PSIV-6 Effect of a Phytogenic Water Additive on Growth Performance, Blood Metabolites and Gene Expression of Amino Acids Transporters in Nursery Pigs Fed with Low Protein Diets

Abstract Moderately low protein (MLP) diets can help decrease nutrient excretion from the swine production. However, MLP diets negatively impact growth performance. We hypothesized that supplementing MLP diets with phytogenics may reduce the negative effects of these diets on growth. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a phytogenic water additive (PWA; Herbanimal®) on growth performance, blood metabolite and gene expression of amino acids transporters in pigs fed with MLP diets. Forty-eight weaned barrows were allotted to six dietary treatments (n = 8) for 4 weeks: >CON-NS: standard protein diet-no PWA; CON-LS: standard protein diet-low PWA dose (4 ml/L); CON-HS: standard protein diet-high PWA dose (8 ml/L); LP-NS: low protein diet-no PWA; LP-LS: low protein diet-low PWA dose (4 ml/L); LP-HS: low protein diet- high PWA dose (8 ml/L). Feed intake and body weight were recorded daily and weekly, respectively. At week 4, blood and tissue samples were collected and analyzed for metabolites using a chemistry analyzer and amino acid transporters using qPCR, respectively. The data were analyzed by univariate GLM (SPSS®) and the means were separated using paired Student’s t-test corrected by Benjamini-Hochberg. Pigs fed CON-HS improved the average daily gain and serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations compared to CON-NS. Pigs fed LP-LS had higher serum phosphorus and blood urea nitrogen compared to the pigs fed with LP-NS. The mRNA abundance of SLC7A11 in the jejunum was lower in CON-LS and CON-HS compared to CON-NS. Additionally, mRNA abundance of SLC6A19 in the jejunum of pigs fed with LP-LS was higher compared to LP-NS and lower in CON-HS relative to pigs fed with CON-LS. In conclusion, PWA improved the growth performance of pigs fed standard protein diets but not low protein diets. Further, the PWA improved the concentrations of blood calcium and phosphorous in pigs fed MLP diets. Funding: Agrivida and Animal Health and Production and Animal Products: Improved Nutritional Performance, Growth, and Lactation of Animals from the USDA-NIFA.

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Effects of Dietary Histidine on Growth Performance, Serum Amino Acids, and Intestinal Morphology and Microbiota Communities in Low Protein Diet-Fed Piglets

Mediators of Inflammation ◽

10.1155/2020/1240152 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Meng Kang ◽

Jie Yin ◽

Jie Ma ◽

Xin Wu ◽

Ke Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Biochemical Parameters ◽

Intestinal Morphology ◽

Protein Diet ◽

Low Protein Diet ◽

Blood Biochemical Parameters ◽

Blood Biochemical ◽

Low Protein

Previous study showed that low protein diet-fed pigs are characterized by lower histidine concentration in the serum and muscle, suggesting that histidine may involve in protein-restricted response. Thus, the current study mainly investigated the effects of dietary histidine on growth performance, blood biochemical parameters and amino acids, intestinal morphology, and microbiota communities in low protein diet-challenged-piglets. The results showed that protein restriction inhibited growth performance, blood biochemical parameters and amino acids, and gut microbiota but had little effect on intestinal morphology. Dietary supplementation with histidine markedly enhanced serum histidine level and restored tryptophan concentration in low protein diet-fed piglets, while growth performance and intestinal morphology were not markedly altered in histidine-treated piglets. In addition, histidine exposure failed to affect bacterial diversity (observed species, Shannon, Simpson, Chao1, ACE, and phylogenetic diversity), but histidine-treated piglets exhibited higher abundances of Butyrivibrio and Bacteroides compared with the control and protein-restricted piglets. In conclusion, dietary histidine in low protein diet enhanced histidine concentration and affected gut microbiota (Butyrivibrio and Bacteroides) but failed to improve growth performance and intestinal morphology.

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Broilers fed a low protein diet supplemented with synthetic amino acids maintained growth performance and retained intestinal integrity while reducing nitrogen excretion when raised under poor sanitary conditions

Poultry Science ◽

10.1016/j.psj.2019.10.035 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 99 (2) ◽

pp. 949-958 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Shemil P. Macelline ◽

Samiru S. Wickramasuriya ◽

Hyun Min Cho ◽

Eunjoo Kim ◽

Taeg Kyun Shin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Protein Diet ◽

Nitrogen Excretion ◽

Low Protein Diet ◽

Intestinal Integrity ◽

Low Protein ◽

Synthetic Amino Acids ◽

Sanitary Conditions

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The effects of carbadox on the performance and carcass characteristics of early-weaned pigs given high- and low-protein diets

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s000335610000057x ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 34 (2) ◽

pp. 111-114 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

R. G. Campbell

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Carcass Characteristics ◽

Live Weight ◽

High Protein ◽

Protein Diet ◽

Low Protein Diet ◽

Low Protein ◽

High Protein Diets ◽

Protein Diets

ABSTRACTThirty-six male pigs weaned at 28 days of age were used to study the effects of methyl-3-(2- quinoxalinylmethylene) carbazate-N1, N4-dioxide (carbadox) in high- and low-protein diets on the performance of pigs growing between 7 and 32 kg live weight, and on carcass characteristics at the latter weight.The inclusion of carbadox (55 mg/kg) in a high-protein diet containing 195 g crude protein per kg and 10·2 g lysine per kg had no effect on performance or on carcass characteristics. Pigs offered the high-protein diets grew more rapidly, had a lower food conversion ratio and were leaner at 32 kg live weight than those offered a lowprotein diet containing 146g crude protein per kg and 6·0 g lysine per kg. Supplementation of the low-protein diet with lysine (4·2 g/kg) had no effect on performance or carcass characteristics but the inclusion of carbadox in the low-protein diet increased growth performance and reduced carcass backfat measurements at 32 kg. However, the performance was inferior, and the backfat thickness greater, compared with the high-protein diets. On the other hand, supplementation of the low-protein diet with lysine plus carbadox raised growth performance and reduced carcass backfat measurements to the levels exhibited on the high protein diets.

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Discrimination by Rhesus Monkeys of Diets Containing Supplemental Amino Acids

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1975.41.3.683 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 41 (3) ◽

pp. 683-689

Author(s):

Samuel N. Craddock ◽

Arthur J. Riopelle

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Rhesus Monkeys ◽

Normal Diet ◽

Protein Diet ◽

Low Protein Diet ◽

Low Protein ◽

Egg Protein ◽

Protein Diets ◽

Whole Egg

Following an opportunity to demonstrate a preference for water with or without the addition of the amino acid isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, or tryptophan at a concentration proportional to that in whole egg protein, 9 monkeys were subjected on 4 occasions to a 7-day experimental week when they received an isocaloric diet containing only one-fourth the amount of protein of their normal diet. An identical low-protein diet supplemented with one of the above amino acids, again at a concentration proportional to that in egg, was presented for an equivalent period during the experimental week and the amounts consumed of each diet were compared. Ss failed to exhibit a preference or an aversion for water supplemented with any of the amino acids; however, all low-protein diets supplemented with an amino acid were consumed in greater quantities than a low-protein diet lacking a supplement. On Days 6 and 7 of the experimental weeks when protein depletion was most severe, Ss significantly ( p < .05) preferred the diet supplemented with isoleucine to a diet lacking the supplement.

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Influence of low-protein diets and protease and bromelain supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood urine nitrogen, creatinine, and faecal noxious gas in growing–finishing pigs

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1139/cjas-2016-0116 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 98 (3) ◽

pp. 488-497 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

D.H. Nguyen ◽

S.I. Lee ◽

J.Y. Cheong ◽

I.H. Kim

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Protein Diet ◽

Low Protein Diet ◽

Feed Ratio ◽

Finishing Pigs ◽

Low Protein ◽

Protein Diets

A total of 180 crossbred pigs [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc] with an average body weight of 22.61 ± 1.23 kg were used in an 18 wk study to determine the effect of protease and bromelain in low-protein diets in grower–finisher pigs. Dietary treatments included: T1, basal diet treatment; T2, low-protein treatment; T3 (T2 + 0.2 g kg−1 protease); and T4 (T2 + 0.3 g kg−1 bromelain). Pigs fed protease- and bromelain-supplemented diets increased average daily gain and gain to feed ratio at week 18, dry matter and nitrogen digestibility at week 6, as well as energy digestibility at week 12, compared with low-protein diet (P < 0.05). Pigs fed T3 and T4 diets led to a trend of decreased (P < 0.05) blood urine nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine concentrations at the 12th wk. A reduction of ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) emission was observed in pigs fed the dietary protease and bromelain supplementation at the 6th wk (P < 0.05). There was no effect on all parameters between the protease and bromelain supplementation treatments. In conclusion, supplementation of protease and bromelain to low-protein diet enhanced growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and reduced NH3 and H2S in growing–finishing pigs.

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FURTHER OBSERVATIONS OF A PATIENT WITH HYPERGLYCINEMIA

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.33.3.403 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 403-412 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Barton Childs ◽

William L. Nyhan

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Protein Diet ◽

Low Protein Diet ◽

Blood Levels ◽

Low Protein

Observations of a patient with hyperglycinemia have been extended. The patient, who has been subsisting on a low protein diet, has shown some improvement in the clinical manifestations though he has failed to grow. Loading experiments have increased the list of amino acids capable of inducing ketosis and symptoms in the patient to five: leucine, isoleucine, valine, threonine, and methionine. Eleven other amino acids have been similarly tested and were found to be beneficial, reducing the toxicity of the five ketogenic amino acids. Blood levels of the amino acids have been measured under a variety of circumstances. When given alone, the toxic amino acids were found to accumulate in the blood. Such accumulations were less striking when the nonketogenic amino acids were given together with the ketogenic ones. The patient has been benefitted by a diet low in protein which has been supplemented by the innocuous amino acids.

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Effects of Different Methionine Levels in Low Protein Diets on Production Performance, Reproductive System, Metabolism, and Gut Microbiota in Laying Hens

Frontiers in Nutrition ◽

10.3389/fnut.2021.739676 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Miaolin Ma ◽

Shunju Geng ◽

Meiling Liu ◽

Lihong Zhao ◽

Jianyun Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reproductive System ◽

Laying Hens ◽

Production Performance ◽

Protein Diet ◽

Low Protein Diet ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Low Protein ◽

System Metabolism ◽

Protein Diets ◽

Different Levels

This study investigated the effects of different levels of methionine (Met) in a low protein diet on the production performance, reproductive system, metabolism, and gut microbial composition of laying hens to reveal the underlying molecular mechanism of Met in a low protein diet on the host metabolism and gut microbial composition and function of hens. A total of 360 healthy 38-week-old Peking Pink laying hens with similar body conditions and egg production (EP) were randomly divided into four groups with nine replicates per treatment and 10 hens per replicate. The hens in each treatment group were fed low protein diets containing different levels of Met (0.25, 0.31, 0.38, and 0.47%, respectively) for 12 weeks. Feed and water were provided ad libitum throughout the trial period. The results showed that, compared with the 0.25% Met group, the final body weight (FBW), average daily gain (ADG), EP, egg weight (EW), and average daily feed intake (ADFI) in the other groups were significantly increased and feed egg ratio (FER) was decreased. Meanwhile, the EW and yield of abdominal fat (AFY) in the 0.47% Met group were higher than those in other groups. The triglyceride (TG), estradiol (E2), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), and immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the 0.38 and 0.47% Met groups were higher than those in other groups. In addition, 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that there was no difference in the Sobs index, ACE index, and Shannon index among all groups. However, it is worth noting that feeding low protein diets with Met changed the gut microbial composition (e.g., the supplementation of Met increased the level of Lactobacillus and decreased the proportion of Faecalibacterium). Also, our results showed that the changes in gut microbial composition induced by the diets with different levels of Met were closely related to the changes of key parameters: ADFI, EW, FBW, TG, EM, EP, ADG, FER, and uric acid (UA). Our results highlight the role of adding an appropriate amount of Met to the low protein diet in laying hens, which could improve the gut microbial composition, production performance, reproductive system, and nutrient metabolism of laying hens. In conclusion, this study suggested that when the Met level was 0.38%, the production performance of the laying hens was pretty good.

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The relative effects of a low-protein-high-carbohydrate diet on the free amino acid composition of liver and muscle

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114500020213 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 219-230

Author(s):

P. G. Lunn ◽

R. G. Whitehead ◽

B. A. Baker

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Free Amino Acid ◽

Acid Concentration ◽

Free Amino ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Protein Diet ◽

Low Protein Diet ◽

Total Amino Acid ◽

Low Protein

1. Free amino acid concentrations in the plasma have been compared with those in liver and quadriceps muscle, in rats fed on diets containing 209 (control) and 31 (low-protein) g protein/kg. The effects of the low-protein diet on diurnal variations in these values were also measured.2. In the plasma, the total amino acid concentration was significantly lower in animals given the low-protein diet, at all times of day except 12.00 hours. In the liver, and to a lesser extent the muscle, total amino acid concentration was maintained.3. In the control animals, diurnal variation in the concentrations of both essential and non-essential amino acids was very similar in plasma, liver and muscle. In animals given the low-protein diet, although the same diurnal pattern was maintained for non-essential amino acids, that occurring among the essential amino acids had virtually disappeared.4. In plasma, the mean 24 h concentration of essential amino acids decreased from 24· mmol/l in control animals to only 1·29 mmol/l in the low-protein-fed animals. Concentrations in muscle and liver were reduced by a similar proportion (from 8·6 to 5·56 μmol/g and from 8·67 to 5·05 μmol/g respectively). Conversely the concentrations of non-essential amino acids in animals given the low-protein diet were increased in plasma (from 1·53 to 2·00 mmol/l), muscle (from 12·5 to 14·3 μmol/g), and liver (from 16·8 to 20·5 μmol/g), muscle showing the lowest increase.5. With the exceptions of lysine, threonine, cystine and tyrosine, the concentrations of all other essential amino acids were reduced more in liver than in muscle. The relationship between this and the failure to maintain plasma albumin concentrations is discussed.

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