scholarly journals Interleukin-6 Responses to Water Immersion Therapy After Acute Exercise Heat Stress: A Pilot Investigation

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 655-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine C. Lee ◽  
Greig Watson ◽  
Douglas Casa ◽  
Lawrence E. Armstrong ◽  
William Kraemer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interleukin 6 ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Water Bath ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Cold Water Bath ◽  
Body Cooling ◽  
Whole Body Cooling

Context Cold-water immersion is the criterion standard for treatment of exertional heat illness. Cryotherapy and water immersion also have been explored as ergogenic or recovery aids. The kinetics of inflammatory markers, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), during cold-water immersion have not been characterized. Objective To characterize serum IL-6 responses to water immersion at 2 temperatures and, therefore, to initiate further research into the multidimensional benefits of immersion and the evidence-based selection of specific, optimal immersion conditions by athletic trainers. Design Controlled laboratory study. Setting Human performance laboratory Patients or Other Participants Eight college-aged men (age = 22 ± 3 years, height = 1.76 ± 0.08 m, mass = 77.14 ± 9.77 kg, body fat = 10% ± 3%, and maximal oxygen consumption = 50.48 ± 4.75 mL·kg−1·min−1). Main Outcome Measures Participants were assigned randomly to receive either cold (11.70°C ± 2.02°C, n = 4) or warm (23.50°C ± 1.00°C, n = 4) water-bath conditions after exercise in the heat (temperature = 37°C, relative humidity = 52%) for 90 minutes or until volitional cessation. Results Whole-body cooling rates were greater in the cold water-bath condition for the first 6 minutes of water immersion, but during the 90-minute, postexercise recovery, participants in the warm and cold water-bath conditions experienced similar overall whole-body cooling. Heart rate responses were similar for both groups. Participants in the cold water-bath condition experienced an overall slight increase (30.54% ± 77.37%) in IL-6 concentration, and participants in the warm water-bath condition experienced an overall decrease (−69.76% ± 15.23%). Conclusions We have provided seed evidence that cold-water immersion is related to subtle IL-6 increases from postexercise values and that warmer water-bath temperatures might dampen this increase. Further research will elucidate any anti-inflammatory benefit associated with water-immersion treatment and possible multidimensional uses of cooling therapies.

scholarly journals Acute Whole-Body Cooling for Exercise-Induced Hyperthermia: A Systematic Review

2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendon P. McDermott ◽  
Douglas J. Casa ◽  
Matthew S. Ganio ◽  
Rebecca M. Lopez ◽  
Susan W. Yeargin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Induced Hyperthermia ◽  
Body Cooling ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Whole Body Cooling ◽  
Ice Water

Abstract Objective: To assess existing original research addressing the efficiency of whole-body cooling modalities in the treatment of exertional hyperthermia. Data Sources: During April 2007, we searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, SportDiscus, CINAHL, and Cochrane Reviews databases as well as ProQuest for theses and dissertations to identify research studies evaluating whole-body cooling treatments without limits. Key words were cooling, cryotherapy, water immersion, cold-water immersion, ice-water immersion, icing, fanning, bath, baths, cooling modality, heat illness, heat illnesses, exertional heatstroke, exertional heat stroke, heat exhaustion, hyperthermia, hyperthermic, hyperpyrexia, exercise, exertion, running, football, military, runners, marathoner, physical activity, marathoning, soccer, and tennis. Data Synthesis: Two independent reviewers graded each study on the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. Seven of 89 research articles met all inclusion criteria and a minimum score of 4 out of 10 on the PEDro scale. Conclusions: After an extensive and critical review of the available research on whole-body cooling for the treatment of exertional hyperthermia, we concluded that ice-water immersion provides the most efficient cooling. Further research comparing whole-body cooling modalities is needed to identify other acceptable means. When ice-water immersion is not possible, continual dousing with water combined with fanning the patient is an alternative method until more advanced cooling means can be used. Until future investigators identify other acceptable whole-body cooling modalities for exercise-induced hyperthermia, ice-water immersion and cold-water immersion are the methods proven to have the fastest cooling rates.

scholarly journals Precooling leg muscle improves intermittent sprint exercise performance in hot, humid conditions

2006 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 1377-1384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul C. Castle ◽  
Adam L. Macdonald ◽  
Andrew Philp ◽  
Anthony Webborn ◽  
Peter W. Watt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Heat Strain ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Peak Power Output ◽  
Active Recovery ◽  
Body Cooling ◽  
Whole Body Cooling

We used three techniques of precooling to test the hypothesis that heat strain would be alleviated, muscle temperature (Tmu) would be reduced, and as a result there would be delayed decrements in peak power output (PPO) during exercise in hot, humid conditions. Twelve male team-sport players completed four cycling intermittent sprint protocols (CISP). Each CISP consisted of twenty 2-min periods, each including 10 s of passive rest, 5 s of maximal sprint against a resistance of 7.5% body mass, and 105 s of active recovery. The CISP, preceded by 20 min of no cooling (Control), precooling via an ice vest (Vest), cold water immersion (Water), and ice packs covering the upper legs (Packs), was performed in hot, humid conditions (mean ± SE; 33.7 ± 0.3°C, 51.6 ± 2.2% relative humidity) in a randomized order. The rate of heat strain increase during the CISP was faster in Control than Water and Packs ( P < 0.01), but it was similar to Vest. Packs and Water blunted the rise of Tmu until minute 16 and for the duration of the CISP (40 min), respectively ( P < 0.01). Reductions in PPO occurred from minute 32 onward in Control, and an increase in PPO by ∼4% due to Packs was observed (main effect; P < 0.05). The method of precooling determined the extent to which heat strain was reduced during intermittent sprint cycling, with leg precooling offering the greater ergogenic effect on PPO than either upper body or whole body cooling.

Cooling and Performance Recovery of Trained Athletes: A Meta-Analytical Review

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wigand Poppendieck ◽  
Oliver Faude ◽  
Melissa Wegmann ◽  
Tim Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Intensive Training ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Performance Recovery ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Whole Body Cooling

Purpose:Cooling after exercise has been investigated as a method to improve recovery during intensive training or competition periods. As many studies have included untrained subjects, the transfer of those results to trained athletes is questionable.Methods:Therefore, the authors conducted a literature search and located 21 peer-reviewed randomized controlled trials addressing the effects of cooling on performance recovery in trained athletes.Results:For all studies, the effect of cooling on performance was determined and effect sizes (Hedges’ g) were calculated. Regarding performance measurement, the largest average effect size was found for sprint performance (2.6%, g = 0.69), while for endurance parameters (2.6%, g = 0.19), jump (3.0%, g = 0.15), and strength (1.8%, g = 0.10), effect sizes were smaller. The effects were most pronounced when performance was evaluated 96 h after exercise (4.3%, g = 1.03). Regarding the exercise used to induce fatigue, effects after endurance training (2.4%, g = 0.35) were larger than after strength-based exercise (2.4%, g = 0.11). Cold-water immersion (2.9%, g = 0.34) and cryogenic chambers (3.8%, g = 0.25) seem to be more beneficial with respect to performance than cooling packs (−1.4%, g= −0.07). For cold-water application, whole-body immersion (5.1%, g = 0.62) was significantly more effective than immersing only the legs or arms (1.1%, g = 0.10).Conclusions:In summary, the average effects of cooling on recovery of trained athletes were rather small (2.4%, g = 0.28). However, under appropriate conditions (whole-body cooling, recovery from sprint exercise), postexercise cooling seems to have positive effects that are large enough to be relevant for competitive athletes.

scholarly journals Cold-Water Immersion and the Treatment of Hyperthermia: Using 38.6°C as a Safe Rectal Temperature Cooling Limit

2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 439-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Gagnon ◽  
Bruno B. Lemire ◽  
Douglas J. Casa ◽  
Glen P. Kenny
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Heat Stroke ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Water Bath ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Cold Water Bath

Abstract Context: Cold-water immersion is recommended for the immediate field treatment of exertional heat stroke. However, concerns exist over potential overcooling of hyperthermic individuals during cold-water immersion. Objective: To evaluate the recommendation that removing previously hyperthermic individuals from a cold-water bath at a rectal temperature (Tre) of 38.6°C would attenuate overcooling. Design: Controlled laboratory study. Setting: University research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Participants included 6 men and 4 women (age  =  22 ± 3 years, height  =  172 ± 10 cm, mass  =  67.8 ± 10.7 kg, body fat percentage  =  17.1% ± 4.5%, maximum oxygen consumption  =  59.3 ± 8.7 mL·kg−1·min−1). Intervention(s): After exercising at an ambient temperature of 40.0°C for 38.5 ± 9.4 minutes, until Tre reached 39.5°C, participants were immersed in a 2.0°C circulated water bath until Tre decreased to either 37.5°C or 38.6°C. Subsequently, participants were removed from the water bath and recovered for 20 minutes at an ambient temperature of 25°C. Main Outcome Measure(s): Rectal and esophageal temperatures were measured continuously during the immersion and recovery periods. Results: Because of the experimental design, the overall time of immersion was greater during the 37.5°C trial (16.6 ± 5.7 minutes) than the 38.6°C trial (8.8 ± 2.6 minutes) (t9  =  −4.740, P  =  .001). During the recovery period after cold-water immersion, both rectal (F1,9  =  50.540, P &lt; .001) and esophageal (F1,6  =  20.365, P  =  .007) temperatures remained greater in the 38.6°C trial than in the 37.5°C trial. This was evidenced by low points of 36.47°C ± 0.70°C and 37.19°C ± 0.71°C for rectal temperature (t9  =  2.975, P  =  .016) and of 35.67°C ± 1.27°C and 36.72°C ± 0.95°C for esophageal temperature (t6  =  3.963, P  =  .007) during the recovery period of the 37.5°C and 38.6°C trials, respectively. Conclusions: Immersion for approximately 9 minutes to a rectal temperature cooling limit of 38.6°C negated any risk associated with overcooling hyperthermic individuals when they were immersed in 2°C water.

Response of Negro and white males to cold

1959 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 798-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. Iampietro ◽  
R. F. Goldman ◽  
E. R. Buskirk ◽  
David E. Bass
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Cold Injury ◽  
Water Bath ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
White Males ◽  
Body Cooling ◽  
Whole Body Cooling

Heat production and body temperatures were measured in matched groups of U.S. Negro and white soldiers during whole body cooling and finger temperatures were measured when only the digits were cooled. Whole body cooling was accomplished by having the subjects, clad only in shorts, sit for 2 hours in a chamber at 50℉ with a 5-mph wind. Digital cooling was accomplished by having the subjects immerse the fingers in a water bath at 32℉ for 45 minutes. During whole body cooling there were no group differences with respect to the following: heat production, skin and rectal temperatures. During digital cooling white subjects had higher finger temperatures and the ‘hunting’ reaction was more pronounced than for Negroes. In addition, the white subjects required a shorter period for the onset of the first ‘rewarming’ of the fingers. The implications of these findings with reference to the reported higher incidence of cold injury among Negro soldiers are discussed. Submitted on February 19, 1959

Cold-water acclimation does not modify whole-body fluid regulation during subsequent cold-water immersion

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 56-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Stocks ◽  
M. J. Patterson ◽  
D. E. Hyde ◽  
A. B. Jenkins ◽  
K. D. Mittleman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Fluid ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Fluid Regulation ◽  
Body Fluid Regulation

scholarly journals Cooling Effectiveness of a Modified Cold-Water Immersion Method After Exercise-Induced Hyperthermia

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (11) ◽  
pp. 946-951 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine E. Luhring ◽  
Cory L. Butts ◽  
Cody R. Smith ◽  
Jeffrey A. Bonacci ◽  
Ramon C. Ylanan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Mean Arterial Pressure ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Heat Stroke ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Exertional Heat Stroke

Context: Recommended treatment for exertional heat stroke includes whole-body cold-water immersion (CWI). However, remote locations or monetary or spatial restrictions can challenge the feasibility of CWI. Thus, the development of a modified, portable CWI method would allow for optimal treatment of exertional heat stroke in the presence of these challenges. Objective: To determine the cooling rate of modified CWI (tarp-assisted cooling with oscillation [TACO]) after exertional hyperthermia. Design: Randomized, crossover controlled trial. Setting: Environmental chamber (temperature = 33.4°C ± 0.8°C, relative humidity = 55.7% ± 1.9%). Patients or Other Participants: Sixteen volunteers (9 men, 7 women; age = 26 ± 4.7 years, height = 1.76 ± 0.09 m, mass = 72.5 ± 9.0 kg, body fat = 20.7% ± 7.1%) with no history of compromised thermoregulation. Intervention(s): Participants completed volitional exercise (cycling or treadmill) until they demonstrated a rectal temperature (Tre) ≥39.0°C. After exercise, participants transitioned to a semirecumbent position on a tarp until either Tre reached 38.1°C or 15 minutes had elapsed during the control (no immersion [CON]) or TACO (immersion in 151 L of 2.1°C ± 0.8°C water) treatment. Main Outcome Measure(s): The Tre, heart rate, and blood pressure (reported as mean arterial pressure) were assessed precooling and postcooling. Statistical analyses included repeated-measures analysis of variance with appropriate post hoc t tests and Bonferroni correction. Results: Before cooling, the Tre was not different between conditions (CON: 39.27°C ± 0.26°C, TACO: 39.30°C ± 0.39°C; P = .62; effect size = −0.09; 95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.2, 0.1). At postcooling, the Tre was decreased in the TACO (38.10°C ± 0.16°C) compared with the CON condition (38.74°C ± 0.38°C; P &lt; .001; effect size = 2.27; 95% CI = 0.4, 0.9). The rate of cooling was greater during the TACO (0.14 ± 0.06°C/min) than the CON treatment (0.04°C/min ± 0.02°C/min; t15 = −8.84; P &lt; .001; effect size = 2.21; 95% CI = −0.13, −0.08). These differences occurred despite an insignificant increase in fluid consumption during exercise preceding CON (0.26 ± 0.29 L) versus TACO (0.19 ± 0.26 L; t12 = 1.73; P = .11; effect size = 0.48; 95% CI = −0.02, 0.14) treatment. Decreases in heart rate did not differ between the TACO and CON conditions (t15 = −1.81; P = .09; effect size = 0.45; 95% CI = −22, 2). Mean arterial pressure was greater at postcooling with TACO (84.2 ± 6.6 mm Hg) than with CON (67.0 ± 9.0 mm Hg; P &lt; .001; effect size = 2.25; 95% CI = 13, 21). Conclusions: The TACO treatment provided faster cooling than did the CON treatment. When location, monetary, or spatial restrictions are present, TACO represents an effective alternative to traditional CWI in the emergency treatment of patients with exertional hyperthermia.

scholarly journals Chemically Activated Cooling Vest’s Effect on Cooling Rate Following Exercise-Induced Hyperthermia: A Randomized Counter-Balanced Crossover Study

Medicina ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (10) ◽  
pp. 539
Author(s):  
Yuri Hosokawa ◽  
Luke N. Belval ◽  
William M. Adams ◽  
Lesley W. Vandermark ◽  
Douglas J. Casa
Keyword(s):  
Cooling Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Heat Stroke ◽  
Cooling Capacity ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Climatic Chamber ◽  
Exercise Induced

Background and objectives: Exertional heat stroke (EHS) is a potentially lethal, hyperthermic condition that warrants immediate cooling to optimize the patient outcome. The study aimed to examine if a portable cooling vest meets the established cooling criteria (0.15 °C·min−1 or greater) for EHS treatment. It was hypothesized that a cooling vest will not meet the established cooling criteria for EHS treatment. Materials and Methods: Fourteen recreationally active participants (mean ± SD; male, n = 8; age, 25 ± 4 years; body mass, 86.7 ± 10.5 kg; body fat, 16.5 ± 5.2%; body surface area, 2.06 ± 0.15 m2. female, n = 6; 22 ± 2 years; 61.3 ± 6.7 kg; 22.8 ± 4.4%; 1.66 ± 0.11 m2) exercised on a motorized treadmill in a hot climatic chamber (ambient temperature 39.8 ± 1.9 °C, relative humidity 37.4 ± 6.9%) until they reached rectal temperature (TRE) >39 °C (mean TRE, 39.59 ± 0.38 °C). Following exercise, participants were cooled using either a cooling vest (VEST) or passive rest (PASS) in the climatic chamber until TRE reached 38.25 °C. Trials were assigned using randomized, counter-balanced crossover design. Results: There was a main effect of cooling modality type on cooling rates (F[1, 24] = 10.46, p < 0.01, η2p = 0.30), with a greater cooling rate observed in VEST (0.06 ± 0.02 °C·min−1) than PASS (0.04 ± 0.01 °C·min−1) (MD = 0.02, 95% CI = [0.01, 0.03]). There were also main effects of sex (F[1, 24] = 5.97, p = 0.02, η2p = 0.20) and cooling modality type (F[1, 24] = 4.38, p = 0.047, η2p = 0.15) on cooling duration, with a faster cooling time in female (26.9 min) than male participants (42.2 min) (MD = 15.3 min, 95% CI = [2.4, 28.2]) and faster cooling duration in VEST than PASS (MD = 13.1 min, 95% CI = [0.2, 26.0]). An increased body mass was associated with a decreased cooling rate in PASS (r = −0.580, p = 0.03); however, this association was not significant in vest (r = −0.252, p = 0.39). Conclusions: Although VEST exhibited a greater cooling capacity than PASS, VEST was far below an acceptable cooling rate for EHS treatment. VEST should not replace immediate whole-body cold-water immersion when EHS is suspected.

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