Injectable α-tocopherol for control of oxidized flavour in milk from dairy cows

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 381-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Charmley ◽  
J. W. G. Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Tocopheryl Acetate ◽  
Tocopherol Concentration ◽  
Oral Supplementation ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Commercial Farms ◽  
Quadratic Response ◽  
Control Milk ◽  
And Control

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of intramuscular injections of d-α-tocopherol for control of spontaneous oxidized flavour (SOF) in milk. In exp. 1, 12 mid-lactation dairy cows were either not injected or given an intramuscular injection of 1500 or 3000 IU α-tocopherol on days 1, 8 and 15 of a 29-d experiment. Peak blood plasma and milk α-tocopherol levels were observed 1 and 3 d, respectively, after injection. In plasma there was a quadratic response (P = 0.02) in maximum α-tocopherol concentration to the level of α-tocopherol injected, but in milk the response was linear (P < 0.01). Milk fat concentration increased as level of α-tocopherol injected was increased (P < 0.01). Approximately 5% of the injected dose was excreted in milk over the 7 d following injection. In exp. 2, four commercial farms with a SOF problem in milk were used to test the efficacy of injectable α-tocopherol for control of SOF. Prior to the trial, cows with milk susceptible to oxidation were younger (P = 0.04), were at an earlier stage of lactation (P = 0.03) and tended to give more milk (P = 0.08). All cows were given an oral supplmement of 3000 IU dl-α-tocopheryl acetate per day and half were injected with 3000 IU α-tocopherol. Injection reduced the intensity of oxidized flavour (week 1, P < 0.01; week 2, P = 0.09) and elevated the levels of α-tocopherol in milk for up to 2 wk after injection (P < 0.01). α-Tocopherol injected intramuscularly can increase α-tocopherol levels in milk within 3 d and control milk oxidation. Subsequent oral supplementation can prolong these benefits. Key words: Oxidized milk, tocopherol, flavour, dairy cow

α-Tocopherol concentration and stereoisomer composition in plasma and milk from dairy cows fed natural or synthetic vitamin E around calving

2006 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo E Meglia ◽  
Søren K Jensen ◽  
Charlotte Lauridsen ◽  
Karin Persson Waller
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Tocopheryl Acetate ◽  
Tocopherol Concentration ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Oral Supplementation ◽  
Periparturient Period ◽  
The Individual

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of supplementing dairy cows with 1000 IU/day of all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate (SynAc), RRR-α-tocopheryl acetate (NatAc), or RRR-α-tocopherol (NatAlc), from approximately 3 weeks before estimated calving until 2 weeks after calving, on the concentration of α-tocopherol and its stereoisomers (RRR-, RSS-, RRS-, RSR- and the four 2S-forms of α-tocopherol) in blood and milk. An unsupplemented group was included as control. Blood samples were collected at 3, 2 and 1 weeks before estimated calving, at calving, and 3, 7 and 14 days after calving, while milk samples were taken twice within 24 h after calving and at 7 and 14 days in milk. Overall, time and treatment had significant effects on plasma α-tocopherol with higher concentrations in NatAc than in the other groups. In addition, SynAc had higher concentrations than Control, and NatAlc tended to be higher than Control. The lowest plasma concentrations were observed at calving and 3 days after calving. Independent of treatment, the concentration was higher in colostrum than in milk day 7 and 14 after calving. Analyses of the stereoisomer distribution in plasma and milk showed that, irrespective of dietary treatment, RRR-α-tocopherol was the most predominant form, constituting more than 86%, whereas the remaining part of α-tocopherol was made up by the three synthetic 2R isomers, while the 2S isomers only contributed less than 1% of the total α-tocopherol. In control cows and cows supplemented with natural vitamin E, the proportion of RRR-α-tocopherol in plasma and milk constituted more than 98% of the total α-tocopherol. In conclusion, the results indicate that daily oral supplementation of dairy cows with RRR-α-tocopheryl acetate gives the highest blood concentrations of α-tocopherol in the periparturient period. Analyses of the distribution of the individual stereoisomers of α-tocopherol further indicate that the bioavailability of RRR-α-tocopherol relative to synthetic stereoisomers in cattle is considerably higher than officially accepted until now.

Effects of feeding peas to high-producing dairy cows

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. Corbett ◽  
L. A. Goonewardene ◽  
E. K. Okine
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Nutrient Analyses ◽  
Protein Milk

The effect of substituting peas for soybean and canola meals as a protein source in a high-producing dairy herd was studied in 66 Holstein cows, divided into two groups based on stage of lactation, parity, level of milk production and days in milk. Two 18.5% crude protein grain concentrate diets were formulated based on the nutrient analyses of the forages available. The control grain mix contained standard protein sources, principally soybean and canola meal (SBM\CM) while the test grain mix was formulated to contain approximately 25% field peas as the major source of protein. Both grain rations were formulated to the same nutrient specifications and balanced for undegradable protein. The duration of the trial was 6 mo during which grain feeding levels were adjusted monthly based on milk yield. For cows in early lactation, 4% fat-corrected milk yield was higher (P < 0.05) for cows fed pea based concentrates (31.3 kg d−1) than for cows fed SBM\CM supplement (29.7 kg d−1). Fat-corrected milk yield was not affected by source of protein in mid- and late-lactation cows. Fat-corrected milk production was not different (P > 0.05) for cows fed SBM\CM compared with cows fed the pea supplement when cows across all stages of lactation were included in the analyses. Milk fat percent was significantly higher (P < 0.05) for early- and mid-lactation cows fed the pea supplement. The results suggest that peas can be substituted for SBM\CM as a protein source for high-producing dairy cows. Key words: Dairy cow, pea, soybean and canola meal supplement, undegradable protein, milk production

Effect of timing of protein supplementation on the performance of lactating dairy cows

2005 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 337
Author(s):  
B. C. Granzin
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Grazing Dairy Cows ◽  
And Control ◽  
Friesian Cows

Two experiments were undertaken to determine the effect of timing of protein supplementation on performance of grazing, lactating Holstein–Friesian cows fed maize silage and grain-based concentrate. In experiment 1, 36 cows were fed 0.8 kg DM/day of solvent-extracted cottonseed meal (CSM) either as 1 meal at 1200 hours with maize silage (CSM 1200) or at 1530 hours with concentrate (CSM 1530), or in 2 meals at 0600 and 1530 hours with concentrate (CSM 600 + 1530). In experiment 2, 36 cows were either fed no CSM (control) or fed 1.0 kg DM/day as either CSM 1200 or CSM 600 + 1530. In experiment 1, daily yields of 4% fat-corrected milk (FCM) and milk fat for CSM 600 + 1530 were significantly higher than for CSM 1530 with respective means of 22.8 v. 20.7 L and 895 v. 804 g. Daily yields of FCM and milk fat for CSM 1200 were intermediate (21.7 L and 841 g/cow, respectively). A similar trend for daily protein yield per cow was noted (712, 695 and 666 g for CSM 600 + 1530, 1200 and 1530, respectively). In experiment 2, milk yield differed numerically between CSM 600 + 1530 and other treatments, with means (± s.e.d.) of 24.7 ± 0.78, 22.9 ± 0.78 and 22.9 ± 0.78 L/cow.day for CSM 600 + 1530, CSM 1200 and control, respectively. Mean (± s.e.d.) net energy requirements for milk production and liveweight change tended to be lower for the control (68 ± 3.6 MJ/cow.day) as opposed to CSM 600 + 1530 (79 ± 3.6 MJ/cow.day) and CSM 1200 (76 ± 3.6 MJ/cow.day). Cumulative time where rumen degradable nitrogen:rumen degradable dry matter was less than 22 g/kg were 2, 2 and 3 h for CSM 600 + 1530, CSM 1200 and CSM 1530, respectively, in experiment 1, and 6, 4 and 2 h for the control, 1200 and CSM 600 + 1530, respectively, in experiment 2. No differences in rumen ammonia-N concentrations were noted between treatments in experiment 1. In experiment 2, a significantly lower mean (± s.e.d.) rumen ammonia-N concentration was recorded for the control at 1530 hours (62 ± 14.1 mg/dL) in comparison to CSM 600 + 1530 (114 ± 14.1 mg/dL) and CSM 1200 (119 ± 14.1 mg/dL). These experiments show that for grazing dairy cows supplemented with maize silage and grain-based concentrate, feeding a daily aliquot of CSM as 2 meals at 0600 and 1530 hours rather than 1 meal at 1200 or 1530 hours improves milk production.

The effects of methionine supplementation upon milk composition and production of forage-fed dairy cows

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Pacheco-Rios ◽  
W. C. McNabb ◽  
J. P. Hill ◽  
T. N. Barry ◽  
D. D. S. Mackenzie
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Whey Proteins ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Methionine Supplementation ◽  
And Control

Two experiments (mid- and late lactation) were conducted to test whether methionine (Met) limited milk production in Friesian cows fed sole diets of fresh perennial ryegrass–white clover pasture. In mid-lactation (exp. 1), 26 cows were assigned to one of three treatments: ruminally protected oral DL-Met (15 g d−1), continuous intrajugular infusion of L-Met (15 g d–1) and control. Twelve animals from exp. 1 were used during late lactation (exp. 2) and distributed in two experimental groups: ruminally protected oral DL-Met (15 g d−1) and control. Dry matter, metabolizable energy, crude protein and Met intakes, milk yield and composition and blood Met, cysteine and urea were measured. Oral and intravenous Met supplementation increased blood Met concentration by 50–90% compared with controls. Met supplementation did not alter the concentration of milk fat, protein or lactose in either experiment. Met supplementation had no significant effects on yields of fat, lactose, casein, whey proteins or non-protein nitrogen during mid-lactation. In late lactation, Met supplementation did not affect milk protein composition or yield of milk components, with exception of a decrease (P < 0.05) in the yield of β -casein. Intravenous Met supplementation increased (P < 0.05) the efficiency of conversion of pasture N to milk protein in mid-lactation. Key words: Dairy cows, methionine, ruminally protected methionine, milk protein, casein, fresh pasture diets

Feeding high energy supplements to pasture-fed dairy cows. Effects of stage of lactation and level of supplement

1987 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 927 ◽  
Author(s):  
CR Stockdale ◽  
A Callaghan ◽  
TE Trigg
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Severe Depression ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Fat Yield ◽  
Energy Supplements ◽  
Matter Basis

Five experiments were done in which stall-fed dairy cows were provided with a basal ration of pasture (6-7 kg DM) which was supplemented with varying amounts of a pelleted, high energy supplement (0-10 kg DM). Forty-seven cows at various stages of lactation were fed in this manner for up to 5 weeks. Responses to feeding the supplement depended on the stage of lactation at which the supplement was fed, and the amount of the supplement consumed. Marginal responses in milk production fell from 1.6 to 0.7 kg milk per kg supplement as lactation progressed, and as the level of feeding increased. Although responses in milk fat yield also decreased as lactation advanced, there was also a reduction in milk fat production when more than about 6 kg DM of supplement were fed. This was due to a severe depression in the fat content of the milk, which was found to be associated with intakes of diets with less than 250 g kg DM-1 neutral detergent fibre; diets with less than this level of fibre resulted in ratios of lipogenic to glucogenic volatile fatty acids in the rumen below 4:1. This occurred when the supplement constituted 0.4-0.5 of the diet on a dry matter basis. In addition, rumen ammonia levels were low when large amounts of supplement were fed. With all rumen characteristics, stage of lactation had no influence on values.

scholarly journals Comparison of concentrate feeds with different levels of SynerMax® inclusion for dairy cows

1969 ◽  
Vol 89 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 51-58
Author(s):  
Paul F. Randel
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Antibiotic Production ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Brown Swiss ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Lactational Performance ◽  
Daily Milk Yield ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Daily Milk

Sixteen Holstein and Brown Swiss cows, 112 ± 45 days in milk, were assigned by stage of lactation to a replicated 4 x 4 latin square experimental design with three-week periods. Treatments A, B, C and D were based on pelleted concentrates (CT), theoretically equal in contents of nitrogen (18.0 to 18.3% crude protection) and energy (2.6 Meal NEL/kg) and containing, respectively, 0, 2, 4 and 8% of SynerMax®3 (coproduct of antibiotic production). These were fed at a rate of 1 kg CT/2 kg milk (recalculated weekly) in three daily meals, along with limited access to long hay and nighttime grazing at four cows per hectare on unfertilized grass swards. Mean results for A through D were, respectively: daily CT intake, 10.64, 10.84, 10.25 and 10.57 kg; daily milk yield, 21.32, 21.91, 21.63 and 20.97 kg; milk fat content, 2.76, 2.75, 2.52 and 2.76%; protein content, 3.06, 3.02, 3.02 and 3.04%; ratio of milk to CT (M/CT), 2.01, 2.02, 2.11 and 1.98. Significantly different were the higher CT intake with 2% SynerMax® (B) vs. 4% and 8% (C + D) (0.43 kg difference, P < 0.05), and the higher M/CT with 4% than with 8% SynerMax® (C vs. D) (0.13 kg difference, P < 0.01). Incorporation of SynerMax at levels of 2 and 4% in pelleted CT assured good animal acceptance and had no adverse effects on lactational performance. 

Effect of supplemental vitamin E and selenium in the diet on vitamin E and selenium levels and control of oxidized flavor in milk from Holstein cows

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 453-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Charmley ◽  
J. W. G. Nicholson ◽  
J. A. Zee
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Tocopheryl Acetate ◽  
Tocopherol Concentration ◽  
Supplemental Vitamin ◽  
And Control ◽  
Key Words Vitamin E

Twenty-four mid-lactation Holstein cows of mixed parity were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design to examine the effects of vitamin E and Se supplementation on performance, levels of anti-oxidants in milk and resistance of milk to oxidation. Only a proportion of cows (25%) produced milk susceptible to oxidation; however, there was a trend (P = 0.11) toward reduced oxidized flavor when vitamin E was given. Milk production was increased when either vitamin E or Se were given alone (P = 0.056). Supplementation with 8000 IU dl-α-tocopheryl acetate d−1 approximately doubled α-tocopherol concentration in blood and milk (P < 0.001). Se supplementation with Se-enriched yeast at 5 mg d−1 increased Se levels in milk from 13.2 to 34.7 μg L−1 (P < 0.001). Key words: Vitamin E, tocopherol, selenium, milk, oxidized flavor, cow

EFFICACY OF INSECTICIDAL EAR TAGS ON FLY CONTROL AND MILK PRODUCTION OF DAIRY COWS

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
ELLIOT BLOCK ◽  
DAVID J. LEWIS
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Horn Fly ◽  
Horn Flies ◽  
Fly Control ◽  
And Control

Twenty Holstein cows were blocked into two groups of 10 cows each to evaluate an insecticidal ear tag (8% fenvalerate) on fly control and milk production. One group received one tag in each ear while the control group remained untagged. Each group was allowed access to an exercise-pasture lot of similar size. Forages were fed in the lots and grain was fed in the barn at milking. Tagging resulted in a 99.9% reduction in horn flies over the 16 wk of the trial. However, other flies (house, stable and face) were not controlled to the same extent. As horn fly numbers decreased the number of the other flies increased on tagged cows. Tagging resulted in an overall increase in milk yield by 1.06 kg/d for the trial but not all weeks of the trial showed significant responses. Milk fat and protein percentages were not different between tagged and control animals. Key words: Diptera, dairy cattle, milk production, fenvalerate, ear tags, fly control

Effect of legume silages fed to Holstein dairy cows on plasma alpha-tocopherol concentration, milk alpha-tocopherol and malonic dialdehyde in milk samples stored at 4°C and 20°C

2000 ◽  
Vol 2000 ◽  
pp. 85-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Al-Mabruk ◽  
N. F. G. Beck ◽  
R .J. Dewhurst ◽  
N. T. Faithfull
Keyword(s):  
Shelf Life ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Malonic Dialdehyde ◽  
Alpha Tocopherol ◽  
Natural Antioxidant ◽  
Tocopherol Concentration ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Holstein Dairy Cows

Alpha-tocopherol is the natural antioxidant in milk preventing the oxidation of milk fat and development of off-flavour and off-odour. The feeding of dairy cows can significantly affect plasma and milk concentrations of α-tocopherol. There is growing interest in the use of legumes in milk production and so it is important to investigate their effects on milk a-tocopherol as well as the oxidation of milk fat during storage and, hence, shelf-life of milk.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document