperm, oocytes, embryos, embryo transfer (ET), hormone treatment, surrogacy, testicular sperm extraction (TESE) and gamete intra fallopian transfer (GIFT) are well known examples. By far the most common of these is IVF. As a result of these scientific innovation couples have become statistics and children have become scientific experiments. Technological advancement in biology not only raises the question of good or bad technology or good or bad effects of technology but it lead us to the question whether all works of science and technology are beneficial or otherwise for the humankind. Since the birth of Louis Brown in 1978 – the period related to the first ‘test tube baby’ in the UK, many ethical issues regarding reproductive technologies (RT) and their potential impacts on humanity at large have been raised. In the light of extraordinary medical and ethical consequences that the RT has placed on humanity in the developed world, a discussion has been made in the paper to identify and describe the reproductive technology: In Vitro Fertilization (IVF). This paper also explores the difficulties that Muslim countries like Pakistan could face when actual progression of reproductive technologies gets under way.

Fertility Preservation in Adolescents and Young Adults With Cancer

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (32) ◽  
pp. 4831-4841 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Levine ◽  
Andrea Canada ◽  
Catharyn J. Stern
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Fertility Preservation ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Adolescent And Young Adult ◽  
Embryo Cryopreservation ◽  
Premature Menopause ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Vitro Fertilization

Preservation of fertility is important to adolescent and young adult (AYA) survivors of cancer. Many survivors will maintain their reproductive potential after the successful completion of treatment for cancer. However total-body irradiation, radiation to the gonads, and chemotherapy regimens containing high-dose alkylators can place women at risk for acute ovarian failure or premature menopause and men at risk for temporary or permanent azoospermia. The most effective and established means of preserving fertility in this population is embryo cryopreservation in women and sperm cryopreservation in men before the initiation of cancer-directed therapy. Cryopreservation of mature oocytes is also becoming more commonplace as methods of thawing become more sophisticated. The use of in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection has added to the viability of sperm and oocyte cryopreservation. Cryopreservation and transplantation of gonadal tissue in both males and females remains experimental but continues to be evaluated. Hormonal suppression has not been shown to be effective in males but may have promise in females, although larger scale trials are needed to evaluate this. Providing information about risk of infertility and possible interventions to maintain reproductive potential are critical for the AYA population at the time of diagnosis. Given the competing demands of providing complicated and detailed information about cancer treatment, the evolving information related to fertility preservation, and the ethical issues involved, it may be preferable, where possible, to have a specialized team, rather than the primary oncologist, address these issues with AYA patients.

scholarly journals Stem Cells and Society: An Undergraduate Course Exploring the Intersections among Science, Religion, and Law

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Pierret ◽  
Patricia Friedrichsen
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Stem Cell Research ◽  
Scientific Literacy ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Difficult Dialogues ◽  
Personal Philosophy

The intersection of science and our society has led to legal and ethical issues in which we all play a part. To support development of scientific literacy, college science courses need to engage students in difficult dialogues around ethical issues. We describe a new course, Stem Cells and Society, in which students explore the basic biology of stem cell research and the controversy surrounding it. As part of the course, we highlight the nature of science, looking at the methods and norms within the scientific community. To gain a perspective on the current stem cell controversy, we examine the public debates in the 1970s surrounding in vitro fertilization, the stem cell initiative in Missouri, and the personal and religious viewpoints that have emerged relative to the stem cell debate. In the Stem Cells and Society course, students are challenged to develop and clarify their own personal positions concerning embryonic stem cell research. These positions are grounded in science, religion or personal philosophy, and law.

Ethical Issues in Creating a Child

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan R. Fleischman
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Private Insurance ◽  
Embryo Donation ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
The Face ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The Many ◽  
Gestational Surrogacy

This chapter describes the burgeoning field of reproductive technology, the use of medical approaches to assist in the creation of embryos and babies in the face of infertility from a variety of causes. It examines the many religious and ethical concerns of practitioners and patients associated with artificial insemination, gamete and embryo donation, storage and disposition, and the practices of in vitro fertilization, gestational surrogacy, and preimplantation genetic diagnosis.The chapter discusses the arguments against all these approaches, including the religious points of view (Catholic, Protestant, Jewish, Muslim). The role of the use of government funds, as well as private insurance to overcome infertility is covered.

scholarly journals An Ethical Assessment Tool (ETHAS) to Evaluate the Application of Assisted Reproductive Technologies in Mammals’ Conservation: The Case of the Northern White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum cottoni)

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 312
Author(s):  
Barbara de Mori ◽  
Maria Michela Spiriti ◽  
Ilaria Pollastri ◽  
Simona Normando ◽  
Pierfrancesco Biasetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Consultation Process ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Ethical Assessment ◽  
Ceratotherium Simum ◽  
White Rhinoceros

Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) can make a difference in biodiversity conservation. Their application, however, can create risks and raise ethical issues that need addressing. Unfortunately, there is a lack of attention to the topic in the scientific literature and, to our knowledge, there is no tool for the ethical assessment of ARTs in the context of conservation that has been described. This paper reports the first applications of the Ethical Assessment Tool (ETHAS) to trans-rectal ovum pick-up (OPU) and in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures used in a northern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum cottoni) conservation project. The ETHAS consists of two checklists, the Ethical Evaluation Sheet and the Ethical Risk Assessment, and is specifically customized for each ART procedure. It provides an integrated, multilevel and standardized self-assessment of the procedure under scrutiny, generating an ethical acceptability ranking (totally, partially, not acceptable) and a risk rank (low, medium, high), and, hence, allows for implementing measures to address or manage issues beforehand. The application of the ETHAS to the procedures performed on the northern white rhinoceros was effective in ensuring a high standard of procedures, contributing to the acceptability and improved communication among the project’s partners. In turn, the tool itself was also refined through an iterative consultation process between experts and stakeholders.

scholarly journals Shared Oocyte Donation: Ideas and Expectations in a Bioethical Context Based on a Qualitative Survey of Brazilian Women

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (09) ◽  
pp. 527-533
Author(s):  
Drauzio Oppenheimer ◽  
Agatha Oppenheimer ◽  
Sthefano Vilhena ◽  
Augusto Von Atzingen
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Oocyte Donation ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Innovative Technologies ◽  
Qualitative Survey ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Cost

Objective Assisted reproduction combines innovative technologies and new forms of procreation through gamete donation; however, it also leads to moral and ethical issues and to the wide application of referential bioethics. The objective of the present study was to understand the bioethical context of shared oocyte donation. Methods The present qualitative study used the Collective Subject Discourse methodology to interview donors and recipients in Brazil. Results Donors suffer from infertility, and in vitro fertilization opens the possibility of having a child; however, the cost is high, and helping the recipient is more important than the financial cost. The recipients regret delaying motherhood; adopting a child is their last option, and they desire to feel the physical stages of pregnancy. The recipients find the rules unfair regarding the lack of an oocyte bank and the fact that the treatment must be performed in shared cycles; however, oocyte donation makes it possible to realize the common dream of motherhood. Conclusion The obtained data showed that the patients are suffering and frustrated due to infertility, and they realize that in vitro fertilization may be the treatment they need. These women believe that children are essential in the constitution of the family, and scientific advances bring about innovative technologies and new forms of family constitution, with repercussions in the social, economic, political, and family contexts that lead to bioethical questions in Postmodernity.

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