scholarly journals The influence of gender and ethnicity on the perceptions of an Entrepreneurial career in the South African context

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shelley Farrington ◽  
Beverley Gray ◽  
Gary Sharp
Keyword(s):  
Small Business ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Work Values ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Small Business Owners ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
South Africans ◽  
Self Employment

<p>In South Africa men are more likely than women to undertake entrepreneurial activity. Similarly, White South Africans are more likely to start new business ventures than other ethnic groups. In order to establish why women and certain ethnic groups are less inclined to undertake entrepreneurial activities, the primary objective of this study was to establish whether the perceptions of desirability that some groups have of an entrepreneurial career differ from those of others. Respondents were identified by means of convenience and judgemental sampling. In total, 739 usable questionnaires were returned. The validity and reliability of the measuring instrument was assessed by means of an exploratory factor analysis and Cronbach-alpha coefficients. T-test statistics were undertaken to establish significant differences. The results show that female small business owners perceive that self-employment will allow them more Flexibility and Autonomy than do their male counterparts, whereas male students perceive that self-employment will allow them more Time than do female students. Black small business owners and Black student respondents scored higher mean scores than White respondents for the majority of work values investigated in this study. This seems to suggest that Black respondents perceive an entrepreneurial career more positively than White respondents do, despite White South Africans being more likely to start entrepreneurial ventures than Black South Africans.</p><p><strong>KEYWORDS:</strong> Entrepreneurial career, small business enterprises, career perceptions, work values, gender, ethnicity</p>

Comparing small business owner and voter beliefs regarding constraints on business growth

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-341
Author(s):  
Trey Malone ◽  
Antonios M. Koumpias
Keyword(s):  
Small Business ◽  
Policy Design ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Small Business Owners ◽  
Business Owner ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Small Business Owner ◽  
Content Type

PurposeThis research note compares voter opinions regarding small business entrepreneurial activity to opinions of small business owners and links any divergence in perceptions to realized suboptimal entrepreneurial growth policy.Design/methodology/approachPrimary data collection via best–worst scaling and estimation of linear regression models.FindingsResults suggest that small business owners are less concerned about issues such as foreign competition, estate/death taxes, oil prices and labor union demands but are more concerned with domestic competition, income taxes, regulatory burdens and availability of credit from lenders.Social implicationsThe authors find major discrepancies in opinions about trade policy and business financing, which may lead to policy design that hinders entrepreneurship given evidence that politicians do respond to voters' opinions (Autor et al., 2016).Originality/valueIt represents the first empirical assessment of differences between voter and small business owner perspectives on entrepreneurial policy. An immediate policy implication includes the need to provide additional avenues of communication of entrepreneurs' concerns.

FINANCIAL INTERMINGLING IN KOREAN-AMERICAN AND MEXICAN-AMERICAN SMALL BUSINESSES

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (03) ◽  
pp. 297-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
GEORGE W. HAYNES ◽  
JOSEPH I. ONOCHIE ◽  
MYUNG-SOO LEE ◽  
AlVIN N. PURYEAR ◽  
EDWARD G. ROGOFF ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Business ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Mexican American ◽  
English Language ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Korean American ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Small Business Owners

This study explores the financial intermingling behavior of Mexican-American and Korean-American owned and operated small businesses. It posits that ethnically-owned and -operated small businesses with strong familial ties and more limited access to financial capital are more likely to intermingle financial resources than other small businesses. Mexican-American small business owners typically have very strong familial ties, while Korean-American small business owners typically have very strong community ties. Perhaps more importantly, Mexican-American small business owners have less access to pools of community capital than Korean-American small business owners. Therefore, it is expected that Mexican-American small business owners are more likely to intermingle financial resources than Korean-American small business owners. Even when controlling for the time in United States and English language spoken in the household, this study suggests Mexican-American small business owners are more likely to intermingle financial resources than Korean-American small business owners. Within these two ethnic groups, similar factors contribute to intermingling. Small business owners living in rural areas and borrowers are more likely to intermingle financial resources for both ethnic groups.

scholarly journals MOTIVATIONS AND BARRIERS OF ENTREPRENEURS IN MOSCOW AND THE MOSCOW REGION

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 256-266
Author(s):  
Natalia Sulikashvili ◽  
Godefroy Kizaba ◽  
Abdelouahid Assaidi
Keyword(s):  
Small Business ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Moscow Region ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Small Business Owners ◽  
Financial Barriers ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
The Family

The main goal of this research is to examine the motivation of entrepreneurs from Moscow and the Moscow region in conducting entrepreneurial activity in present economic conditions, and to identify the obstacles slowing down this activity. For implementing this goal a survey of 63 small business owners was conducted. To collect the data, authors selected the ME (micro-enterprise), the SB (small business) and the SME (small and medium-sized enterprise). The actors questioned were entrepreneurs and more particularly the heads of companies running an ME, SB or SME in Moscow and its regions. Using research methods as factor analysis and Cronbach’s Alpha, a hierarchy of the different motives and entrepreneurial barriers were constructed. Investigation results show that regarding motivations of entrepreneurs, 4 components were obtained: extrinsic motivations composed of 4 items, intrinsic motivations composed of 6 items, motivations linked to independence and autonomy with 3 items and motivations related to the safety and well-being of the family with 3 items. In terms of barriers or obstacles encountered by Russian entrepreneurs, in regards with the literature review, we obtained 5 components: barriers of legitimacy consisting of 3 items, administrative barriers with 3 items, financial barriers with 2 items, managerial barriers with 3 items and finally competitive barriers with 3 items. The novelty of this study is to improve knowledge of the motivations and barriers that entrepreneurs in Moscow and its region encounter in the course of their activity.

ACCOUNTING SYSTEM OF SMALL ENTERPRISES OF UKRAINE IN THE CONTEXT OF LEGISLATIVE CHANGES

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olena Toporkova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Small Business ◽  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Information Support ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Small Business Owners ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
Reporting Standard ◽  
National Accounting ◽  
Taxation System

The article reviews the legislative documents defining the requirements for the accounting system of domestic small business owners. The focus is on the choice of alternative accounting solutions provided by the national accounting regulations and international financial reporting standards. The role of entrepreneurship in the economic development of the state is indisputable. Harmonization of domestic legislation in accordance with European requirements and international accounting standards is an urgent need today. A coordinated and integral legal and regulatory framework will contribute to the effective development of the entrepreneurial activity. The analysis of legal and regulatory sources showed that small business owners in Ukraine can choose the form of organizing and maintaining accounting records; financial reporting; a chart of accounts for bookkeeping; a taxation system. It is established that the effectiveness of management depends on the quality of information support. Objective and reliable information concerning the financial and economic activities of the business owner in relation to past and current events performs a predictive function. Such information allows predicting the development trends of the enterprise in the future. The necessary information base can be created by an accounting system that combines a financial accounting system, a management accounting system, and a taxation system of an economic entity. The most informative source for management decisions is financial data reporting. The paper compares the legal requirements for forms of financial reporting in accordance with national accounting regulations (standards) (NP(S)AS 1 and NP(S)AS 25), as well as the international financial reporting standard for small and medium enterprises (IFRS for SMEs). Particular attention is paid to the periodicity of reporting to tax authorities and statistical authorities. It also focuses on additional accounting preferences for entrepreneurs who have the right to submit financial reporting of micro-enterprises.

Self-employment: is it a long-term financial strategy for women?

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 362-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janice Redmond ◽  
Elizabeth Anne Walker ◽  
Jacquie Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Small Business ◽  
Homeless People ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Small Business Owners ◽  
Retirement Savings ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
On Line

Purpose Becoming self-employed has appeal to both genders. For many women, balancing work and family is a key motivator. However, businesses owned and operated by women are often very small, with limited turnover. This potentially can have disastrous consequences when these women come to retire, unless a solid retirement savings strategy has been considered. The purpose of this paper is to outline many of the issues and implications of a lack of research in this area. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from 201 small business owners via a convenience sample derived from various databases. The survey was completed on-line and analysed using SPSS. Findings Many self-employed women in Australia have neither enough savings for their retirement, or an actual retirement plan. This is exacerbated by the lack of regulation requiring mandatory contributions into a superannuation (personal pension) fund by small business owners, unlike pay as you go employees, whose employers must contribute a certain about on their behalf. Social implications Middle-to-older aged women are the biggest cohort of homeless people in Australia. This is likely to grow as self-employed Baby Boomers stop working and find they do not have sufficient personal financial resources to fund their retirement. Originality/value Whereas there is much written about gender and small business ownership, as well as retirement and savings planning, these two areas have not been researched before in Australia. Yet it is an issue for the majority of small business owners, particularly women.

scholarly journals Health inequality and self-employment in South Korea

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
HyeJin Kim ◽  
Jin-Young Min ◽  
Kyoung-Bok Min
Keyword(s):  
Small Business ◽  
Physical Health ◽  
Health Inequality ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Small Business Owners ◽  
Upper Limbs ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Physical Health Problems

Abstract Background Self-employed persons work for themselves as owners of a business rather than for an employer. Although self-employed persons have autonomy and flexibility, they are vulnerable to workplace health and safety hazards. However, there has been little interest in the health of self-employed persons, especially in small business owners. This study investigated the health status of small self-employed business owners compared to standard workers. Methods The third Korean Working Conditions Survey for a total of 32,630 workers aged 20-59 were analyzed. A small business was defined as self-employment with 0-4 workers. Standard employment included full-time employment with a permanent or one-year contract. Health outcomes included the presence of depressive symptom and 8 types of physical health; hearing problems, skin problems, backache, muscular pains (upper limbs), muscular pains (lower limbs), headaches/eye strain, injuries, and overall fatigue. Results Among 32,630 workers, 10,652 (32.64%) were small business self-employed. Compared with standard employed workers, small business self-employed had a 1.2-fold [adjusted OR (Odds Ratio) =1.20, 95%CI (Confidence Interval) 1.09-1.32] increased likelihood for depression after adjustment for potential covariates. Small business self-employed was at higher risk of work-related physical health problems: backache (OR = 1.16, 95%CI 1.06-1.26), muscular pains in upper limbs (OR = 1.19, 95%CI 1.12-1.27), and muscular pains in lower limbs (OR = 1.14, 95%CI 1.07-1.22). Conclusions Our study found health inequality of small business self-employed, showing higher odds for mental and physical health problems in small business self-employed than in standardly employed workers. Key messages The current study showed vulnerability of self-employed in small business to health problems. Our study would be helpful to build up better working environment for small business owners and improve occupational health inequalities in South Korea.

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