scholarly journals Changes in the renal handling of urea in sheep on a low protein diet exposed to saline drinking water

2004 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
R.A. Meintjes ◽  
H. Engelbrecht
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Isotonic Saline ◽  
Fractional Excretion ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Urea Excretion ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Urea Reabsorption

Previous trials have demonstrated that sheep on a low protein diet and free access to water, and sheep dosed with boluses of NaCl intraruminally also with free access to water, showed decreases in urea loss via the urine compared to control animals. We monitored urea excretion in sheep on a relatively poor protein diet when they were exposed to saline drinking water, i.e. they were unable to vary their intake of NaCl:water. Sheep on isotonic saline drinking water (phase 3) excreted significantly more urea via the urine (284 mM/day) compared to phase 1 when they were on non-saline drinking water (urea excretion = 230 mM/day) and phase 2 when they were on half isotonic saline drinking water (urea excretion = 244 mM/day).This finding was explained by the high glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 91.9 ℓ/day, compared to 82.4 ℓ/day (phase 1) and 77.9 ℓ/day (phase 2), together with a significantly raised fractional excretion of urea (FEurea) (51.1 %) during this phase, and was in spite of the significantly lower plasma concentrations of urea in phase 3 compared to phase 1. The FEurea probably results from the osmotic diuresis caused by the salt. There were indications of a raised plasma antidiuretic hormone (ADH) concentration and this would have opposed urea loss, as ADH promotes urea reabsorption. However, this ADH effect was probably counteracted to some extent by a low plasma angiotensin II concentration, for which again there were indications, inhibiting urea reabsorption during the phases of salt loading. As atrial natriuretic peptide both increases GFR and decrease sodium reabsorption from the tubule, it was probably instrumental in causing the increase in GFR and the increase in the fractional excretion of sodium (FENa).

scholarly journals Renal responses of reindeer to high and low protein diet and sodium supplement

1979 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 381-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maija Valtonen
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Urea Excretion ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Urea Reabsorption ◽  
Solute Excretion ◽  
Sodium Chloride Intake

The effects of reducing dietary nitrogen and increasing sodium chloride intake on renal function were studied in reindeer in order so elucidate the extent of urea conservation and solute excretion by the reindeer kidney. The fall in plasma urea concentration and urea excretion on the low protein diet was accompanied by a significant reduction in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and urine osmolality. The fraction of filtered urea reabsorbed increased. However, the contribution of the fall of the GFR to restriction of urinary losses of urea was far more significant than the increase in fractional urea reabsorption. The increase in sodium chloride intake reflected in icreased urinary sodium excretion, inducing a rise in urine osmolality on the low protein diet. Increased excretion of sodium was accompanied by decreased urea excretion. This interdependence of urea and sodium in urine excretion was particularly pronounced during the mating season in the autumn, when prominent retention of electrolytes and water was observed. On low protein diet, when reindeer were exposed to cold, the energy intake proved insufficient. The use of body protein as energy source resulted in increased plasma urea values. The fractional reabsorption of urea decreased, but the GFR stayed low. The GFR seems to be unaffected by plasma urea concentrations but is in some way regulated by the intake of dietary protein. Also on lichen diet the intake was not sufficient to satisfy the energy requirements and the plasma urea concentrations increased. The urea excretion was still low due to a decreased GFR. The high moisture content of lichen caused an increase in the urine water excretion, but no increase occured in the solute excretion. The rumen ammonia concentrations correlated significantly with the plasma urea concentrations, showing that urea is readily returned to the rumen in reindeer. The restriction of urea excretion on low protein intake contributes to the nitrogen economy and in reindeer it is brought about by a marked decrease in the GFR together with an increase in the urea reabsorption.

scholarly journals Chronic chloroquine and ethanol administration causes detrimental renal morphological changes in rats fed low protein

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-239
Author(s):  
Abdurrahman Abdulkadir ◽  
Ejikeme Mbajiorgu
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Normal Saline ◽  
Volume Estimation ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Kidney Volume ◽  
Ethanol Treatment ◽  
Concurrent Administration ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Low Protein

The aim of the study was to investigate the microscopic renal changes resulting from the concurrent administration of chloroquine and ethanol, with inadequate dietary protein using rats. Sixty-four rats were randomly distributed into eight groups of eight rats each: control groups on normal protein (NPC) or low protein diet (LPC); chloroquine treatment groups on normal protein (NPQ) or low protein diet (LPQ); ethanol treatment groups on normal protein (NPE) or low protein diet (LPE); concurrent chloroquine and ethanol treatment groups on normal protein (NPQE) or low protein diet (LPQE). Chloroquine in 0.9% normal saline was administered weekly to NPQ, LPQ, NPQE, and LPQE. While NPE, LPE, NPQE and LPQE received 6% ethanol in drinking water ad libitum, NPC and LPC received 0.9% normal saline and plain drinking water. After treatment, routine haematoxylin and eosin stain, Masson's trichrome stain for collagen, kidney volume estimation, glomeruli count, immunofluorescence for aquaporin 2 and urine volume estimation were conducted. The results showed a decreased kidney volume in all the experimental groups compared to the control. There was increased collagen fiber deposition and distortion of renal histology in the experimental groups compared to control. Concurrent administration of chloroquine and alcohol causes distortion of kidney histology and derangements of renal function in the low protein-fed rats and can cause kidney failure.

Milk yield of dairy cows given restricted access to water in a Mediterranean-type climate

1981 ◽  
Vol 21 (109) ◽  
pp. 167 ◽  
Author(s):  
KR King ◽  
CR Stockdale
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Restricted Access ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Maximum Air Temperature

During summer in the Goulburn Valley, two herds of Jersey- Friesian crossbred cows were used to study the effects of restricted access to drinking water. There were three treatments applied to two herds-(1) free access, (2) 20 min. access before each milking, and (3) 20 min. access before the night milking only. One herd was individually penned and had free access to shade while the other was grazed with no access to shade. Both herds were fed irrigated perennial pasture containing 24.5% dry matter. Maximum air temperature averaged 33.7�C. Over the whole experiment, restricting the access of dairy cows to drinking water did not significantly reduce mean milk yield (mean 12.6 kg/cow day-1) or mean liveweight of cows (mean 41 1 kg) in either herd. However, during the first 4 days of treatment, mean milk yield and mean liveweight were lower (P < 0.05) for cows on a once-a-day access than for those on either free or twice-daily access. In the pen experiment, intake of drinking water averaged 67,45 and 49 l/cow day-1 for treatments 1, 2 and 3, respectively; dry matter intake was unaffected by treatment (mean 15.6 kg/cow day-1). Because of the modifying influence of shade on the environment of the penned cows, there was no significant effects of climate on their water intake. It was concluded that farmers need not supply drinking water to dairy cows in all paddocks.

REPLETION OF VASOPRESSIN AND OXYTOCIN IN THE POSTERIOR LOBE OF THE PITUITARY GLAND OF THE RAT

1968 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. K. YOUNG ◽  
H. B. VAN DYKE
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Posterior Lobe ◽  
Neurohypophysial Hormones ◽  
Depletion Rate ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
The Mean

SUMMARY Rats deprived of drinking water for 7 days showed a striking depletion of neurohypophysial hormones from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The average daily depletion rate was estimated to be 93 m-u. for vasopressin and 97 m-u. for oxytocin. When rats were allowed free access to water, dehydration was rapidly corrected as shown by normal haematocrit values and plasma osmolarities. Repletion of neurohypophysial hormones, rapid in the first 24 hr., continued gradually thereafter. The mean calculated repletion rate was 41 m-u./day for vasopressin and 42 m-u./day for oxytocin. Repletion was completed about 14 days after rehydration.

Hepatic Ultrastructure Changes Induced by Lithocholic Acid

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 162-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. G. Zaki
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Lithocholic Acid ◽  
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Hydropic Degeneration ◽  
Hepatic Cells ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Microscopic Studies

Addition of lithocholic acid (LCA), a naturally occurring bile acid in mammals, to a low protein diet fed to rats induced marked inflammatory reaction in the hepatic cells followed by hydropic degeneration and ductular cell proliferation. These changes were accompanied by dilatation and hyperplasia of the common bile duct and formation of “gallstones”. All these changes were reversible when LCA was withdrawn from the low protein diet except for the hardened gallstones which persisted.Electron microscopic studies revealed marked alterations in the hepatic cells. Early changes included disorganization, fragmentation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and detachment of its ribosomes. Free ribosomes, either singly or arranged in small clusters were frequently seen in most of the hepatic cells. Vesiculation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum was often encountered as early as one week after the administration of LCA (Fig. 1).

Economic Effects of Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease with Low-Protein Diet

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Saverio Mennini ◽  
Simone Russo ◽  
Andrea Marcellusi ◽  
Giuseppe Quintaliani ◽  
Denis Fouque
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein

Ensuring access to water in an emergency context: Towards an overexploitation and contamination of water resources?

2021 ◽  
pp. 096466392110316
Author(s):  
Chloé Nicolas-Artero
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Qualitative Methods ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Water Rights ◽  
Environmental Crisis ◽  
Supply Network ◽  
Mining Pollution ◽  
Access To Water

This article shows how geo-legal devices created to deal with environmental crisis situations make access to drinking water precarious and contribute to the overexploitation and contamination of water resources. It relies on qualitative methods (interviews, observations, archive work) to identify and analyse two geo-legal devices applied in the case study of the Elqui Valley in Chile. The first device, generated by the Declaration of Water Scarcity, allows private sanitation companies to concentrate water rights and extend their supply network, thus producing an overexploitation of water resources. In the context of mining pollution, the second device is structured around the implementation of the Rural Drinking Water Programme and the distribution of water by tankers, which has made access to drinking water more precarious for the population and does nothing to prevent pollution.

scholarly journals PSIV-6 Effect of a Phytogenic Water Additive on Growth Performance, Blood Metabolites and Gene Expression of Amino Acids Transporters in Nursery Pigs Fed with Low Protein Diets

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 281-282
Author(s):  
Cedrick N Shili ◽  
Mohammad Habibi ◽  
Julia Sutton ◽  
Jessie Barnes ◽  
Jacob Burchkonda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Mrna Abundance ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Blood Calcium ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Diets ◽  
Standard Protein

Abstract Moderately low protein (MLP) diets can help decrease nutrient excretion from the swine production. However, MLP diets negatively impact growth performance. We hypothesized that supplementing MLP diets with phytogenics may reduce the negative effects of these diets on growth. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a phytogenic water additive (PWA; Herbanimal®) on growth performance, blood metabolite and gene expression of amino acids transporters in pigs fed with MLP diets. Forty-eight weaned barrows were allotted to six dietary treatments (n = 8) for 4 weeks: &gt;CON-NS: standard protein diet-no PWA; CON-LS: standard protein diet-low PWA dose (4 ml/L); CON-HS: standard protein diet-high PWA dose (8 ml/L); LP-NS: low protein diet-no PWA; LP-LS: low protein diet-low PWA dose (4 ml/L); LP-HS: low protein diet- high PWA dose (8 ml/L). Feed intake and body weight were recorded daily and weekly, respectively. At week 4, blood and tissue samples were collected and analyzed for metabolites using a chemistry analyzer and amino acid transporters using qPCR, respectively. The data were analyzed by univariate GLM (SPSS®) and the means were separated using paired Student’s t-test corrected by Benjamini-Hochberg. Pigs fed CON-HS improved the average daily gain and serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations compared to CON-NS. Pigs fed LP-LS had higher serum phosphorus and blood urea nitrogen compared to the pigs fed with LP-NS. The mRNA abundance of SLC7A11 in the jejunum was lower in CON-LS and CON-HS compared to CON-NS. Additionally, mRNA abundance of SLC6A19 in the jejunum of pigs fed with LP-LS was higher compared to LP-NS and lower in CON-HS relative to pigs fed with CON-LS. In conclusion, PWA improved the growth performance of pigs fed standard protein diets but not low protein diets. Further, the PWA improved the concentrations of blood calcium and phosphorous in pigs fed MLP diets. Funding: Agrivida and Animal Health and Production and Animal Products: Improved Nutritional Performance, Growth, and Lactation of Animals from the USDA-NIFA.

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