INFLUENCE OF SOIL pH AND HUMIDITY ON SURVIVAL OF CEPHALOSPORIUM GRAMINEUM IN INFESTED WHEAT STRAW

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Bruehl ◽  
P. Lai
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Alkaline Soil ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Cephalosporium Gramineum ◽  
Wilting Point

Cephalosporium gramineum survived in and sporulated most profusely on wheat straws in soil at pH 3.9 to 5.5. Strongly acid (pH 3.3) and alkaline soil (pH 7.6 or greater) reduced survival. The sporodochial stage (Hymenula cerealis) formed at pH values between 3.9 and 8.4, but most abundantly at pH 4.8 to 5.1. While acidity favored both saprophytic survival and sporulation, the pH’s of most wheat lands of Washington are within the pH range favorable for the pathogen.Saprophytic colonization of straw by Trichoderma spp. was favored by acidity (greatest at pH 3.3 to 3.9), and colonization by saprophytic Fusarium spp. by alkalinity (greatest at pH 8.2 to 8.8).Air-dried soil was brought to various relative humidities (RH) over glycerine and water solutions. Cephalosporium gramineum survived best in straw in contact with soil at the lowest RH tested (ca. 82%) and least well at an RH near 90%. Survival was reduced in soils with relative humidities between 90 and 86%, water levels below those of soil at the permanent wilting point for higher plants. Such humidities exist in surface layers of summerfallow and crop lands during portions of the summer in Washington.Penicillium brevi-compactum and P. steckii were the main colonists of the straws at RH values of 95% or lower.

The pH of Puerto Rican Soils Used for Principal Crops

1969 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-119
Author(s):  
George Samuels
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Puerto Rican ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Soil Series ◽  
Root Crop ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Acid Range

The pH values of the soils of Puerto Rico were determined with the following results: 1. About 80 percent of the soils were acid (below pH 7) and 50 percent were below pH 6, which was acid enough to require liming. 2. Most of the soils planted to bananas were pH 6 and above. 3. The pH range for brushland was wide, extending from acid to alkaline. 4. Eighty percent of the soils of the coconut plantations were above pH 6. 5. Coffee soils, in general, were acid, with 63 percent below pH 6, of which 49 percent were in the range pH 5.0 to 5.9 and 13 percent in the very acid range of pH 4.0 to 4.9. 6. The pH of soils planted to corn varied widely. 7. The small cotton acreage had a pH range of 5.0 to 5.9. 8. The soils planted to grapefruit had 57 percent of their acreage at pH 4.0 to 4.9 and 29 percent in the range pH 5.0 to 5.9. 9. The natural pastures had 75 percent of their soil at pH below 6, whereas improved and rotational pastures had only 39 percent below pH 6. 10. Pineapples were planted in acid soils, 75 percent of which were below pH 6. 11. The majority, 68 percent, of the plantains were grown in acid soils below pH 6. 12. Root-crop soils had a systematic distribution throughout the range of pH from below 4 to above 8. 13. Most soils used for soilage (cut grass) had a pH above 6. 14. Eighty-one percent of the sugarcane acreage was found to be in the range of pH 5 to 8. About 36 percent of the cane acreage was below pH 5.5 and in need of liming. 15. Tobacco was grown primarily on acid soils, with 61 percent of its acreage on those below pH 6. 16. No vegetables were found in soils with a pH below 5, and 50 percent were planted in soils with a pH above 6. 17. The pH range for woodland soil was distributed rather evenly from a pH 5 to 7.9. 18. The average pH and range of pH of the soils of Puerto Rico are presented, by soil series, and several examples are given of the relationship between soil pH and soil series.

Effect of lime application to strongly acidic soils on the growth of macadamia seedlings

1990 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 421
Author(s):  
RL Aitken ◽  
RA Stephenson ◽  
EC Gallagher
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Calcium Deficiency ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Acidic Soils ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Ph Range

Glasshouse experiments were undertaken to evaluate the effects of soil pH on macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia Maiden and Betche) seedlings and to examine seedling growth in relation to soil chemical properties in acidic soils. In one experiment, in which 13 rates of CaCO3 (0 to the equivalent of 12 000 kg/ha) were applied to a strongly acidic (pH 3.9, 1:5 in water) sandy loam, optimum seedling growth was obtained in the pH range 4.0-5.9. A second experiment, in which seedlings were grown in each of 3 strongly acidic soils amended with various rates of CaCO3, also showed that macadamia seedlings could grow satisfactorily at pH values of 4.0 (2 soils) and 4.5 (1 soil). Increased seedling growth on 2 soils (silty clay loam, experiment 1; sandy loam, experiment 2) treated with lime was due to amelioration of aluminium and/or manganese toxicity and not to the alleviation of calcium deficiency. The results indicate that soil pH measurement alone would not be a good indicator of seedling growth. In some soils, seedling growth was optimum at pH 3.9, whereas at pH 4.0 in another soil, growth was well below the maximum which was attained at pH 4.5. The significant (P<0.05) growth reductions that occurred on all soils limed to pH values >6.0 were attributed to induced micronutrient deficiencies.

Effect of Atrazine on Soybean Tolerance to Metribuzin

Weed Science ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
James S. Ladlie ◽  
William F. Meggitt ◽  
Donald Penner
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Treatment Period ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Soybean Seedlings ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Residue Levels ◽  
Ph Range

Atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] at 0.14 kg/ha and metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5(4H)one] at 0.56 kg/ha applied under field conditions interacted synergistically to reduce soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Harsoy-63′] growth. In the greenhouse, a number of combinations with atrazine at 0.07 kg/ha or greater and metribuzin at 0.56 kg/ha and greater interacted synergistically to reduce soybean fresh and dry weights 30 days after planting. Over a soil pH range of 4.6, 5.6, and 6.7, atrazine–metribuzin interactions were more apparent as the soil pH values increased. Atrazine at 10-5and 10-6M concentration in the sand culture nutrient solution during the early growth of ‘Swift’ soybean seedlings decreased14C-metribuzin uptake and movement into the 12-day-old soybean shoots during the 12-hr treatment period. However, 10-7M atrazine increased14C-metribuzin in the shoot by increasing stomatal aperture and subsequent transpiration. Conditions favoring the synergistic interaction were low atrazine residue levels which increase soybean transpiration, high metribuzin rates, and high soil pH levels.

The Malachite Green Biodegradation in Bioreactors on Various pH Domains

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (8) ◽  
pp. 2996-2999
Author(s):  
Viorel Gheorghe ◽  
Catalina Gabriela Gheorghe ◽  
Andreea Bondarev ◽  
Vasile Matei ◽  
Mihaela Bombos
Keyword(s):  
Malachite Green ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Dominant Species ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Organic Substances ◽  
Biological Degradation ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Biological Sludge ◽  
Ph Range

In the experimental study was studied the malachite green colorant biodegradation in biological sludge with biological activity. The biodegradability tests were carried out in laboratory bioreactors, on aqueous solutions of green malachite contacted with microorganisms in which the dominant species is Paramecium caudatum, in a pH range between 8 and 12, temperatures in the ranges 25-350C, using pH neutralizing substances and biomass growth promoters. The colorant initial concentrations and those obtained after biological degradation depending on the contact time, at certain pH values, were established through UV-Vis spectrometry. The studies have shown the measure of possible biological degradation of some organic substances with extended uses, with largely aromatic structure, resistance to biodegradation of microorganisms, commonly used in wastewater treatment plants.

Alkaline soil pH affects bulk soil, rhizosphere and root endosphere microbiomes of plants growing in a Sandhills ecosystem

2021 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Dantas Lopes ◽  
Jingjie Hao ◽  
Daniel P Schachtman
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Microbial Communities ◽  
Bulk Soil ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Alkaline Soil ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Soil Rhizosphere

ABSTRACT Soil pH is a major factor shaping bulk soil microbial communities. However, it is unclear whether the belowground microbial habitats shaped by plants (e.g. rhizosphere and root endosphere) are also affected by soil pH. We investigated this question by comparing the microbial communities associated with plants growing in neutral and strongly alkaline soils in the Sandhills, which is the largest sand dune complex in the northern hemisphere. Bulk soil, rhizosphere and root endosphere DNA were extracted from multiple plant species and analyzed using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Results showed that rhizosphere, root endosphere and bulk soil microbiomes were different in the contrasting soil pH ranges. The strongest impact of plant species on the belowground microbiomes was in alkaline soils, suggesting a greater selective effect under alkali stress. Evaluation of soil chemical components showed that in addition to soil pH, cation exchange capacity also had a strong impact on shaping bulk soil microbial communities. This study extends our knowledge regarding the importance of pH to microbial ecology showing that root endosphere and rhizosphere microbial communities were also influenced by this soil component, and highlights the important role that plants play particularly in shaping the belowground microbiomes in alkaline soils.

Soil acidity in 1970 and 1989 in a coniferous forest in southwest Finland

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Westman ◽  
S. Jauhiainen
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Water Suspension ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Humus Layer ◽  
Repeated Sampling

Forest soil pH in southwest Finland was measured with identical sampling and analysing methods in 1970 and 1989. The acidity of the organic humus layer increased significantly as pH values measured on water and on salt suspensions decreased between the two sampling dates. For the mineral soil layers, no unambiguous trend was found. pH values measured on salt suspension tended to be unchanged or lower, while pH on water suspension in some soil layers were even higher in 1989 than in 1970. Key words: pH, repeated sampling

scholarly journals Influence of pH and Matric Potential on Germination of Cephalosporium gramineum Conidia

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (9) ◽  
pp. 975-978 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia A. Blank ◽  
Timothy D. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Matric Potential ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Fungistasis ◽  
Cephalosporium Gramineum ◽  
Influence Of Ph

Germination of Cephalosporium gramineum conidia in soil was up to twofold greater at -0.064 MPa than at -0.037 and -0.007 MPa when incubated at 5°C for 2 days. Soil pH from 4.7 to 7.5 did not have a significant influence on germination of conidia and the interaction between soil pH and matric potential on germination was not significant. Soil fungistasis, which was previously observed for conidia of C. gramineum, was not observed in these studies. Germination of conidia on mineral salts agar containing phosphate buffer was significantly less at pH 4.5 than at 5.5, 6.5, or 7.5 at 5°C in one of two experiments; however, pH had no influence on germination at 10 or 20°C in two experiments. Although Cephalosporium stripe is more severe under conditions of high soil moisture and low soil pH, increased germination of conidia in response to these factors does not explain the observed increase in disease.

Study on desorption of Mn, Fe, and Mg from TMP and evaluation of the complexing strength of different chelating agents using side reaction coefficients 10th EWLP, Stockholm, Sweden, August 25–28, 2008

Holzforschung ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Granholm ◽  
Pingping Su ◽  
Leo Harju ◽  
Ari Ivaska
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Metal Ions ◽  
Chelating Agents ◽  
Side Reaction ◽  
Sodium Dithionite ◽  
Thermomechanical Pulp ◽  
Peroxide Bleaching ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Reducing Environment ◽  
Ph Range

Abstract Chelation of thermomechanical pulp (TMP) was studied in this work. The desorption of Mn, Fe, and Mg due to their impact on peroxide bleaching was investigated. The desorption experiments were performed with EDTA, citric acid, oxalic acid, and formic acid as chelating agents at different pH. Chelation experiments with EDTA were carried out at pH 3–11. Sodium dithionite was used as the reducing agent in studying chelation with EDTA in a reducing environment. Mn was very effectively desorbed with EDTA from TMP at pH <10 and the reducing environment further improved the removal of all the studied metal ions from TMP with EDTA. Citric acid also removed Mn effectively from TMP at pH 5. The thermodynamic stability constants of different metal chelates do not present the correct picture of how strongly the metal ions are bound by the chelating agents in different conditions. But by means of the side reaction coefficients (α M(L)-coefficients) it is also theoretically possible to evaluate and compare the real binding strengths between the metal ions and different chelating agents at varying pH values and other solution conditions. In this study, a theory is given for the calculation of side reaction coefficients. Values of the α M(L)-coefficients, for the pH range 0–14, are presented for EDTA, DTPA, and also for some other new potential environmentally friendly chelating agents.

scholarly journals Adsorption of Heavy Metals on Soil Collected from Lixisol of Typical Karst Areas in the Presence of CaCO3 and Soil Clay and Their Competition Behavior

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 7315
Author(s):  
Guandi He ◽  
Zhenming Zhang ◽  
Xianliang Wu ◽  
Mingyang Cui ◽  
Jiachun Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Soil Sample ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Guizhou Province ◽  
Metal Exposure ◽  
Risk Area ◽  
High Risk Area ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Pseudo Second Order

The content of heavy metals in the soil in Guizhou Province, which is a high-risk area for heavy metal exposure, is significantly higher than that in other areas in China. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of CaCO3 and clay to accumulate heavy metals in topsoil sample collected from Lixisol using the method of indoor simulation. The results showed that the contents of Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg and As in the soil sample were 10.8 mg/kg, 125 mg/kg, 0.489 mg/kg, 23.5 mg/kg, 22.7 mg/kg, 58.3 mg/kg and 45.4 mg/kg, respectively. The soil pH values increased with the CaCO3 concentration in the soil, and the fluctuation of the soil pH values was weak after the CaCO3 concentrations reached 100 g/kg. The adsorption capacity of lime soil increased by approximately 10 mg/kg on average, and the desorption capacity decreased by approximately 300 mg/kg on average. The desorption of all heavy metals in this study did not change with increasing clay content. Pseudo-second-order kinetics were more suitable for describing the adsorption kinetics of heavy metals on the soil material, as evidenced by the higher R2 value. The Freundlich model can better describe the adsorption process of As on lime soil. The process of As, Cr, Cd and Hg adsorption on the soil sample was spontaneous and entropy-driven. Additionally, the process of Cu and Pb adsorption on the soil materials was spontaneous and enthalpy-driven. Generally, the adsorption and desorption of heavy metals in polluted soil increased and decreased, respectively, with increasing CaCO3 content. The effect of calcium carbonate on the accumulation of heavy metals in soil was greater than that of clay. In summary, CaCO3 and pH values in soil can be appropriately added in several areas polluted by heavy metals to enhance the crop yield and reduce the adsorption of heavy metals in soils.

scholarly journals Effects of pH and Aeration on Sclerotium rolfsii sacc. Mycelial Growth, Sclerotial Production and Germination

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fakher Ayed ◽  
Hayfa Jabnoun-Khiareddine ◽  
Rania Aydi-Ben-Abdallah ◽  
Mejda Daami-Remadi
Keyword(s):  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Sclerotial Development ◽  
Sclerotial Germination

Sclerotium rolfsii is one of the devastating soilborne fungus responsible for significant plant losses. The effects of pH and aeration on pathogen mycelial growth, sclerotial production and germination were investigated for three Tunisian isolates. Optimal mycelial growth occurred at pH 6 for Sr2 and Sr3 isolates and at pH 6-7 for Sr1. Dry mycelial growth was optimum at pH values ranging between 4 and 7. Sclerotial initiation started on the 3rd day of incubation at all pH values tested and mature sclerotia were formed after 6 to 12 days. Optimal sclerotial production was noted at pH 5. The dry weight of 100 sclerotia varied depending on isolates and pH and occurred at pH range 4-7. At pH 9, mycelial growth, sclerotial production and dry weight of 100 sclerotia were restricted. The optimum sclerotial germination, noted after 24 h of incubation, varied depending on isolates and pH and occurred at pH 4-9. Mycelial growth was optimum in aerated plates with a significant isolates x aeration treatments interaction. Sclerotial initiation occurred at the 3rd day of incubation and mature sclerotia were observed after 6-9 days. Sclerotial development was very slow in completely sealed plates and dark sclerotia were produced only after 15 days of incubation. The highest sclerotial yields were noted in aerated plates. The highest dry weight of 100 sclerotia for Sr1 isolate was recorded in ½ sealed, no sealed and completely sealed plates, while for Sr2, it was noted in ½ and ⅔ sealed plates. For Sr3, the maximum dry weight of 100 sclerotia was recorded in ½, ⅔ and completely sealed plates. Germination of S. rolfsii sclerotia, after 24 h of incubation, did not vary significantly depending on aeration treatments and ranged from 90 to 100% for all isolates.

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