The Biology of Canadian weeds. 144. Pastinaca sativa L.

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Cain ◽  
S J Darbyshire ◽  
A. Francis ◽  
R E Nurse ◽  
M -J. Simard
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Wild Form ◽  
Pastinaca Sativa ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Wild Parsnip ◽  
European Settlement ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Minor Crop ◽  
Noxious Weed ◽  
A Minor

The parsnip, Pastinaca sativa, was introduced to North America shortly after European settlement as an important root-crop. It subsequently escaped cultivation and naturalized as a less palatable “wild” form. Cultivation of parsnip has diminished in Canada to the point where it is now only a minor crop, but the wild form has increased as a troublesome weed, particularly in eastern regions. Wild parsnip is most prevalent in eastern Canada and the northeastern United States, but occurs across the continent except in the far north and extreme southeast. As a monocarpic biennial with a large tap root, it reproduces entirely by seed. A wide variety of habitats and soil types are tolerated. It is considered a noxious weed because of its toxic properties (primarily photo-activated dermatitis) to both humans and livestock. It invades disturbed sites, rights-of-way, pastures, perennial crops, and reduced-tillage fields where it effectively out-competes shorter vegetation. In arable fields, wild parsnip is normally controlled by tillage. Manual removal, cutting, and mowing can be effective in reducing seed production, but direct contact with plants or sap is hazardous. Various herbicides have been reported to be useful in the control of wild parsnip (e.g., glyphosate, 2,4-D, triclopyr, etc.), but little quantitative information is available on application rates and levels of control.Key words: Panais sauvage, Pastinaca sativa, PAVSA, weed biology, wild parsnip

Nitrogen management strategies on plant growth and severities of Sclerotinia stem rot of canola in eastern Canada

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fen Gao ◽  
Yuanhong Chen ◽  
SeaRa Lim ◽  
Allen Xue ◽  
Bao-Luo Ma
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Sclerotinia Stem Rot ◽  
Split Application ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
N Application ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
N Management

Effective nitrogen (N) management strategies are important for ensuring a balance between optimizing plant growth and minimizing disease damage. A field experiment was conducted for three years to (i) assess the effects of N fertilizer application on the growth and seed yield of canola, and severities of Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR), and (ii) determine a reasonable N-rate for optimizing plant growth and minimizing the loss from SSR in eastern Canada. The experiment was designed with factorial combinations of eight N treatments and two canola hybrids. All N-treatments reduced canola emergence with increasing preplant N application rates above 100 kg ha–1, but had a positive impact on plant height, fresh weight, dry weight and seed yield. The development of SSR showed differential responses to N application rates. Of all the treatments, the split application (50 kg N ha–1 at preplant plus 100 kg N ha–1 side-dressed at the 6-leaf stage) increased canola growth, and often produced the highest or similar seed yields to those of equivalent N rate applied as preplant. At the 150 kg ha–1 N rate, no severe development of SSR was observed in either preplant-only or split application. Overall, this study demonstrates that the split-N management strategy (50+100 kg ha–1) maintained a balance between enhancing plant growth and mitigating the negative impacts of SSR on canola.

Evaluation of furanocoumarins from seeds of the wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa L. s.l.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 1105 ◽  
pp. 54-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorens Kviesis ◽  
Igors Kļimenkovs ◽  
Lauris Arbidans ◽  
Anton Podjava ◽  
Māris Kļaviņš ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pastinaca Sativa ◽  
Wild Parsnip

A survey for potential biological control agents of Pereskia aculeata Miller (Cactaceae) in Brazil reveals two new species of Horismenus Walker (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4272 (3) ◽  
pp. 430
Author(s):  
TIAGO G. PIKART ◽  
VALMIR A. COSTA ◽  
CHRISTER HANSSON ◽  
SANDRA C. DE CRISTO ◽  
MARCELO D. VITORINO
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
New Species ◽  
Ornamental Plant ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Sechium Edule ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
Minor Crop ◽  
A Minor

This paper deals with the description of two new species of Horismenus Walker (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) from Brazil, parasitoids of larvae of Adetus analis (Haldeman) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Both species are similar to Horismenus steirastomae (Girault), a species that also parasitizes cerambycids. Adetus analis is a pest of Sechium edule (Jacq.) Swartz (Cucurbitaceae), a minor crop in Brazil, Argentina and U.S.A., but also feeds in stems of Pereskia aculeata Miller (Cactaceae), an ornamental plant that has become a problematic weed species in Africa, where it was introduced. The two new Horismenus species are described, diagnosed, and compared to H. steirastomae. 

The Dialectic of Pro-Poor Papaya

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Lynas ◽  
Sarah Davidson Evanega
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Transgenic Papaya ◽  
The Public ◽  
Minor Crop ◽  
A Minor

The development and rapid adoption of genetically engineered, virus-resistant papaya for Hawaii was an early, rare successful case of a small-scale horticultural crop improved for farmers of mostly modest means by the public sector. Demand was potentially great because the technology addressed a crop-destroying disease for which there were—and are—no alternative solutions. The developers of the technology promoted diffusion with a philanthropic spirit of public-sector universities and personal commitment. Success in Hawaii demonstrated that the technology could benefit papaya growers world-wide. To replicate that success, Thailand was among the first countries to work to adapt the technology. The greatest challenge facing those charged with introducing virus-resistant transgenic papaya into Thailand turned out not to be a technical but political one as Greenpeace targeted virus-resistant papaya as the likely first GE crop to be grown in the country and thus, a gateway for other GE crops. The subsequent anti-GE papaya campaigns foiled biotechnology in Thailand and throughout Southeast Asia, which is puzzling because many biotech crops being developed in that region have similar potential to benefit smallholder farmers, impact the environment positively, and address major nutritional challenges. Many are developed by the public sector. Had Thailand successfully promoted transgenic papaya despite opposition from Greenpeace, governments and scientific agencies across Southeast Asia might have been encouraged by the success story and continued to use the tools of biotechnology in their own agricultural sectors to confront rapidly mounting global agricultural challenges. That this best-case scenario for biotechnology—a pro-poor papaya developed in the public sector without multinational property claims—has not reached resource-poor farmers in the developing world almost twenty years after its release in Hawaii offers lessons larger than a minor crop. The case aids in understanding the reasons for the limited spread of biotechnology for small farmers globally and the dimensions of opposition and reasons for success of opposition to all transgenics technologies.

Variation in seed furanocoumarin content within the wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa)

1986 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 659-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
May R. Berenbaum ◽  
Arthur R. Zangerl
Keyword(s):  
Pastinaca Sativa ◽  
Wild Parsnip

scholarly journals Rust Disease on Lemongrass in California

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 304-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. T. Koike ◽  
R. H. Molinar
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rust Fungi ◽  
Cymbopogon Citratus ◽  
Rust Disease ◽  
Lesion Development ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Minor Crop ◽  
Causal Pathogen ◽  
A Minor

Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) is a minor crop grown for its edible stem and oil. The plant is grown both commercially, by specialty producers, and noncommercially, particularly by homeowners of various Asian communities. For several years, a rust disease has affected the lemongrass plantings in coastal and inland California. Symptoms consist of elongated, stripelike, dark brown lesions that develop on both sides of leaf surfaces. Only lesions on abaxial leaf surfaces erupt and develop dark cinnamon brown uredinial pustules. Lesion development can be substantial, and coalescing lesions result in significant foliage death. Ellipsoidal urediniospores measured 22 to 28 μm by 22 to 25 μm and contained 3 to 4 germ pores in an equatorial configuration. Uredinia contained clavate paraphyses. Teliospores were not observed. Based on the morphology of the uredinia and urediniospores, the rust was identified as Puccinia nakanishikii (1). Rust on lemongrass has been observed during various seasons, but this is the first report identifying the causal pathogen in California. A Darluca mycoparasite species was often observed in uredinia of infected lemongrass from the coastal counties. In the United States, P. nakanishikii has also been reported on lemongrass in Hawaii (2). References: (1) G. B. Cummins. 1971. The Rust Fungi of Cereals, Grasses, and Bamboos, Springer-Verlag, New York. (2) D. E. Gardner. Plant Dis. 69:1100, 1985.

Wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa)-induced photosensitization

Toxicon ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 167 ◽  
pp. 60-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan L. Stegelmeier ◽  
Steven M. Colegate ◽  
Edward L. Knoppel ◽  
Kerry A. Rood ◽  
Mark G. Collett
Keyword(s):  
Pastinaca Sativa ◽  
Wild Parsnip

scholarly journals Environmental and Economic Performance of Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) Cultivated for Fructooligosaccharide Production

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (17) ◽  
pp. 4581
Author(s):  
Moritz Wagner ◽  
Larissa Kamp ◽  
Simone Graeff-Hönninger ◽  
Iris Lewandowski
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Environmental Performance ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Cultivation Systems ◽  
Smallanthus Sonchifolius ◽  
Minor Crop ◽  
Sustainable Cultivation ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Fertilization Level

As the prevalence of diabetes is predicted to rise globally in the coming decades, the demand for sugar substitutes is expected to increase significantly. In this context, natural sweeteners have been receiving particular attention, as artificial sweeteners have been associated with obesity and cardiovascular disease. One natural sweetener is yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) ((Poepp. and Endl.) H. Robinson), which could play a prominent role due to its high fructooligosaccharides yield. Yacon is currently only a minor crop in Europe and there is little information available on the environmental and economic impacts of its various cultivation systems. These are especially affected by nitrogen fertilization levels and genotype selection. Thus, before the crop is introduced on a larger scale, it is expedient to identify the most sustainable cultivation system. The life-cycle assessment (LCA) and life-cycle costing (LCC) analysis of yacon cultivation systems conducted in this study revealed significant differences between yacon genotypes and found that a nitrogen fertilization level of 80 kg N ha−1 significantly decreased production costs and simultaneously led to a comparatively good environmental performance. The results indicated that, for the holistic evaluation of agricultural systems, it is crucial to assess both the economic and environmental performance of new crops.

Introduced leaf beetles of the Maritime Provinces, 8: Gastrophysa polygoni Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2047 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
LAURENT LESAGE ◽  
CHRISTOPHER G. MAJKA
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Maritime Provinces ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Leaf Beetles ◽  
Introduction History ◽  
Biocontrol Potential ◽  
A Minor ◽  
The 19Th Century

The taxonomy, nomenclature, identification, introduction history, biology (reproduction, phenology, parasites, predators, host plants), biocontrol potential, susceptibility to pesticides, and economic importance of Gastrophysa polygoni (Linnaeus) in North America are reviewed. This information is part of continuing surveys and research on the adventive leaf beetles of Canada with particular reference to the Maritime Provinces. Known provincial records are confirmed and new locality records are reported for the widely distributed G. polygoni. The introduction timelines and dispersal of the beetle in North America are discussed. Clearly G. polygoni must have been established early in the settlement of North America because reports from the first half of the 19th century already indicated that the species was widely established and common in many locations in the northeastern United States and eastern Canada. Gastrophysa polygoni is beneficial when it feeds on weeds such as Polygonum spp, Fallopia spp, or Rumex spp. It can be a minor pest of cultivated buckwheat (Fagopyrum spp.)

Floral Development and Chemical Defense Allocation in Wild Parsnip (Pastinaca Sativa)

Ecology ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 521-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
James K. Nitao ◽  
Arthur R. Zangerl
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Defense ◽  
Floral Development ◽  
Pastinaca Sativa ◽  
Wild Parsnip ◽  
Defense Allocation
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document