scholarly journals Did the ancient Egyptians migrate to ancient Nigeria?

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jock M. Agai
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
West African ◽  
Samuel Johnson ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
African History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

Literatures concerning the history of West African peoples published from 1900 to 1970 debate�the possible migrations of the Egyptians into West Africa. Writers like Samuel Johnson and�Lucas Olumide believe that the ancient Egyptians penetrated through ancient Nigeria but Leo�Frobenius and Geoffrey Parrinder frowned at this opinion. Using the works of these early�20th century writers of West African history together with a Yoruba legend which teaches�about the origin of their earliest ancestor(s), this researcher investigates the theories that the�ancient Egyptians had contact with the ancient Nigerians and particularly with the Yorubas.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: There is an existing ideology�amongst the Yorubas and other writers of Yoruba history that the original ancestors of�the Yorubas originated in ancient Egypt hence there was migration between Egypt and�Yorubaland. This researcher contends that even if there was migration between Egypt and�Nigeria, such migration did not take place during the predynastic and dynastic period as�speculated by some scholars. The subject is open for further research.

Muslim Brotherhoods in West African History

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Nobili
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
West African ◽  
The Novel ◽  
African History ◽  
Lake Chad ◽  
History Of ◽  
Independent States ◽  
European Colonialism ◽  
Colonial Government

Muslim Sufi brotherhoods (ṭuruq, sing. ṭarīqa) are ubiquitous in contemporary Islamic West Africa. However, they are relative latecomers in the history of the region, making their appearance in the mid-18th century. Yet, Sufism has a longer presence in West Africa that predates the consolidation of ṭuruq. Early evidence of Sufi practices dates to the period between the 11th and the 17th centuries. By that time traces of the Shādhiliyya and the lesser-known Maḥmūdiyya are available between the Atlantic Ocean and Lake Chad, but it was the activities of the Kunta of the Qādiriyya and of al-ḥājj ‘Umar of the Tijāniyya that led to the massive spread of Sufi brotherhoods in the region. The authority of leaders of ṭuruq did not disappear with the imposition of European colonialism. In fact, the power of those leaders who adjusted to the novel political situation further consolidated thanks to their role as mediators between their constituencies and the colonial government. Eventually, the end of the colonial period did not signal the decline of ṭuruq in West Africa. Conversely, during the postcolonial years, Sufi brotherhoods continued flourishing despite the secular nature of West African independent states and the increasing tension with a plethora of equally rising Salafi movements.

scholarly journals Sources for Studying of the Local Government in Siberia in the 18th - Early 20th Century: Historical and Source Studies Themes

2020 ◽  
pp. 355-367
Author(s):  
Igor A. Konovalov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Record Keeping ◽  
Imperial Period ◽  
Regional Specificity ◽  
Source Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Historical Methods

Increased interest in the local government history is associated not just with the necessity to peer into the past, but also with purely practical needs. While returning to forgotten traditions, it is important to take into account the heritage of centuries. Today, we need to take a fresh look at well-known facts, to cast away old delusions and myths, and to prevent the emergence of new ones. Theoretical basis of the paper is such methods as historicism, objectivity, alternativeness; they allow an unbiased approach to the analysis of the problems and a critical attitude towards the sources. The methodology includes the use of means and methods of local, systemic, problem-chronological, and comparative historical methods, as well as the development of a “new imperial history.” The paper systematizes sources on formation and development of the local government in Siberia in the Imperial period. The following groups of sources are highlighted: regulatory and legal acts; documents of management and record keeping; statistical materials; periodicals; sources of personal provenance. There is regional specificity in the content and structure of sources. The sources characterize the history of local government in Siberia in the 18th - early 20th century, wherein personal, socio-political, and departmental conflicts played an important role. The article attempts to show the role and place of the general police in the local government of pre-revolutionary Siberia and to analyze the main sources on the subject. It focuses on structure, nature, organizational and legal problem of the local government in Siberia in the 18th - early 20th century.

scholarly journals Mamki – najemne karmicielki w świetle literatury poradnikowej z drugiej połowy XIX i początku XX wieku

2019 ◽  
pp. 85-111
Author(s):  
Monika Nawrot-Borowska
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Small Children ◽  
History Of ◽  
Extensive Information ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Infants And Young Children

Wet nurses, i.e. hired breast-feeders of babies, were the subject matter of this research. It aims to systematize the advice that was formulated on the pages of “how-to” books regarding the search for, recruitment, and treatment of wet nurses in the homes of one’s charges. The specific duties of wet nurses that were especially expected of them are determined, as well as the errors most frequently committed in their performance, which the authors of how-to books described at length, in order to warn mothers against the incompetence of paid breast-feeders. A comparison of the views of authors of “how-to” books over nearly 70 years will allow us to determine a possible evolution of views regarding wet nursing. The “how-to” books on health, hygiene, and education from the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century (the period approximately from 1850-1918), published in Polish areas and addressed mainly at families, especially mothers, form the source material for the research. The use of this type of literature will allow us to reconstruct the promulgated image of wet nursing without broader reference to providing help for them, which is worth confronting with the “how-to”  recommendations, attempting to determine whether, and to what extent, they were reflected in everyday life (e.g. using epistolary or archival sources, and memoirs). Nevertheless, the authors of “how-to” books also referred to the practice of tending infants and young children, criticizing inappropriate behaviour of wet nurses, while the recommendations formulated by them were to remedy inappropriate behaviour occurring in reality. The issue of wet nursing has not hitherto been analysed in detail in Polish historiography. In recent years, though, a few texts or papers in which one can find more or less extensive information (the less extensive ones predominate) related to breastfeeding by wet nurses in the Polish areas in the Middle Ages, the period of Old Poland, or the partition period, have been published. Thus, it seems even more reasonable to explore this issue, which will help to fill a gap in the development of the history of breastfeeding, nursing, and tending infants and small children.

Mali: A Bibliographical Introduction

1966 ◽  
Vol 9 (03) ◽  
pp. 74-87
Author(s):  
Charles H. Cutter
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
West Africa ◽  
West African ◽  
Source Material ◽  
African History ◽  
Adequate Account ◽  
Historical Society ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
Present Essay ◽  
History Of

Bibliographical research on Mali must begin with the monumental Bibliographie générale du Mali, prepared by Paule Brasseur (Dakar, IFAN, 1964). The present essay is in no way a substitute for such a basic volume. It is an attempt to introduce the reader to some of the best and most important works concerning Mali, at the same time stressing materials that have appeared in English or since the publication of the Brasseur work. Neither the Brasseur bibliography nor this essay takes adequate account of the manuscript sources in Peul and Arabic concerning the western Sudan. Still in private hands or in the archives of Paris, Dakar, Zaria, Kano, Ibadan, or Timbuktu, these manuscripts are largely unclassified and unstudied. Once analyzed, they will provide an important source for the study of Malian history. Vincent Monteil, “Les manuscrits historiques arabo-africains,” Bulletin de l'IFAN, série B, XXVII, No. 3-4 (July-October 1965), 531-542, surveys efforts being made to collect and classify such manuscripts in West Africa. H. F. C. Smith, “The Archives of Segu,” Bulletin of News of the Historical Society of Nigeria, Supplement to Vol. IV, No. 2 (September 1959), presents a brief analysis of some of the great collection of manuscripts captured by Archinard in 1890 and now in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. In addition, in “Source Material for the History of the Western Sudan,” Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria, I, No. 3 (December 1958), 238-248, Smith surveys significant materials from the Gironcourt Collection, in the Institut de France, Paris. This is updated by him in “Nineteenth-Century Arabic Archives of West Africa,” Journal of African History, III, No. 2 (1962), 333-336, a brief listing of literary works, diplomatic correspondence between West African emirates, etc.

scholarly journals Blending: A brief history of misconception

2021 ◽  
pp. 135-147
Author(s):  
Aleksey A. Streltsov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
English Language ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Word Play ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
High Level

The article considers the main aspects of word-fusion, which is a means of word-building that has become popular in the last few decades. As a result, many scientific papers appeared whose authors are quite often not familiar with each other’s findings. That is why we aimed to highlight the major challenging aspects as well as little-known aspects of word-fusion and to present the main results obtained by researchers. We have shown that word-fusion has been in use at least since the 16th century, and not only in the English language. Now words derived according to the pattern are found in many languages of Continental Europe (German, French, Italian, etc.) and presumably existed in some languages, that are now extinct. There is a considerable number of literature on the subject that first appeared in the early 20th century, whereas in this country it happened half a century later. However, there were no less than ten theses, defended by Soviet and Russian linguists indicating a relatively high level of scrutiny. Nowadays, practically everyone recognizes the fact, that word-fusion is a separate productive word-building means used not only for word-play but also for term-building, and nomination of new objects and phenomena, mostly hybrid ones. As far as there is still no universally accepted term for the word-formation means in question, we propose “blending” which is mostly used by foreign and many Russian scholars, or “word-fusion” which is brief and semantically transparent.

scholarly journals Variability of the Russian educational axiosphere of the early 20th century

2021 ◽  
Vol 103 ◽  
pp. 01048
Author(s):  
Natalia P. Khvataeva ◽  
Marina A. Zakharishcheva
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
History Of Education ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Structural Method ◽  
Holistic View ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

Being the subject of interest of many scientists, the evolution of education is considered as a process, as a set of values that are reflected in the works of educators of each era. In this case, the object of the study is the first half of the 20th century, as the most controversial era in terms of values, represented by a wide range of pedagogical ideas and trends. The article analyzes various texts of educators of the early 20th century to form a holistic view concerning the axiological field of education at that time. The applied methods of analysis and synthesis, generalization, abstraction, classification, and modeling, as well as the historical and structural method were dictated by the purpose of the study. The conducted work has resulted in the clarification of the concept of the axiosphere, its components and objective laws, the description of the educational axiosphere of the declared era through the analysis and synergy of values and meanings of educators of that time. The reliability of the result is ensured by the reference to the author’s text of the studied educators, which allowed formulating their values in their own language, so to speak in the first person. The attempt to present the value dominants of different educational figures of the same time as components of a single axiosphere is a fundamentally new approach, since traditionally in the history of education, it is customary to oppose the author’s pedagogical concepts and consider them as autonomous, sometimes contradictory systems.

Between Local and Colonial Perceptions: The History of Slum Clearances in Lagos (Nigeria), 1924-1960

2008 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liora Bigon
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
British Rule ◽  
History Of ◽  
Colonial Government ◽  
Colonial Settlement

AbstractFollowing the establishment of the British rule in Lagos in the mid-19th century, the pre-colonial settlement became most central in West Africa, economically and administratively. Yet, scarce resources at the disposal of the colonial government and its exploitive nature prevented any serious remedy for the increasingly pressing residential needs. This article examines slum clearances in Lagos from the early 20th century until the de-colonization era in Nigeria (the 1950s), from a perspective of cultural history. This perspective reveals the width of the conceptual gaps between the colonizers and the colonized, and the chronic mutual misunderstanding regarding the nature of slums and the appropriate ways to eliminate them. Tracing the indigenous perceptions and reactions concerning slum clearance shows that the colonial situation was far from being an overwhelmingly hegemonic one.

The Canoe in West African History

1970 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 515-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Smith
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Coastal Lagoon ◽  
West African ◽  
African History ◽  
Tree Trunk ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
History Of

The canoe, carved and usually also burnt-out from a single tree trunk, played a part in the history of the coastal, lagoon and river-side peoples of West Africa similar in importance to that of the horse in the savannah states. It ranged in size from the small fishing canoe to craft over 80 ft. in length and capable of carrying, in calm waters, 100 men or more. Sails were often used, in addition to paddles and punt poles. The builders were specialists, usually living in the forests, where the most suitable trees were found.

Turkish Archival Sources for West African History

1967 ◽  
Vol 10 (03) ◽  
pp. 59-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. G. Martin
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Political System ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
West African ◽  
Early History ◽  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
African History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Islamic Society

About 1960, the study of West African history took a new turn as historians became aware of the interest and value of Islamic sources for their work, particularly manuscript materials in Arabic. To be sure, the use of Arabic sources for the history of West Africa is nothing new: in 1841, W. Des-borough Cooley published his The Negroland of the Arabs Examined and Explained; or, an Inquiry into the Early History and Geography of Central Africa. But Cooley's pioneering book was discounted by later British and American writers on Africa as the work of an eccentric. In the 1880's and 1890's, many of these writers were spellbound by their vision of what Christianity might do for the African, while others were preoccupied by what they deemed to be the morally indefensible activities of the Muslims as slave-raiders and traders in West and East Africa. As late as the 1930's, the well-known British anthropologist C. K. Meek indicted Islam in northern Nigeria when he wrote: “The institution of slavery is a pivotal feature of Islamic society, and we are justified with charging Muhammadanism with the devastation and desolation in which Northern Nigeria was found at the beginning of this century.” Other writers, like Sir A.C. Burns for Nigeria, and A. W. Cardinall and W. E. F. Ward for Ghana, dismissed the Islamic side of West African history in few words, or gave it no mention at all. There were other reasons for this lack of emphasis. In northern Nigeria, for example, many British officials were apprehensive of an outbreak of “Mahdism” among the Muslims; and very frequently, French officials looked on Islam as a rival political system, dangerous and potentially subversive.

scholarly journals Studying the History of Political and Legal Doctrines in Russian Jurisprudence in the 19th — Early 20th Century: Traditions, Directions, and Stages

Lex Russica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (10) ◽  
pp. 114-125
Author(s):  
A. V. Kornev
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Subject Field ◽  
Legal Science ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The 19Th Century

The paper attempts to reflect the origin of a specific branch of scientific knowledge — the history of political and legal doctrines. The subject field of this science and discipline includes many problems, the main of which, no doubt, is the understanding of the phenomenon of law and the state, which are closely related to other institutions. Nevertheless, it is the state and law that ultimately determine their character. This is a kind of tradition laid down by Western legal science that was strongly influenced by pre-revolutionary jurisprudence. Russian lawyers, many of whom continued their studies at Western universities as part of the "preparation for professorship" procedure, mostly followed the approaches developed there. This concerned both ontological and epistemological aspects.The author shows the difference between political and legal doctrines of the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the century. The 1860s reforms served as a kind of impetus for their development. In addition, in the second half of the 19th — early 20th century pre-revolutionary legal science moved to a new, fundamentally different scientific level of studying political and legal institutions.There is another significant point. The problem is that, in fact, the historiography of this discipline and science has remained outside the framework of the history of political and legal doctrines. This paper is an attempt to fill this gap to some extent.The author notes that the relevance of the history of political and legal doctrines arises during a period of intense political life, when stable social groups (strata, classes) with different political, social and legal ideals are formed. This situation developed in Russia in the early 20th century.

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