PROTEOLYSIS AND FERMENTATION OF GRAIN-CORN ENSILED AT SEVERAL MOISTURE LEVELS AND UNDER SEVERAL SIMULATED STORAGE METHODS

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 451-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. S. BARON ◽  
K. R. STEVENSON ◽  
J. G. BUCHANAN-SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Anaerobic Fermentation ◽  
Moisture Level ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Mold Growth ◽  
Fourth Trial ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Storage Methods ◽  
Fermentation Parameters ◽  
Nitrogen Contents

Proteolysis of ensiled grain corn (Zea mays L.) was studied in both whole-kernel and ground forms at initial grain moisture levels ranging from 22 to 36%. Three trials simulated and examined the effects of anaerobic fermentation, aerobic pre-ensiling and aerobic postensiling environments on soluble nitrogen (SN) formation (Trials 1, 2 and 3, respectively). Sealed mason jars (1.2 L) with fermentation locks, polyethylene-lined metal pails (23 L) and polyethylene-lined metal pails with fermentation locks were used as storage containers in Trials 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Soluble nitrogen as a percent of total nitrogen (TN) increased substantially during anaerobic fermentation (0–90 d), but increased only slightly and not at all during aerobic storage pre-ensiling (0–5 d) and postensiling (0–8 d). As moisture level increased, rates and extent of fermentation and proteolysis increased in both whole and ground grain (Trial 1). Soluble nitrogen contents after 90 d of sealed storage were approximately double for ensiled corn above compared to below 30% moisture. Grinding increased the rate but not the extent of proteolysis at grain moisture levels above 30%; grinding had little effect on SN formation or fermentation parameters at lower moisture percentages. A fourth trial compared the effect of three low-rate organic acid treatments to ground and sealed corn and an unsealed 1.5% (wt/wt) acetic:propionic acid (20:80) treatment on whole kernels for proteolysis in grain corn at 28% moisture. Only a 0.2% (wt/wt) acetic:propionic:formic acid:formaldehyde (10:40:20:30) treatment partially inhibited proteolysis; it did not control mold growth. A 1.5% acetic propionic acid treatment inhibited fermentation, but produced SN contents similar to the ensiled control. Key words: Proteolysis, corn, simulated, storage methods, moisture level

SEPARABLE GRAIN CONTENT OF MATURE WHOLE-PLANT CORN SILAGE

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 935-941 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. GANESH ◽  
D. N. MOWAT
Keyword(s):  
Corn Silage ◽  
Moisture Level ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Harvest Dates ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Hybrid Variety ◽  
High Feed ◽  
Weight Classification

This study investigated the effects of various factors on the amount of grain that might be separated from mature whole-plant corn silage. Materials were stored well-sealed in miniature silos. A high proportion of original grain (81–94%) was present as sizeable fragments or potentially separable grain in silage from two varieties, two harvest dates and two finenesses of chop. Evidence suggested that hybrid variety could influence the amount of grain actually separated by weight classification due to differences in stover moisture content at a constant grain moisture level and/or differences in type of kernel. During storage even in these miniature silos, some translocation or partial equilibration of soluble nitrogen as well as moisture occurred between grain and stover fractions. The finer chop tended to have a slightly lower percentage of whole uncracked kernels. Also, kernel damage was greater when one variety was cut at a relatively low moisture level. The optimum stage for ensiling whole-plant corn for later fractionation would appear to be 30–35% kernel moisture. These results are significant in developing a system of obtaining in one harvest operation stover of high feed quality and grain (for high-producing livestock or ethanol production).Key words: Separable grain, mature corn silage

The Effects of Fall Application of Glyphosate on Corn (Zea mays), Soybeans (Glycine max), and Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense)

Weed Science ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. S. Jeffery ◽  
J. R. English ◽  
John Connell
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Moisture Level ◽  
Sorghum Halepense ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Black Layer ◽  
Over The Top ◽  
Fall Application

Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] was applied at various stages of maturity to corn (Zea mays L. ‘Pioneer brand 3147’ and ‘Dekalb XL 394’), soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ‘Forrest’ and ‘Essex’], and johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.]. Glyphosate applied over-the-top of corn before the grain moisture level decreased to 30% (black layer will have been formed) caused various seed and subsequent progeny abnormalities. Depending on grain moisture level at the time of glyphosate application, seed weight was sometimes reduced and progeny seedling emergence, vigor, and weight were reduced. Also, abnormal seedlings, albino or straited, occurred. Glyphosate applied 2½ weeks or more before soybean maturity reduced seed weight, caused seed discoloration, and drastically reduced progeny seedling emergence, vigor, and weight. Glyphosate applied in September or early October controlled semimature johnsongrass. Later applications were less effective because of advanced senescence.

Specific effect of high-pressure treatment of milk on cheese proteolysis

2005 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martín Buffa ◽  
Buenaventura Guamis ◽  
Antonio J Trujillo
Keyword(s):  
Free Amino ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Pressure Treatment ◽  
Amino Acid Production ◽  
Trichloracetic Acid ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Nitrogen Contents ◽  
Milk Treatment

The extent of primary and secondary proteolysis of cheeses made from raw (RA), pasteurized (PA, 72 °C, 15 s) or pressure-treated (PR, 500 MPa, 15 min, 20 °C) goats' milk was assessed. Modifications in cheese-making technology were introduced to obtain cheeses with the same moisture content, and thus studied per se the effect of milk treatment on cheese proteolysis.The PR milk cheese samples were differentiated from RA and PA milk cheeses by their elevated β-lg content, and by the faster degradation of αs1-, αs2- and β-CN throughout ripening. Non-significant differences were found in either pH 4·6 soluble-nitrogen or trichloracetic acid soluble-nitrogen contents of cheeses. However, the pasteurization of milk decreased the free amino acid production in cheese. The RA milk cheeses had the highest amount of proline and the lowest concentrations of serine, tyrosine, arginine and α-aminobutyric acid, whereas PR milk cheese showed higher levels of arginine.

scholarly journals Performance Analysis and Quality Evaluation of Wheat Storage in Horizontal Silo Bags

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Mohamed M. El-Kholy ◽  
Reham M. Kamel
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Bulk Temperature ◽  
Microbial Count ◽  
Falling Number ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Storage Methods ◽  
Grain Bulk ◽  
1000 Grain Weight

Wheat still suffers from the problem of traditional storage methods, limited storage capacity, and a high percentage of losses in terms of quantity and quality. Hermetic silo bags are economical and alternative technique to the traditional storage methods. Ten horizontal plastic silos with the capacity of 200 tons/silo were tested and evaluated for eight months of wheat storage. The evaluations included grain bulk temperature, CO2 concentration, fungal and microbial count, insect count, grain moisture content, 1000-grain weight, falling number, and protein content. The results showed that the stored wheat quality was maintained without any significant difference during the storage period in terms of 1000-grain weight, grain moisture content, and falling number, while there were slight changes in protein content and kernel hardness with a decrease of 5.5% and 4.6% at the end of the storage period. There were no statistically significant differences at the sampling location along the length of the storage silos, which confirms the homogeneity of the internal conditions of the examined silo. The grain bulk temperature inside the silos was always lower than the surrounding ambient air temperature. The higher concentration of carbon dioxide inside the silos during the storage period led to a decrease in fungal and microbial count and the presence of dead insects at the end of the storage period.

scholarly journals Effect of soil moisture level and phosphorus rate on phosphorus uptake and growth of corn (Zea mays L)

1969 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-162
Author(s):  
Miguel A. Muñoz ◽  
Trevor G. Arscott
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Moisture Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilization ◽  
Corn Plants

The effect of soil moisture level and phosphorus fertilization on corn (Zea mays L.) growth and P uptake was evaluated in a pot experiment under greenhouse conditions. Two soils, Lewisburg silt loam (fine, mixed, mesit, Typic Hapludalf) and Nipe clay (clayey, oxidic, isohyperthermic, Anionic Acrudox) were included in the study. The three moisture levels were M2 = field capacity, M2 = fluctuation between field capacity and 50% available water, and M3 = fluctuation between field capacity and permanent wilting point. The phosphorus treatments were P1 = 0 kg P/ha, P2=112 kg P/ha and P3 = 224 kg P/ha. Fresh and dry matter yield of corn plants grown on Lewisburg soil increased significantly with phosphorus fertilization. The field capacity treatment (M1) significantly outyielded the other two moisture treatments when 11 2 kg P/ha was applied. At 224 kg P/ha there was no significant difference in yield between M1 and M2 treatments, but both these treatments significantly outyielded the M3 treatment. Corn plants grown on Nipe soil did not respond to phosphorus or moisture treatments. Phosphorus applications to Lewisburg soil significantly increased phosphorus uptake by corn plants. Phosphorus uptake was 3.89, 21.60 and 42.73 mg/pot for 0, 112 and 224 kg P treatments, respectively. An increase in moisture stress decreased P uptake with M1, M2 and M3 yielding 27.88, 22.91 and 17.42 mg P/pot, respectively. Corn plants grown on Nipe soil showed a slight increase in P uptake with the application of 224 kg P/ha. but this increase was not significantly different from that of the other two P treatments. Nor did moisture stress affect P uptake. The lack of response of corn plants to P fertilization and moisture level of Nipe soil can be attributed to a high P fixing capacity of the soil.

Molecular mapping of quantitative trait loci for grain moisture at harvest and field grain drying rate in maize ( Zea mays L.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 169 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Zhang ◽  
Fengqi Zhang ◽  
Baojun Tang ◽  
Yong Ding ◽  
Laikun Xia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Quantitative Trait Loci ◽  
Quantitative Trait ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Molecular Mapping ◽  
Drying Rate ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Grain Drying ◽  
Trait Loci

scholarly journals PREDICTION OF THE MOISTURE CONTENT OF EASTERN CANADIAN CORN USING MEASUREMENTS OF CAPACITANCE AND TEST WEIGHT

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-119
Author(s):  
J. C. BABB ◽  
C. J. DEMPSTER ◽  
R. J. WALLIS
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Statistical Regression ◽  
Conversion Table ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
The Difference

A statistical regression model for rapid prediction of moisture content based on measurements of dielectric capacitance and test weight was developed for eastern Canadian corn (Zea mays L.). For 336 samples of the 1986 crop, dielectric readings were determined with a Model 919 grain moisture meter, test weight values with an Ohaus half-litre measure and moisture content values by a single-stage air-oven procedure. The regression model, which incorporates linear terms for dielectric reading and test weight plus an interaction term which is a product of the two, is an excellent predictor of corn moisture as indicated by analysis of the residuals and by the high value of the coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.95) and low value of the standard error of estimate (SEE = 0.85). Although the relationship between moisture content and dielectric reading for Ontario samples differed from that for Quebec samples, the proposed regression model helped to compensate for the difference. This model was also effective in predicting moisture content for 365 samples of 1987-crop eastern Canadian corn. As well, it yielded a better fit to 1986–1987 crop data than did the dielectric-based regression model used in CGC Corn Moisture Conversion Table No. 9.Key words: Zea Mays L., predicting corn moisture, Model 919 meter, capacitance, test weight, dielectric

Proteolysis Characterization of Low- and Full-Fat Cheese Fermented by Lactobacillus acidophilus during Ripening Process

2011 ◽  
Vol 396-398 ◽  
pp. 1293-1296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Xiang Zhao ◽  
Si Hai Lu ◽  
Hua Di Sun ◽  
Sheng Yang Niu ◽  
Fei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Lactobacillus Acidophilus ◽  
Streptococcus Thermophilus ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Trichloracetic Acid ◽  
Automatic Amino Acid Analyzer ◽  
Amino Acid Analyzer ◽  
Low Fat Cheese ◽  
Nitrogen Contents

Abstract. Low- and full-fat cheeses were fermented by Lactobacillus acidophilus and adjunct cultures Streptococcus thermophilus. After ripening for 90d at 4°C, the protein had been proteolysed in different degrees. The results showed that protein content of low- and full-fat cheese were all decreased after 90 d ripened, which the low-fat cheese was 40.45% and full-fat cheese was 28.68%. The soluble nitrogen contents at pH 4.6 (pH 4.6 SN) were 4.97% and 3.88%, and 12% (w/v) trichloracetic acid soluble nitrogen (12% TCA-SN) were 5.17% and 3.74% in low- and full-fat cheese respectively. After ripening for 90d at 4°C it was found that a part of protein in cheese were degraded into amino acids determined by automatic amino acid analyzer, total amino acids contents in low- and full-fat cheese were 29.17 mg•100g-1 and 16.02 mg•100g-1, respectively.

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