scholarly journals Emerging Trends in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Focus on Diagnosis and Therapeutics

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. CMO.S9926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avegail Flores ◽  
Jorge A. Marrero
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Disease Stage ◽  
Biliary Cirrhosis ◽  
The World

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common tumors worldwide and one of the deadliest. Patients with chronic liver disease are at the highest risk for developing this tumor. This link provides an opportunity for developing preventive strategies and surveillance that aims at early detection of this tumor and possibly improving outcomes. In this review, we will discuss the latest developments in surveillance strategies, diagnosis, and treatment of this tumor. HCC is the sixth most common cancer in the world, with 782,000 new cases occurring in 2012 worldwide. In 2012, there were 746,000 deaths from liver cancer. HCC is the third most fatal cancer in the world. The distribution of HCC, which varies geographically, is related to the prevalence of hepatotropic virus. The burden of the disease is the highest in Eastern Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and Melanesia where hepatitis B (HBV) infection is endemic. Meanwhile, in Japan, United States, and Europe, hepatitis C (HCV) infection is prevalent, and subsequently, is the major risk factor for acquiring HCC in these regions. 1 , 3 It is estimated that the incidence of HCC in Europe and United States will peak at 2020—there will be 78,000 new HCC cases in Europe and 27,000 in the United States—and decline thereafter. 1 Indeed, in Japan, the incidence of HCC had already plateaued and started to slowly fall. 4 Cirrhosis is the most important risk factor for HCC regardless of etiology and may be caused by chronic viral hepatitis (mainly HBV and HCV), alcoholic liver disease, autoimmune disease, Stage 4 primary biliary cirrhosis, and metabolic diseases such as hereditary hemochromatosis, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In the Western hemisphere, HCC occurs in a background of cirrhosis in 90% of the cases. 5 Before concentrating on diagnosis and therapeutics, it is important to discuss surveillance for this tumor.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

2000 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 703-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mimi C Yu ◽  
Jian-Min Yuan ◽  
Sugantha Govindarajan ◽  
Ronald K Ross
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Chronic Infection ◽  
The United States ◽  
Important Risk Factor ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
The Past

Although rare in Canada and the United States, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ranks as the eighth most common cancer in the world. High-risk regions are East and Southeast Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa. Independent of race and geography, rates in men are at least two to three times those in women; this sex ratio is more pronounced in high-risk regions. Rates of HCC in the United States have increased by 70% over the past two decades. Registry data in Canada and Western Europe show similar trends. In contrast, the incidence of HCC in Singapore and Shanghai, China, both high-risk regions, has declined steadily over the past two decades. Among white and black Americans, there is an inverse relationship between social class status and HCC incidence. Chronic infection by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is by far the most important risk factor for HCC in humans. It is estimated that 80% of HCC worldwide is etiologically associated with HBV. In the United States, although the infection rate in the general population is low, HBV is estimated to account for one in four cases of HCC among non-Asians. Chronic infection by the hepatitis C virus is another important risk factor for HCC in the United States; however, this virus is believed to play a relatively minor role in the development of HCC in Africa and Asia. Dietary aflatoxin exposure is an important codeterminant of HCC risk in Africa and parts of Asia. In Canada and the United States, excessive alcohol intake, cigarette smoking and oral contraceptive use in women also are risk factors for HCC.

Mechanisms of liver damage in COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (19) ◽  
pp. 39-46
Author(s):  
T. V. Pinchuk ◽  
N. V. Orlova ◽  
T. G. Suranova ◽  
T. I. Bonkalo
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Liver Transplantation ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Function ◽  
Liver Damage ◽  
The World ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Analyze Data

At the end of 2019, a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) was discovered in China, causing the coronavirus infection COVID-19. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic poses a major challenge to health systems around the world. There is still little information on how infection affects liver function and the significance of pre-existing liver disease as a risk factor for infection and severe COVID-19. In addition, some drugs used to treat the new coronavirus infection are hepatotoxic. In this article, we analyze data on the impact of COVID-19 on liver function, as well as on the course and outcome of COVID-19 in patients with liver disease, including hepatocellular carcinoma, or those on immunosuppressive therapy after liver transplantation.

Characteristics of Hepatitis B virus induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Egyptian patients

QJM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 114 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eman Mahmoud Fathy Barakat ◽  
Khalid Mahmoud AbdAlaziz ◽  
Mohamed Mahmoud Mahmoud El Tabbakh ◽  
Mohamed Kamal Alden Ali
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
The United States ◽  
Age Difference ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Incidence And Mortality

Abstract Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver malignancy and is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. In the United States, HCC is the ninth leading cause of cancer deaths. Despite advances in prevention techniques, screening, and new technologies in both diagnosis and treatment, incidence and mortality continue to rise. Cirrhosis remains the most important risk factor for the development of HCC regardless of etiology. Hepatitis B and C are independent risk factors for the development of cirrhosis. Alcohol consumption remains an important additional risk factor in the United States as alcohol abuse is five times higher than hepatitis C. Diagnosis is confirmed without pathologic confirmation. Screening includes both radiologic tests, such as ultrasound, computerized tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, and serological markers such as αfetoprotein at 6-month interval. Aim To compare characteristics and behavior of Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in chronic HCV patients and HVB patients Patients and Methods The current study was conducted on patients with de HCC presented at HCC clinic, Tropical medicine department Ain Shams University Hospitals between December 2017 and D ecember 2018, aged (18-70 years old) . Results eline characteristics of study population shown in Table 1 at enrolment, including gender, Education status, co-morbidity, underlying presence or absence of cirrhosis, Child-Pugh class of patients infected with viral hepatitis, and alpha-fetoprotein levels. Male proportion observed to be predominant in both HCV (62%) and HBV (75.4%) infected HCC population. Overall prevalence of HCV and HBV in patients having HCC was 65.95% and 34.04%, respectively. Presence of underlying liver cirrhosis was more significantly associated with HCV seropositives as compared to HBV seropositive patients (p0.05). Table 2 shows comparison of means between HCV and HBV seropositive patients with HCC. In univariate analysis, mean age difference (11.6 years), and total bilirubin levels (-1.91mg/dl) were the only statistically significant observations noted among HCV-HCC group (p = 0.05) Conclusion Hepatocellular carcinoma is mainly caused by Hepatitis C and Hepatitis B viruses, but latter showed predominance, comparatively worldwide and correlated HBV directly as a cause of HCC rather than HCV whose relation with HCC is still unclear (Shepard et al., 2006; Di Bisceglie, 2009). Because of the geographical differences and risk factors, the epidemiological burden of HCV and HBV has been observed different in different areas of the world. In developing countries due to high burden of HCV infection as compared to HBV such as in Taiwan (HCV 17.0%, HBV 13.8%) (Kao et al., 2011), Guam (HCV 19.6%, HBV 18%) (Haddock et al., 2013), and Pakistan (HCV 4.8%, HBV 2.5%) (Rehman et al., 1996; Raza et al., 2007; Qureshi et al., 2010; Butt et al., 2012;) will possibly

A review of the biology and ecology of Florida beggarweed (Desmodium tortuosum)

Weed Science ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore M. Webster ◽  
John Cardina
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Southern United States ◽  
Southeast United States ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Disturbed Areas ◽  
The World

Florida beggarweed is native to the Western Hemisphere but is naturalized around the world. During the last century, the mechanization of agriculture has transitioned Florida beggarweed from an important forage component to a weed of significance in the coastal plain of the southeast United States. This herbaceous annual is naturalized and found in fields and disturbed areas throughout the southern United States. The characteristics that made Florida beggarweed a good forage crop also make it a formidable weed. This review describes the importance of Florida beggarweed as a weed in the southern United States and the taxonomy of this species and details the distribution throughout the world and within the United States. The ecology of Florida beggarweed and its interactions with crop plants, insects, nematodes, and plant pathogens also are summarized. Finally, management of Florida beggarweed in agricultural systems using cultural practices and herbicides is reviewed.

Democracy Promotion through Progressive Imperialism

2018 ◽  
pp. 65-94
Author(s):  
Tony Smith
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mexican Revolution ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Panama Canal ◽  
Democracy Promotion ◽  
Democratic Government ◽  
The World

This chapter examines Woodrow Wilson's efforts, first as an academic, later as president of the United States, to promote democracy through “progressive imperialism.” A first step for Wilson was to embrace America's democratizing mission in the Philippines. Later, he would continue in this fashion after he became president and faced the challenge of providing stability in the Western Hemisphere during the Mexican Revolution and with the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914—the same year that war broke out in Europe. Wilson's driving concern now became focused: how to provide for a stable peace based on freedom. His answer: through protecting, indeed if possible expanding, democratic government the world around as the best way to end violence among states and provide freedom to peoples.

scholarly journals Delayed hepatocellular carcinoma model for end-stage liver disease exception score improves disparity in access to liver transplant in the United States

Hepatology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 1643-1650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie K. Heimbach ◽  
Ryutaro Hirose ◽  
Peter G. Stock ◽  
David P. Schladt ◽  
Hui Xiong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Transplant ◽  
The United States ◽  
End Stage Liver Disease ◽  
End Stage

American Ideals of International Relations

1907 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 624-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Bushnell Hart
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Many ◽  
United States Senator

Because of the many contributions made by America to the world's ideals of government, the nation has the feeling that it is quite adequate to work out its own principles on all other subjects without the aid of any other people. “ What have we to do with abroad ? ” said a United States senator from Ohio, only thirty years ago; and the word “ un-American ” covers a multitude of virtues. In fact the roots of American institutions of all kinds, social, economic, and political, are in the traditions of the English race; and American ideals have been modified by the experience of other European nations. Nor has the western hemisphere been separated from the great current of world affairs. Its destinies have been closely interwoven with those of Europe; and since 1895 the United States has awakened to the fact that it not only is a part of the sisterhood of nations, but is destined to be one of the half dozen states which will powerfully influence the future of all the continents. The world is no longer round about America; America is part of the world.

scholarly journals NAFLD may be a common underlying liver disease in patients with hepatocellular Carcinoma in the United States

Hepatology ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1349-1354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge A. Marrero ◽  
Robert J. Fontana ◽  
Grace L. Su ◽  
Hari S. Conjeevaram ◽  
Dawn M. Emick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
The United States ◽  
Underlying Liver Disease
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