Temperate grass response to extent and timing of grazing

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 827-833 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. B. Alber ◽  
G. E. Brink ◽  
R. D. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Mature Stage ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Ground Biomass ◽  
Below Ground

Alber, N. B., Brink, G. E. and Jackson, R. D. 2014. Temperate grass response to extent and timing of grazing. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 827–833. Considerable differences exist among cool-season grass species in their production potential and response to management variables. We examined the effects of grazing management on forage and root production of two temperate perennial grasses, meadow fescue [Schedonorus pratensis (Huds.) P. Beauv.] and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.). Grazing factors studied were extent of defoliation (50 or 100% biomass removal) and stage of maturity (vegetative or mature) at grazing. In 2009 and 2010, orchardgrass produced more above-ground biomass than meadow fescue despite yearly precipitation differences. In the drier year (2009), both grasses produced greater above-ground biomass under 100% extent of defoliation at either maturity stage. In 2010, orchardgrass produced greater above-ground biomass when grazed at a mature stage for either extent of defoliation, while few differences existed among grazing treatments imposed on meadow fescue. Grazing treatments had no effect on below-ground growth of orchardgrass either year. Meadow fescue root production was effected in 2010 only; grazing at a mature stage increased below-ground growth for either extent of defoliation. Results suggest that grazing at maturity to remove 100% of biomass maximizes above-ground production of both meadow fescue and orchardgrass, but lengthens the grazing interval and may have a deleterious effect on grass persistence and nutritive value.

scholarly journals Linking floral biodiversity with nitrogen and carbon translocations in semi-natural grasslands in Lithuani

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-146
Author(s):  
Saulius Marcinkonis ◽  
Birutė Karpavičienė ◽  
Michael A. Fullen
Keyword(s):  
Plant Cover ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Specific System ◽  
Ground Biomass ◽  
Natural Grasslands ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Grassland Communities

AbstractThe aim of the present study is to evaluate the long-term effects of long-term piggery effluent application on semi-natural grassland ecotop-phytotop changes (above- and below-ground phytomass production, and carbon and nitrogen allocation in grassland communities) in relation to changes (or variability) in topsoil properties. Analysis of phytomass distribution in piggery effluent irrigated grassland communities showed that dry biomass yield varied from 1.7−5.3 t ha-1. Variability in soil and plant cover created a unique and highly unpredictable site specific system, where long-term anthropogenic influences established successor communities with specific characteristics of above- and below-ground biomass distribution. These characteristics depend more on grassland communities than on soil chemical properties. Families of grasses (Poaceae) dominated the surveyed communities and accumulated most carbon and least nitrogen, while legumes accumulated most nitrogen and lignin and least carbon. Carbon concentrations in above-ground biomass had minor variations, while accumulation of nitrogen was strongly influenced by species diversity (r = 0.94, n = 10, p <0.001) and production of above-ground biomass

scholarly journals Soil Properties and Biomass Attributes in a Former Gravel Mine Area after Two Decades of Forest Restoration

Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
Frederick Gyasi Damptey ◽  
Klaus Birkhofer ◽  
Paul Kofi Nsiah ◽  
Enrique G. de la Riva
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Surface Mining ◽  
Natural Forest ◽  
Reference Systems ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Mine Area ◽  
Ground Biomass ◽  
Below Ground

The ongoing global deforestation resulting from anthropogenic activities such as unsustainable agriculture and surface mining threatens biodiversity and decreases both soil carbon and above-ground biomass stocks. In this study, we assessed soil properties and below- and above-ground biomass attributes in a restored former gravel mine area in Ghana two decades after active restoration with potted plants and fresh topsoil. We compared conditions to four alternative land-use types (unrestored abandoned gravel mine, arable land, semi-natural forest, and natural forest) representing pre- and post-disturbance as well as natural reference states. We hypothesized that soil properties and related levels of below- and above-ground biomass in the restored area share similarities with the natural reference systems and thereby are indicative of a trajectory towards successful restoration. Eight replicated subareas in each land-use type were assessed for a set of soil parameters as well as below- and above-ground biomass attributes. The soil properties characteristic for the restored area differed significantly from pre-restoration stages, such as the abandoned gravel site, but did not differ significantly from properties in the natural forest (except for bulk density and base saturation). Above-ground biomass was lower in the restored area in comparison to the reference natural forests, while differences were not significant for below-ground biomass. Silt and effective cation exchange capacity were closely related to above-ground biomass, while below-ground biomass was related to soil organic carbon, bulk density, and potassium concentration in soils. Our results suggest that major steps towards successful restoration can be accomplished within a relatively short period, without the wholesale application of topsoil. Improving soil conditions is a vital tool for the successful development of extensive vegetation cover after surface mining, which also affects carbon sequestration by both above- and below-ground biomass. We emphasize that the use of reference systems provides critical information for the monitoring of ecosystem development towards an expected future state of the restored area.

Estimasi Kandungan Biomassa dan Karbon di Hutan Mangrove Perancak Kabupaten Jembrana, Provinsi Bali

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suryono Suryono ◽  
Nirwani Soenardjo ◽  
Edi Wibowo ◽  
Raden Ario ◽  
Edi Fahrur Rozy
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Ground Biomass ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Carbon Store ◽  
Lower Carbon

Ekosistem mangrove memiliki fungsi ekologis sebagai penyerap dan penyimpan karbon. Mangrove menyerap CO2 pada saat proses fotosintesis, kemudian mengubahnya menjadi karbohidrat dengan menyimpannya dalam bentuk biomassa pada akar ,pohon, serta daun. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui total above ground biomass, belowground biomass, simpanan karbon atas, simpanan karbon bawah, dan karbon organik pada sedimen dasar  di Hutan Mangrove Perancak, Jembrana, Bali. Sampling dilakukan dengan  metode purposive sampling dengan dasar pertimbangan berupa jenis, kerapatan serta diameter pohon mangrove. Estimasi biomassa digunakan  metode tanpa pemanenan dengan mengukur diameter at breast height (DBH, 1.3 m) mangrove. Simpanan karbon diestimasi dari 46% biomasa. Kandungan karbon organik pada sedimen diukur dengan  menggunakan metode lost on ignition (LOI). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan total above ground biomass sebesar 187,21 ton/ha, below ground biomass sebesar 125,43 ton/ha, simpanan karbon atas sebesar 86,11 ton/ha, simpanan karbon bawah sebesar 57,69 ton/ha, sedangkan  karbon organik sedimen sebesar 359,24 ton/ha. The mangrove ecosystem has ecological functions as an absorber and carbon storage. Mangrove absorbs CO2 during the process of photosynthesis, then changes it into carbohydrates bystoring it in the form of tree biomass. The aim of this research is to know the total of above ground biomass, below ground biomass, upper carbon storage, lower carbon storage, and sediment organic carbon in Perancak Mangrove Forest, Jembrana, Bali. The selection of sampling location using purposive sampling method with consideration of type, density and diameter of mangrove. The estimatorion of biomass using the method without harvesting by measuring diameter at breast height (DBH, 1.3 m) mangrove. Carbon deposits are estimated from46% of biomass. The organic carbon content of sediment was measured using the lost on ignition (LOI) method. The results showedthat  the total of above ground biomass of 187.21 ton / ha, below ground biomass 125,43 ton / ha, upper carbon store of 86,11 ton / ha, lower carbon store of 57,69 ton / ha, and organic carbon sedimen to 359.24 tons / ha.

The Influence of Nitrogen on the Elevated CO2 Response in Field-Grown Rice

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
LH Ziska ◽  
W Weerakoon ◽  
OS Namuco ◽  
R Pamplona
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Root Production ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Co2 Response ◽  
Ground Biomass ◽  
N Supply

Rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. IR72) was grown in the tropics at ambient (345 μL L-1) or twice ambient (elevated, 700 μL L-1) CO2, concentration at three levels of supplemental nitrogen (N) (no additional N (N0), 90 kg ha-1 (N1) and 200 kg ha-1 (N2)) in open-top chambers under irrigated field conditions from seeding until flowering. The primary objective of the study was to determine if N supply alters the sensitivity of growth and photosynthesis of field-grown rice to enriched CO2. A second objective was to determine the influence of elevated CO2 on N uptake and tissue concentrations. Although photosynthesis was initially stimulated at the leaf and canopy level with elevated CO2 regardless of supplemental N supply, with time the photosynthetic response became highly dependent on the level of supplemental N, increasing proportionally as N availability increased. Similarly, a synergistic effect was noted between CO2 and N with respect to above-ground biomass with no effect of elevated CO2 observed for the No treatment. Most of the increase in above-ground biomass with increasing CO2 and N was associated with increased tiller and, to a lesser extent, root production. The concentration of above-ground N decreased at elevated CO2 regardless of N treatment; however, total above-ground N did not change for the N1 and N2 treatments because of the greater amount of biomass associated with elevated CO2. For rice, the photosynthetic and growth response to elevated CO2 may be highly dependent on the supply of N. If additional CO2 is given and N is not available, lack of sinks for excess carbon (e.g. tillers) may limit the photosynthetic and growth response.

scholarly journals Estimation of carbon stock in seagrass communities in Central Tapanuli

2021 ◽  
Vol 944 (1) ◽  
pp. 012064
Author(s):  
Z A Harahap ◽  
Khairunnisa ◽  
I E Susetya ◽  
Y P Rahayu
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Standing Stock ◽  
Seagrass Beds ◽  
Biomass Carbon ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Loss On Ignition ◽  
Ground Biomass ◽  
Seagrass Ecosystem ◽  
Seagrass Biomass ◽  
Below Ground

Abstract This study aims to determine the carbon stock in seagrass communities in Central Tapanuli, North Sumatera, Indonesia. The research was conducted from July to August 2020 in the coastal areas of Hajoran and Jago Jago. The parameters measured in this study were density, coverage, biomass, carbon content, and carbon stock in seagrass. Biomass analysis and carbon measurement are divided into the top (above-ground biomass) and the bottom substrate (below-ground biomass). Carbon measurements are conducted using the loss on ignition (LOI) approach. The results showed that the seagrass ecosystem on the coast of Central Tapanuli Regency, which was covered by monospecies Enhalus acoroides, was in a less healthy condition with a cover percentage of 30.3-33.3% and a density of 59-67 shoots/m2. Above-ground and below-ground seagrass biomass reached 140.19-188.72 g/m2 and 368.13-423.69 g/m2 respectively, while carbon stock reached 70.57-94.86 g Corg/m2 and 18731-19603 g Corg/m2 and total standing stock range 257.87-290.90 g Corg/m2. The data obtained from this research can be used as a database to see the potential of seagrass beds as storage of CO2 and as an effort to mitigate and adapt to climate change.

Agronomic potential of native grass species on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales. II. Nutritive value

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 425 ◽  
Author(s):  
KA Archer ◽  
GG Robinson
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Native Grasses ◽  
Perennial Species ◽  
Green Leaves

The quality of three year-long green and three summer-growing, frost-susceptible perennial native grasses was compared with that of two introduced temperate perennial grasses and white clover (Trifolium repens L. cv. Haifa). Digestibility of white clover generally exceeded that of all grasses, except for the green leaves of the two introduced species, Festuca arundinacea Screb. cv. Demeter and Phalaris aquatica L. cv. Sirosa, during winter. The digestibility of the green leaves of most winter-green species increased during winter and decreased in summer, the extent of this being greater for the introduced grasses.The digestibility of fescue and phalaris was generally similar throughout the study and was mostly higher than that of the native grasses, but the quality of the green leaves of two year-long green native species, Danthonra linkii Kunth and Microlaena stipoides (Labill.) R.Br., approached that of the two introduced grasses. The quality of the summer perennial species was poor during winter owing to the presence of only dead leaves, but the green leaves of Bothriochloa macra (Steud) S. T. Blake retained high levels of digestibility during summer. Considerable variation in digestibility exists between individual plants of Poaseiberana Spreng, indicating that opportunities may exist for selection of highly productive lines from some native species.In pen-feeding studies, voluntary intake of most of the year-long green native grasses was similar to that of the introduced grasses, but intake of the summer perennial species tended to be lower.Results from this study indicate that the quality of native pastures and their potential for animal production will vary considerably according to species composition, season and the presence of white clover.

Assessment of Above- and Below-Ground Carbon Pools in a Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest Ecosystem of Bhopal, India

2021 ◽  
pp. 2050021
Author(s):  
Subhajit KARMAKAR ◽  
Bhabani Sankar PRADHAN ◽  
Ankit BHARDWAJ ◽  
B. K. PAVAN ◽  
Rishabh CHATURVEDI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Natural Forest ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Standing Biomass ◽  
Ground Biomass ◽  
Exotic Tree ◽  
Dry Deciduous Forest ◽  
Below Ground

This study estimated 18.35 Mg C/ha in standing biomass of natural forest and 15 Mg C/ha in Hardwickia binata Roxb. plantation in a tropical dry deciduous forest located in the capital city of Madhya Pradesh. The study area of Indian Institute of Forest Management (IIFM), Bhopal, resembled a degraded dry scrubland in 1988 and for over about three decades, the degraded forest recovered remarkably, and ecological processes evolved favorably with canopy cover reaching over 60% in some patches and about 50% in general at most part of the campus. The study was conducted in 18 randomly laid plots in natural forest and over one-acre (0.405-ha) plantation area of Hardwickia binata for assessing the above-ground biomass, below-ground biomass and subsequent carbon content. The lower-diameter classes accounted for the maximum above-ground biomass, basal area and tree density. The forest is predominantly occupied by Leucaena leucocephala, an exotic tree species which showed higher standing biomass carbon storage of 3.79 Mg C/ha followed by Holoptelea integrifolia (2.11 Mg C/ha), Azadirachta indica (1.29 Mg C/ha), Gardenia latifolia (1.26 Mg C/ha) and Lannea coromandelica (1.24 Mg C/ha) besides Hardwickia binata plantation (15 Mg C/ha). It is recommended to plant and promote local native tree species in the urban forests of tropical dry deciduous nature as a means to mitigate climate change effects.

Organic carbon storage in the biomass and soils of hedgerows

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Drexler ◽  
Axel Don
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Soil Protection ◽  
Biomass Carbon ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Ground Biomass ◽  
Below Ground

&lt;p&gt;The establishment of hedgerows as traditional form of agroforestry in Europe is a promising strategy to promote carbon sinks in the context of climate change mitigation. However, only few studies quantified the potential of hedgerows to sequester and store carbon. We therefore conducted a meta-analysis to gain a quantitative overview about the carbon storage in the above- and below-ground biomass and soils of hedgerows.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Soil organic carbon (SOC) data of hedgerows and adjacent agricultural fields of nine studies with 83 hedgerow sites was compiled. On average, the establishment of hedgerows on cropland increased SOC by 32%. No significant differences were found between the SOC storage of hedgerows and that of grassland. The literature survey on the biomass carbon stocks of hedgerows resulted in 23 sampled hedgerows, which were supplemented by own biomass data of 49 hedgerows from northern Germany. Biomass stocks increased with time since last coppicing and hedgerow height. The mean (&amp;#177; SD) above-ground biomass carbon stock of the analysed hedgerows was 48 &amp;#177; 29 Mg C ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;. Below-ground biomass values seemed mostly underestimated, as they were calculated from above-ground biomass via fixed assumed root:shoot ratios not specific for hedgerows. Only one study reported measured root biomass under hedgerows with a root:shoot ratio of 0.94:1 &amp;#177; 0.084. With this shoot:root ratio an average below-ground biomass carbon stock of 45 &amp;#177; 28 Mg C ha&lt;sup&gt;-1 &lt;/sup&gt;was estimated, but with high uncertainty.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Thus, the establishment of hedgerows on cropland could lead to a SOC sequestration of 1.0 Mg C ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; year&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; over a 20-year period. Additionally, up to 9.4 Mg C ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; year&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; could be sequestered in the hedgerow biomass over a 10 year period. In total, hedgerows store 106 &amp;#177; 41 Mg C ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; more C than croplands. Our results indicate that organic carbon stored in hedgerows is similar high as in forests. We discuss how the establishment of hedgerows, especially on cropland, can thus be an effective option for C sequestration in agricultural landscapes, meanwhile enhance biodiversity, and soil protection.&lt;/p&gt;

EFFECT OF ROW SPACING ON SEED AND HAY PRODUCTION OF ELEVEN GRASS SPECIES UNDER A PEACE RIVER REGION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 755-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. DARWENT ◽  
H. G. NAJDA ◽  
J. C. DRABBLE ◽  
C. R. ELLIOTT
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
River Region ◽  
Narrow Row ◽  
Seed Yields

The effect of row spacing on seed and hay yields of 11 perennial grass species, including crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum L.), intermediate wheatgrass (A. intermedium (Host.) Beauv.), a northern biotype of bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), a southern biotype of bromegrass, Russian wildrye (Elymus junceus Fisch.), meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Hudson), creeping red fescue (F. rubra var. genuina L.), chewings fescue (F. rubra var. commutata Gaud), reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), a turf-type timothy (Phleum bertolonii DC (P. bulbosum auct.)) and hexaploid timothy (Phleum pratense L.), was studied under a system with limited inputs of fertilizer and no weed control. The width of the row spacings ranged from 16 to 104 cm where seed yields were measured and from 27 to 93 cm where hay yields were measured. The seed yield of all grasses was greater at a row spacing of 16 cm than at row spacings of 60 cm or more. Hay yields of all grasses, averaged over four production years, were also greatest at narrow row spacings (27 cm). These yields decreased as row spacings increased to 49 through 93 cm. Row spacing had its greatest effect on hay yields during the first production year. After this period the effects of row spacing on hay yields were small.Key words: Row spacing, perennial grasses, seed yields, hay yields

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