VOLATILE FATTY ACID AND LACTIC ACID CONTENT OF PIG BLOOD

Carotid and portal blood from each of three 30-ltg pigs was analysed for volatile fatty acids and lactic acid. Propionic, acetic, and formic acids were found in all samples. Butyric acid was not detected in carotid blood and only in the portal blood from two of the pigs. Average molar proportions of the individual acids in portal blood were: butyric, 0.5; propionic, 1.7; acetic, 16.3; formic, 24.6; and lactic, 56.9% with a total concentration of 1.06 mmole per 100 ml blood. A possible energy contribution by acetic, propionic, and butyric acids in the pig was calculated to be between 184 and 330 kcal daily or 15 and 28% of the maintenance energy requirement. Tests on blood preparation and duration of frozen storage demonstrated the advisability of using a deproteinized blood filtrate when storage periods of up to 12 days were necessary.

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674. The lactic acid and volatile fatty acid contents of five locally made type cheeses

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029900008761 ◽

1957 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 225-234 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

A. J. G. Barnett ◽

G. A. Tawab

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Lactic Acid ◽

Acid Content ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Acid Mixture ◽

Ripening Period ◽

Initial Rise ◽

Lactic Acid Content ◽

Fresh Cheese

1. A study has been made of the development of titratable acidity, lactic acid and volatile fatty acids in five locally made type cheeses. The study of the changes involved has been made over the period of ripening up to the stage at which each type would normally be marketed. All the cheeses were made from the same batch of milk at the same time.2. Slight modifications to the micro-column devised by James & Martin (13), and its use, have been suggested which have resulted in improved recovery of volatile fatty acids.3. The volatile fatty acids have been determined in toto and also as separate constituents. Formic acid has been noticed as a common constituent of the acid mixture in all the cheeses, while, over the ripening period involved and apart from unidentified acids higher than caproic, the only other volatile acids encountered have been acetic and butyric, and on one occasion iso-butyric.4. Over the short ripening period studied, the lactic acid content of the soft cheeses rose, but after the initial rise in Pont l'Évêque and in Dutch cheese the results showed a downward trend. Fluctuations in the lactic acid content of the Smallholder cheese have been noted which compare with the corresponding findings of other workers.5. All the results presented have been calculated on the basis of fresh cheese because this is the customary practice and comparisons with other work would be difficult if this had not been adhered to.

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VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS AND LACTIC ACID IN THE ALIMENTARY TRACT OF THE YOUNG PIG

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas63-022 ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 174-181 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

D. W. Friend ◽

H. M. Cunningham ◽

J. W. G. Nicholson

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Small Intestine ◽

Lactic Acid ◽

Large Intestine ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Alimentary Tract ◽

Total Concentration ◽

Lower Section ◽

Apparent Effect ◽

Dietary Effects

A total of 208 digesta samples from the stomach, small intestine, caecum and colon of 79 piglets killed between 1 and 9 weeks of age were analysed for volatile fatty acids (C1 – C5) and lactic acid.The total concentration of the acids in the large intestine ranged from 11 to 29 meq./100 ml. fluid which generally exceeded that in the stomach and small intestine. As the pigs aged, concentration tended to decrease in the upper sections and increase in the lower section of the tract. The addition of whey to a basal "creep" ration, fed from 3 weeks of age, had no apparent effect on the concentration of acids.Formic acid was found only in the small intestine. Increased proportions of acetic and propionic acids in the stomach of the 5-week-old pig indicated dietary effects due to the introduction of solid feed. Lactic acid proportions were from zero in the large intestine to 95 per cent in the stomach. The proportions of lactic acid in the stomach and small intestine of pigs at 9 weeks was markedly higher than at 7 weeks when weaned. Antibiotic (100 gm. chlortetracycline/ton) added to the whey ration fed to 4 pigs from 7 weeks of age gave increases in concentration which were significant (P < 0.05) only in the stomach. The proportion of acids was not altered by antibiotic in the feed.

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Energy metabolism studies in pigs fed diets containing sugar beet pulp

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) ◽

10.1017/s0308229600010278 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 1989 ◽

pp. 31-31

Author(s):

W.H. Close ◽

A.C. Longland ◽

A.G. Low

Keyword(s):

Sugar Beet ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Energy Requirement ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Sugar Beet Pulp ◽

Energy Needs ◽

High Fibre ◽

Beet Pulp ◽

Maintenance Energy Requirement ◽

Potential Use

In recent years there has been an increasing interest in the feeding of high fibre diets to pigs. The potential use of these diets will depend upon the extent to which the fibrous components are fermented and the subsequent capacity of the products of fermentation, that is volatile fatty acids, to meet the energy needs of the animals. One fibrous feed that has considerable potential for inclusion in diets of pigs is sugar beet pulp and the present experiments were designed to study the extent to which diets containing varying proportions of plain sugar beet pulp influenced nutrient partition and the efficiency of energy utilisation of growing pigs.The experiment was designed as a 4 x 2 factorial arrangement and involved 4 diets containing 0, 150, 300 and 450 g plain sugar beet pulp/kg, each fed to pigs between 20 and 90 kg bodyweight at 2 levels so that the animals received either 1.5 or 3.0 times their maintenance energy requirement (M), where M = 440 kJ ME/kg bodywelght 0.75 per day. The diets were formulated to be iso-energetic (13.8 MJ DE/kg) and iso-lysinic (9.5 g/kg) and were based on barley, wheat, soyabean and fishmeal with plain sugar beet pulp largely replacing cereals at the appropriate rates.

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THE PRODUCTION OF ORGANIC ACIDS IN THE PIG: II. THE EFFECT OF DIET ON THE LEVELS OF VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS AND LACTIC ACID IN SECTIONS OF THE ALIMENTARY TRACT

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas63-020 ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 156-168 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

D. W. Friend ◽

H. M. Cunningham ◽

J. W. G. Nicholson

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Small Intestine ◽

Lactic Acid ◽

Organic Acid ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Alimentary Tract ◽

Total Concentration ◽

Control Diet ◽

High Concentration ◽

Organic Acid Content

Two experiments were conducted to measure volatile fatty acids and lactic acid in the alimentary tract of pigs. The animals had been fed either a cellulose-, bran- or dried whey-supplemented diet before slaughter.The cellulose-supplemented diet generally gave a lower total organic acid content than did the control diet, for each section of the tract examined. A high concentration and large quantity of organic acid characterized the colon of the pig.In the second experiment, where the control diet was supplemented with either bran or dried whey, formic acid was found only in the stomach and small intestine of each pig. Lactic acid in the large intestine was found less often in the bran-fed pigs than it was in the pigs fed the other two diets.The digesta of the small intestine gave the lowest (P < 0.01) total concentration (meq./100 ml.) of organic acid. The concentration of acid in the caecum of the control pigs was nearly twice that reported for the caecum of cattle.The proportion of lactic acid decreased progressively as the digesta passed along the tract, the differences being highly significant (P < 0.01) between the upper sections (stomach and small intestine) and lower sections (caecum and colon). There was a tendency for the bran-fed pigs to have a greater proportion of acetic acid in the digesta than the controls. Acetic, propionic and butyric acids were found in the caecum of the bran-fed pigs in the proportions of 60, 32 and 7.5 per cent, respectively. The type of diet and the locality of the digesta affected significantly the proportion of acids found in the alimentary tract.The largest quantity of organic acid (gm.) was found in the stomach and slightly less in the proximal portion of the colon. The total quantity of organic acid present in the alimentary tract at the time of examination was calculated to be 45, 60 and 49 grams for the control, whey- and the bran-fed pigs respectively.

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The digestion of dry matter and non-starch polysaccharides from diets containing plain sugar-beet pulp or wheat straw by pregnant sows

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1357729800013849 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 61 (2) ◽

pp. 305-309 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

T. Yan ◽

A. C. Longland ◽

W. H. Close ◽

C. E. Sharpe ◽

H. D. Keal

Keyword(s):

Sugar Beet ◽

Wheat Straw ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Energy Requirement ◽

Sugar Beet Pulp ◽

Apparent Digestibility ◽

Feeding Level ◽

Beet Pulp ◽

Maintenance Energy Requirement ◽

The Individual

AbstractForty days after mating, 16 pregnant sows were randomly allocated to two diets containing either sugar-beet pulp (SBP) or wheat straw (WS) each offered at two levels (1·0 or 1·5 × maintenance energy requirement (M), where M = 460 kJ digestible energy (DE) per kg0·75 per day). Diets were iso-nitrogenous, and contained similar levels of DE together with 260 g non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) per kg dry matter (DM) largely derived from either the SBP or the WS. A 7-day NSP and DM balance was made between day 60 and 100 of gestation. During lactation sows had ad libitum access to a conventional sow diet which contained neither SBP or WS.Outputs of both fresh and dry faeces from sows given diet WS were significantly greater than the outputs from sows given the corresponding SBP diets (P <0·05), and outputs were significantly greater at the higher feeding level for both diets (P < 0·05). There was a tendency for higher urinary outputs from sows given diet WS, but these were variable and not significantly different from those from sows given diet SBP. The apparent digestibility and retention of DM was significantly greater for the SBP diet than for diet WS but were not significantly affected by feeding level. The apparent digestibilities of the total NSP and each of the individual constituent monomers were significantly higher for diet SBP than for diet WS (P < 0·001), but were independent of feeding level (P> 0·05). Xylose was the most poorly digested NSP constituent from both diets. Apparent digestibility coefficients for the remaining NSP constituents in diet SBP were > 0·8 and were > 0·52 in diet WS, with the uronic acids and mannose being the most highly digested NSP fractions from diets SBP and WS respectively.

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Glycolysis in Lingcod Muscle During Frozen Storage

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada ◽

10.1139/f63-081 ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 20 (5) ◽

pp. 1145-1152 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

N. Tomlinson ◽

R. E. E. Jonas ◽

S. E. Geiger

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Frozen Storage ◽

Phosphorus Containing ◽

Soluble Phosphorus ◽

Lactic Acid Content ◽

Acid Accumulation ◽

Acid Stable ◽

Acid Labile ◽

Storage Temperatures ◽

Low Rate

The lactic acid content and several acid-soluble phosphorus-containing fractions of lingcod muscle have been measured after periods of storage of up to 6 months at storage temperatures between 0 and −30 °C. The fish were killed in an unexercised condition and frozen either in liquid nitrogen or at the temperature of storage. Glycolysis, as indicated by lactic acid accumulation, clearly proceeded at temperatures down to and including −20 °C, and some evidence was obtained to indicate that it may proceed at a very low rate indeed (of the order of 0.5 μmole lactic acid formed/g of muscle/month, or less) at a temperature of −30 °C. Acid-labile and acid-soluble phosphorus decreased during storage at temperatures down to and including −20 °C in muscle frozen by either procedure, but only in the more slowly frozen muscle at −30 °C. Acid-stable and acid-soluble phosphorus decreased at temperatures down to −20 °C, but not at −30 °C.

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The measurement of production rates of volatile fatty acids in the caecum of the conscious rabbit

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19760058 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 61-70 ◽

Cited By ~ 60

Author(s):

D. S. Parker

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Single Injection ◽

Energy Requirement ◽

Specific Radioactivity ◽

Maintenance Energy ◽

High Flux ◽

Order Process ◽

First Order ◽

Maintenance Energy Requirement

1. The decrease in specific radioactivity of individual volatile fatty acids (VFA) after a single injection of tracer was monitored. The results obtained indicated the occurrence of a first-order process.2. Regression analysis indicated the high flux of VFA through the caecal pool, equivalent to 30% of the maintenance energy requirement of the animal.3. Interconversion of VFA was monitored, and results indicated substantial synthesis of butyric acid from acetic acid.4. Results were obtained from animals on two dietary regimens, and these were compared with results reported for other species.

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