scholarly journals Inadequate thickness of the weight-bearing surface of claws in ruminants : clinical review

2009 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
A.S. Shakespeare
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Concrete ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Frictional Coefficient ◽  
Alkaline Ph ◽  
Bearing Surface ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
White Line ◽  
Protective Function ◽  
Wear Rates ◽  
Lactation Cycle

The term 'thin soles' refers to the suboptimal thickness of the weight-bearing surface of claws in ruminants. These palmar / plantar surfaces of the claws support the weight of the animal and consist of the distal wall horn, the sole proper, the heel and the minute white line area. The sole should normally only bear weight on uneven or undulating surfaces. A decrease in the thickness of the weight-bearing claw surface will decrease the protective function of this structure and may alter the proportion of weight-bearing by each section with possible detrimental effects on hoof function. Horn tissue readily absorbs water and becomes softer which can lead to increased wear rates. Growth rates normally match wear rates but, unlike the latter, time is needed for the growth rate response to adapt to changes in wear rate. Concrete surfaces can be abrasive and dairy cows that spend their lactation cycle on these floors should be let out to pasture in the dry period so that their claws can recoup lost horn. Frictional coefficient is a measure of the 'slipperiness' of hooves on various surfaces. Newly laid or fresh concrete is not only abrasive but the thin surface suspension of calcium hydroxide that forms has a very alkaline pH which causes keratin degradation and is mostly responsible for the excessive claw wear that occurs. Four case studies are used to illustrate the importance of the distal wall horn, the dangers of over-trimming and the effects of disease and concrete on horn growth and wear rates.

Department of Clarification

1986 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 318-318
Keyword(s):  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Rapid Diagnosis ◽  
Bearing Surface ◽  
Simple Manner ◽  
Plantar Surface ◽  
Separate Category

Dr Allen L. Hoekman of Harrison, SD, has written as follows: I would appreciate clarification on an inconsistency I've noticed in William Weston's article, "Dermatoses of the Foot" (PIR 1985;7:45). On page 45 and in Table 2, it says that scabies does not involve the plantar surface of the foot. On page 49, it says that scabies can involve the plantar surface (weight-bearing surface). Please clarify. William L. Weston has replied: I agree with Dr Hoekman that it is confusing in the article as to whether or not the weight-bearing surface of the foot is involved in scabies. Clearly, involvement of the weight-bearing surface of the foot in scabies may occur, although the lesions occur predominantly over the dorsum of the foot and extend onto the ankle. For the purposes of making the algorithm in the article work in a simple manner, scabies was placed in this category to help with rapid diagnosis. However, it is clear that scabies can involve the weight-bearing surface of the foot; involvement of this area does not exclude the diagnosis. The algorithm would have perhaps been better if I had included a separate category for involvement of both the sole and the dorsum of the foot, but I believed this would have made the algorithm too complex.

scholarly journals Mosaic arthroplasty of the medial femoral condyle in horses — An experimental study

2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gábor Bodó ◽  
Gábor Vásárhelyi ◽  
László Hangody ◽  
László Módis
Keyword(s):  
Hyaline Cartilage ◽  
Femoral Condyle ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Medial Femoral Condyle ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bearing Surface ◽  
Femoral Trochlea ◽  
Osteochondral Grafts ◽  
Mosaic Arthroplasty

One Arabian and 5 Hungarian half-bred horses were used to study the macroscopic and microscopic survival of autologous osteochondral grafts in the weight-bearing surface of the medial femoral condyle (MFC). Grafts were harvested from the cranial surface of the medial femoral trochlea (MFT) under arthroscopic control. Three of them were transplanted into the weight-bearing surface of the contralateral MFC using an arthrotomy approach. Three months later this transplantation procedure was repeated on the opposite stifle joints in the same animals, but at that time transplantation was performed arthroscopically. Follow-up arthroscopy was carried out 12 months after the first operations, and biopsies were taken from both the recipient and the donor sites for histological examination. During follow-up arthroscopy, the transplanted areas looked congruent and smooth. Microscopically, the characteristics of hyaline cartilage were present in 5 out of the 10 biopsies examined; however, in the other half of biopsies glycosaminoglycan (GAG) loss and change in the architecture of the transplanted cartilage was observed. In a 16-year-old horse, all grafts broke during harvesting, and thus transplantation was not performed. No radiological signs of osteoarthritic changes were detected 9 to 12 months after the operations in the donor and recipient joints. Clinically, no lameness or effusion was present three months after the transplantations.

Influence of biotin supplementation on hoof growth and integrity in long-fed F1 Wagyu/Black Angus feedlot steers of known genotype

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 615
Author(s):  
R. J. Lawrence ◽  
R. Elliott ◽  
B. W. Norton ◽  
M. B. Thoefner ◽  
I. Loxton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Line Width ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
White Line ◽  
Wear Rates ◽  
Feedlot Steers ◽  
Lesion Number ◽  
Claw Lesions ◽  
Biotin Supplementation ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Related Increase

Biotin was supplemented at three levels (0, 10 and 20 mg/steer.day) to 108 F1 Wagyu/Black Angus steers of known genotype, which were fed a wheat-based ration, to evaluate the effect on hoof growth, wear and integrity within feedlot pens. One hundred and eight steers of known sire lines were assigned to three biotin treatments (0, 10 and 20 mg/steer.day) with each treatment replicated four times using an unfasted liveweight of 410.5kg (s.e. ± 2.27, s.d. ± 24.41). A subset of 36 steers was randomly selected for monitoring of hoof growth on seven occasions, over a period of 301 days. Front hooves from selected steers within turn-off group were collected at the abattoir and investigated for hoof integrity through claw lesions, white line width and dry matter of both white line and hoof. Hoof growth rates over time remained relatively consistent. In contrast, hoof wear rates increased (P < 0.001) in association with rainfall and exceeded rates of hoof growth. Biotin supplementation did not affect (P > 0.05) hoof growth or wear. Examination of collected hooves revealed lesions present on both lateral and medial claws. Biotin supplementation had no effect (P > 0.05) on lesion number, white line width of the lateral and medial claws, or hoof and white line dry matter of the medial claw. In contrast, Grandsire had an effect on total hoof length at measurement periods 0, 167, 251 and 301 (P < 0.05), and also on white line width of both lateral (P = 0.015) and medial (P = 0.002) claws. Rainfall and related increase in pen moisture weakened hoof integrity by increasing hoof moisture content and hoof wear. Genotype appears to play a role in hoof integrity.

Reconstruction of the Weight-Bearing Surface of the Foot with Nonneurosensory Free Flaps

2003 ◽  
Vol 111 (7) ◽  
pp. 2230-2236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmet S??nmez ◽  
Mehmet Bayrami??li ◽  
Burcu S??nmez ◽  
Ayhan Numano??lu
Keyword(s):  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Free Flaps ◽  
Bearing Surface

scholarly journals Sensate composite calcaneal flap in leg amputation: a full terminal weight-bearing surface—experience in eight adult patients

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Livani ◽  
Gabriel Castro ◽  
Jose Roberto Tonelli Filho ◽  
Tâmara Ramos Morgatho ◽  
Mauricio Leal Dias Mongon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Bearing Surface ◽  
Leg Amputation

scholarly journals PREVALENCE OF LAMENESS AND ASSOCIATED FOOT LESIONS IN SAHIWAL DAIRY COWS

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 477-486
Author(s):  
Puneet Singh ◽  
◽  
Swaran Singh ◽  
Dhiraj Kumar Gupta ◽  
C.S. Randhawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
White Line ◽  
Lactation Length ◽  
Welfare Issue ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Prevalent Disease ◽  
Foot Lesions ◽  
Low Prevalence ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cattle

Lameness is 3rd most prevalent disease after mastitis and infertility, in the dairy industry today and is an important welfare issue causing significant impact on dairy economics. Lameness leads to involuntary culling of lactating dairy cattle due to significant effect on production and reproduction.Mostly lameness occurs due to foot lesions irrespective of breed, management and of animal. Two hundred and four Sahiwal dairy cows were evaluated for lameness and associated claw lesionsin the study from local dairy farms of Punjab. Clinical lameness (lameness score 2 & 3) was evident in 6 per cent of animals. After lameness scoring, each animal was restrained in chute and hooves were examined before and after paring 1 mm of hoof tissue from weight bearing surface. Seventy three per cent animals had at least one lesion in their hooves. On animal level, under run soles (45%) were found to be most prevalent claw lesion followed by white line lesions (29%), overgrown soles (7%), cork screw hooves (5%), sole avulsions (5%), sole hemorrhages (3%), heel erosions (3%), double soles (2%) and wall cracks (1%). At claw level, prevalence of lesions was 35.3 per cent, among which under run soles were the most prevalent lesion (19.3%) followed by white line lesions (16.3%), overgrown soles (2.82%), cork screw hooves (1.84%), sole avulsions (1.47%), sole hemorrhages (1.04%), heel horn erosions (0.61%), double soles (0.49%), wall cracks (0.25%) and toe hemorrhages (0.12%). Lactation length and parity had no effect on lameness. Comparatively more lesions were seen in hind limb hooves (56.8%) as compared to forelimb hooves (43.2%). Fore lateral and hind medial claws had more lesions (58.8% and 76.47%, respectively) as compared to contralateral claws 52.9% and 70.5%, respectively). Overall, a low prevalence of clinical lameness was seen in Sahiwal dairy cows.

Relationship of diet, hoof type and locomotion score with lesions of the sole and white line in dairy cattle

1994 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. N. Logue ◽  
J. E. Offer ◽  
J. J. Hyslop
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Lesion Score ◽  
White Line ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Locomotion Score

AbstractThree groups of 16 cattle each comprising three multiparous Jersey cross Holstein-Friesian cows, seven primiparous and six multiparous Holstein-Friesian cattle were offered, ad libitum, a silage-based complete diet with different concentrate ingredients following an initial 3-week covariate period. The relationship between these three diets and other parameters with lesions of the weight-bearing surface of the hoof was studied by scoring mobility weekly (locomotion score) and examining all the feet of all cows for visual lesions particularly those involving the horn of the foot. In addition hoof angle, hardness and growth and wear were also recorded. The mean locomotion score during the initial 3-week covariate period was a significant covariate for the subsequent locomotion score, milk yield, and live weight (P< 0·001). Furthermore weekly locomotion score also proved a significant covariate for weekly milk yield (P< 0·05). There were no significant differences between dietary treatment groups for locomotion score, overall lesion score (despite significantly fewer ulcers of the sole in one dietary group:P< 0·001) but a significant (P< 0·05) difference between cow ‘type’ and there was also a significant (P< 0·05) diet × breed interaction for locomotion score and milk yield. It was concluded first that initial mobility was an important factor in subsequent mobility of the cow and so experimental design; secondly that while nutrition and genotype interacted to influence mobility, visual lesions of the hoof and lameness, the mechanisms involved were far from clear; and thirdly that the simple lesion score used required some adjustment or correction factor(s) to ensure that more severe lesions were given a greater weight than a simple unitary increase.

Research on the Effect of Whole Cylinder Block on EHL Performance of Main Bearings Considering Crankshaft Deformation for Internal Combustion Engine

2010 ◽  
Vol 132 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Sun ◽  
Xiaoxia Cai ◽  
Liping Liu
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Frictional Coefficient ◽  
Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Cylinder Block ◽  
Bearing Surface ◽  
Main Bearing ◽  
Compliance Matrix ◽  
Working Cycle

In this paper, the analyses of elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) of crankshaft bearings considering the deformation of the whole cylinder block and crankshaft under load were carried out for the crankshaft bearing system of a four-stroke four-cylinder internal combustion engine. The lubrication of crankshaft bearing was analyzed by dynamic method. The deformation of bearing surface under pressure of oil film was calculated by compliance matrix method. The results show that when the crankshaft deformation under load is considered, compared with the results of not considering the deformation of cylinder block, the maximum film pressure decreases, the minimum film thickness increases, and the end leakage flow-rate and frictional coefficient of journal surface change little in an engine working cycle when considering the deformation of cylinder block. The models of the whole cylinder block and the single main bearing housing were used, respectively, to calculate the deformation of main bearing surface in the analyses. The results show that the calculation accuracy of the elastohydrodynamic lubrication analyses of crankshaft main bearings can be met basically by applying the simple model based on the single main bearing housing to calculate the elastic deformation of main bearing surface.

Digital pad transposition for replacement of the metacarpal or metatarsal pad in dogs

1997 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 337-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Olsen ◽  
RC Straw ◽  
SJ Withrow ◽  
AW Basher
Keyword(s):  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Severe Trauma ◽  
Bearing Surface ◽  
Clinical Cases

A technique for digital pad transposition is described and illustrated. This technique has application for use in cases of metacarpal or metatarsal pad neoplasia or severe trauma. The transposed digital pad will provide a weight-bearing surface of heavy, keratinized epidermis in cases where the normal metacarpal or metatarsal footpad has been removed. The use of the technique in four clinical cases of footpad neoplasia also is reported.

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